The waterworld inside the hill beneath Borobudur Temple11/11/2013 luk.staff.ugm.ac.id 3 Water at...

The waterworld inside the hillbeneath Borobudur Temple

Borobudur Temple

Ir. Djoko Luknanto, M.Sc., [email protected]

11/11/2013 luk.staff.ugm.ac.id 1

Objective of the study

To monitor surface-water and groundwater at Borobudur temple to avoid the detrimental effect to the temple.

To recommend necessary action in the future to monitor water more accurately to sustain the well preseved Borobudur temple at its sorrounding area.



Water at Borobudur Temple

rainfall

waterproof layer installed at the outer ring

waterproof layer installed at the outer ring

1. water on the temple surface

2. water beneath the temple

2 types of water


Plan View of the Temple

at inner ring(terrace) rainfall goes

directly to the soil below the temple

at outer ring(galleries) rainfall block

by waterproof layer.


There are 2 types of water

1. Groundwater beneath the temple

small amount of it will eventually flows back through water filters to the surface of the temple

Most of it will stay as part of the greater groundwater system for a period of time

2. Surface run-off on the temple surface

block by waterproof layer and directed to the drainage system

eventually surface water will go to the seepage wells at the the temple yard


Surface WaterWaterproof layers

rainfall will be blocked by the concrete floordirected by a drainage system into the galleries below

collected into several inspection boxesdispersed back to the ground through seepage wells

to inspection boxes

drainage system

concrete floor

Ga

llery

1

Ga

llery

2Ga

llery

3Ga

llery

4

Terrace

Selasar (encasement)


Surface Water Observation

Field data observation by Borobudur Conservation and Research Center (BCRC):

climatological data (rainfall and evaporation) drainage system inspection boxes and seepage wells waterproof layers water meters


Groundwater Observation

Indirect field observation of groundwater has also been done by BCRC:

water filters surface run-off volume water in the inclinometers


Water Filters

Water filters are used to protect the groundwater below the temple from coming out directly to the temple floor, picking up soil particle beneath the temple along the way.

Up to present the water filters performs well to avoid the piping at the soil.


Water Meters

before installation after installation

• to measure the volume of surface run-off on the temple floors (BCRC installed 8 water meters in the inspection boxes sorrounding the temple)

Map

of a

ll w

ater

rela

ted

mea

sure

men

ts


From Nahar Cahyandaru 2013


Inclinometers

inclinometer is not appropiate for groundwater monitoring

inclinometer is a device to measure horizontal movement of a structure

at Borobudur temple the inclinometers were used to measure the horizontal movement of the temple and to monitor the groundwater table.

there is no device to monitor directly the groundwater table.


Location of inclinometers inclinometers are

available at 12 location: there is water

inside: 8 locations (w/ circle)

there is no water inside: 3 locations (w/o red)

mulfunction 1 location (no 12)

From the inclinometer data, it is very difficult to estimate the groundwater table

12

34

6

5

78

9

10

11 12


Waterlevel at inclinometer 7-8-9

78

9

there are no specific pattern on inclinometer 7-8-9

the goundwater table could not be predicted


Waterlevel at inclinometer 1-2-3

more regular pattern on inclinometer 1-2-3

this might be the correct groundwater table for Horizon A

12

3

Groundwater tablesThere are two groundwater tables at Borobudur Temples:1. Groundwater table at the hill beneath the

temple, and2. Groundwater table at the villages

surrounding the templesThe water level different between these two tables is more than 20-25 m.



The Map of Borobudur Hill

Longitudinal section of of Borobudur Hill

groundwater table temple yard hrz plane

different 20-25 m


Tahun Jan Feb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agu Sep Okt Nov Des1994 392 423 616 228 45 25 7 0 0 30 198 1911995 359 404 270 51 66 131 13 0 18 270 621 2791996 336 321 319 176 68 70 9 96 15 225 245 3151997 297 339 73 130 161 0 0 0 0 0 43 1621998 293 350 583 266 41 172 157 29 43 370 310 2601999 498 353 329 186 102 46 20 3 5 196 291 3102000 281 261 365 290 226 34 2 16 6 213 380 3652001 148 278 435 294 87 33 43 5 43 424 323 1162002 328 436 249 151 67 1 6 0 0 0 205 234

Rerata 326 352 360 197 96 57 29 17 14 192 291 248Minimum 148 261 73 51 41 0 0 0 0 0 43 116Maximum 498 436 616 294 226 172 157 96 43 424 621 365

Monthly Rainfall (mm), at Borobudur 1994-2002

Curah Hujan Bulanan (mm), Stasiun Borobudur 1994-2002

326352 360

197

9657

29 17 14

192

291248

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Jan Feb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agu Sep Okt Nov Des

Cur

ah H

ujan

(mm

)


Groundwater Flows according to groundwater hydraulics, water flows from

locations with higher energy to a lower one at rainy season there might be groundwater pressure to

the temple wall groundwater flow pattern are quite complicated, since

there are 4 layer of soils with different characteristic.

groundwater table at dry

season

groundwater table at rainy season waterpressure at

contact point


Consideration

It is very difficult to monitor the groundwater table without the appropiate devices

Indirect measurement of the groundwater volume cannot exactly predict the groundwater table

Observation of the groundwater table using inclinometers are not appropiate


Water Balance at Borobudur temple

rainfall (H)

evaporation (U)

surface run-off (M)

groundwater (T)

T = H – U - M


Rainfall and Groundwater Volume (mm), Borobudur Temple 2002

328

436

249

151

67

1 6 0 0 0

205 23

4

0

164

0 0 0

150

0000000

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Jan Feb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agu Sep Okt Nov Des

mm

RainfallGroundwater

Groundwater Volume With the use of simplified water balance, monthly

volume of groundwater (mm) can be calculated

Estimation of groundwater, at BorobudurOct 2001-Des 2003

11/11/2013 [email protected] 23

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Okt2001

Nov2001

Des2001

Jan2002

Feb2002

Mar2002

Apr2002

Mei2002

Jun2002

Jul2002

Agu2002

Sep2002

Okt2002

Nov2002

Des2002

Jan2003

Feb2003

Mar2003

Apr2003

Mei2003

Jun2003

Jul2003

Agu2003

Sep2003

Okt2003

Nov2003

Des2003

mm

air

Neraca Air BorobudurCurah Hujan (mm)Estimasi Air Tanah (mm)Air Tanah/Air Hujan (%)

Estimation of groundwater, at Borobudur 2004


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Januari Februari Maret April Mei Juni Juli Agustus September Oktober November Desember

mm

air

NERACA AIR CANDI BOROBUDUR TAHUN 2004Curah Hujan (mm)Estimasi Air Tanah (mm)Air Tanah/Air Hujan (%)

Estimation of groundwater, at Borobudur 2010


0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450


mm

air

Neraca Air Candi BorobudurBulan Januari - Desember 2010

Curah Hujan (mm)

Estimasi Air Masuk Tanah

Air Masuk Tanah/ Air Hujan

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450


mm

air

Neraca Air Candi BorobudurBulan Januari - Desember 2010

Curah Hujan (mm)

Estimasi Air Masuk Tanah

Air Masuk Tanah/ Air Hujan


Recommendation1. The surface water monitoring at Borobudur may still be

carrried with the improvement of water discharge measurement devices.

2. Direct measurement of groundwater table at the hill beneath Borobudur temple must be carried out using appropiate devices.a. For the time being, the study can only suggest the

preliminary layout of the monitoring groundwater table, as describe in next slides.

b. The depth of the monitoring devices can not decided at present, since more study from Item a has to be done first.

c. More geological investigation shall be done in the future, especially on the hill below the temple in the North-South direction. This geological data is very important when the study of the groundwater hydrodynamic is carried out in that direction.


Location of AWLR at the inner and outer rings of the temple simple to install never destroy any single feature of the

Borobudur temple the depth of the AWLR will be decided after the

more rigorous studies has been done

inner location of awlr

outer location of awlr


Plan View of AWLR

Needs 9 AWLR: 1 at the center 4 at the

circumference of inner ring

4 at the circumference of outer ring

The exact location will be decide based on the simplicity of the installation

3

4

1

5

2

9

8

6

7

The End



Related Web of Borobudur TemplesThe Lovely Indonesia Tempo Doeloe http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/itd

Borobudur temples: http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/Borobudur Year 2013 this presentation

http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/proyek/Borobudur/2014/BorobudurTemple-Water.swf

http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/proyek/Borobudur/2014/BorobudurTemple-Water

http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/proyek/Borobudur/2014/BorobudurTemple-Water.pdf

Year 2003: http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/proyek/Borobudur/2003/Borobudur6-Jul-

2003.htm http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/proyek/Borobudur/2003/Borobudur6-Jul-

2003.pdf http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/proyek/Borobudur/NeracaAir2001-03.pdf

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