The War of 1812. The Condition of the US for War American military ill-prepared –Only 7,000 men in...
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Transcript of The War of 1812. The Condition of the US for War American military ill-prepared –Only 7,000 men in...
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The War of 1812
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The Condition of the US for War
• American military ill-prepared– Only 7,000 men in the regular forces
• Commanding senior officers were old, incompetent or lacked experience.
• Congress reluctant to spend necessary funds on equipment and supplies.
• Volunteer soldiers were badly fed and clothed.
• People in the New England states openly disapproved of the war
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The Naval Fight
• Lacked a strong navy, relied on privateers
• The USS Constitution won a few notable duels with British warships– Old ironside
• Britain still able to blockade the US coast
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US Invasion of Canada
• Although US thought taking over Canada would be easy, proved disastrous in first year– Lost Detroit– Lost Battle on Lake
Champlain– Lost Battles at Canadian
Border
• A year later began to improve– Commander Perry defeated
British fleet on Lake Erie– US soldiers retook Detroit– Tecumseh was killed at
Battle of Thames = death of Native Confederacy
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British Raids• British force refreshed from Europe in
1814 after Napoleon’s downfall
• Began campaign up Chesapeake Bay burning and raiding town to town on Atlantic Coast
• Easily defeated unorganized American troops outside DC
• August 24, 1814 burned the Capitol, White House, and other public buildings– Fires wiped out by huge storm, hurt
British too– Dolly Madison
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Battle of Baltimore
• British continued their advance to Baltimore
• Unable to crack US defenses,– US sunk ships in harbor,
Britain couldn’t advance
• So Britain abandoned operation
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Who do you think had the edge in the war? Do you think you could determine a winner of the war from what we have
seen so far with Canada? DC? Naval Battles?
Baltimore?
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Negotiating a Treaty
• Began in August 1814 in Ghent, Belgium
• British hoped for some gains, but ultimately had no advantage over US– No control over Great Lakes– Raid on Washington had no significance– US won important naval battles
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Treaty of Ghent
• Signed Dec. 24, 1814
• Restored the Status Quo Ante Bellum (state of things before the war)
• Agreed to determine US/Canadian border at a future date
• No addressing of Impressment, although not really an issue with Napoleon gone
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Battle of New Orleans• News of Treaty had not yet
reached America
• British troops under Gen. Pakenham attacked New Orleans Jan. 8, 1815
• ~4,000 US troops to ~8,000 British
• American troops led by Andrew Jackson inflict 2,000 casualties (including killing Pakenham)
• US lost 13.
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Hartford Convention
• N.E. Federalists fed up with Reps.– Disliked Louisiana Purchase– Disliked War preparations– GB blockade crippled their
economy– Disliked 3/5s compromise
• Met at Hartford Dec-Jan. to discuss cessation, passed a series of grievances1. No trade embargo over 60 days2. Require 2/3 Congressional majority
for declaration of offensive war, admission of a new state, or interdiction of foreign commerce
3. Remove 3/5 slave representation advantage of South
4. Limit future Presidents to 1 term5. Require each President to be from
a different state than his predecessor. (Aimed directly at Virginia Dynasty.)
The Hartford Convention, or 'Leap no leap', February 1815, by William Charles.
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Results of War
• News of treaty/success in New Orleans took any chance of Federalists regaining national popularity
• Monroe, Madison's successor won election of 1816, Federalist party was finished
• US gained more respect in foreign affairs, secured independence