1. The War of 1812 and its affectsBy. Manuel Jimenez

2. Lead ups to the war The United States declared war on Britain for various reasons, howeveran unstated but strong motivation for the Americans was to upholdnational honor in the face of what they considered to be British insults.(including the Chesapeake affair) In 1807, Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via a series ofOrders in Council to stop American trade with France, with which Britainwas at war. The U.S found these restrictions illegal under internationallaw. American expansionism into the northwest territory was beingobstructed by native leaders , who were supplied and encouraged bythe British. The British Navy needed good sailors so they started to take back allthe well trained British born American sailors (Impressment) 3. Chesapeake-Leopard Affair The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair was a naval battle which occurred of thecoast of Virginia between the British Warship HMS Leopard and the Americanfrigate USS Chesapeake. The Leopard was looking for any deserters of theBritish navy. The Chesapeake surrendered after firing one shot because theywere unprepared for the sudden attack. 4 crew members were taken from theAmerican frigate, one of whom was executed aboard the Leopard. The frigatewas then allowed to leave, but upon return her captain James Barron was relivedof duty. This even triggered an outcry of rage and anger from the Americanpeople. 4. Theaters of the War 1 Atlantic Ocean-The American fleet was outnumbered by the thousandsagainst the British, Britains main strategy was toprotect their merchant ships 2 Great lakes and Canadian frontierAmerica believed it would be simple and they wouldface little opposition. They were wrong Southern statesMain conflict was The Battle of New Orleans. Hailedas a great American victory and propelled AndrewJackson to presidency 5. Peace and Negotiations By 1814, both sides had achieved their main war goals and were wearyof a costly war that offered little but stalemate. They both sentdelegations to a neutral site in Ghent, Belgium. The negotiations beganin early August and concluded on December 24, when a final agreementwas signed; both sides had to ratify it before it could take effect. Eventually American and British delegates signed the Treaty of Ghent.The treaty ignored the grievances that led to war. American complaintsof Indian raids, impressments and blockades had ended when Britainswar with France ended in 1814, and were not mentioned in the treaty.Mobile and parts of western Florida were not mentioned in the treaty butremained permanently in American possession, despite objections bySpain.Thus, the war ended with no significant territorial losses for eitherside. 6. Anna Prevost Anne was a daughter of General Sir George Prevost, Governor General of the British forcesin Canada. At seventeen she was a faithful journal keeper, and she made almost dailyentries during the time her father was prosecuting the war. In her entry of June 25, 1812 sheprovides insight into how a young British subject in Canada would react to news of thedeclaration of war: I was summoned in the midst of my French lesson to hear some news that hadarrived. It was indeed an important piece of intelligence:America has declaredWar against England. The news had arrived by an Express to some of theQuebec merchants. ...On this day I saw nothing before me but my Fathershonour and glory. Although I knew how small a force we had to defend theCanadas, such was my confidence in his talents and fortune, that I did not feelthe slightest apprehension of any reverse. I thought those abominable Yankeesdeserved a good drubbing for having dared to think of going to War withEngland, and surely there was no harm in rejoicing that the War had happenedduring my Fathers Administration, because I thought he was the person bestcalculated to inflict on the Yankees the punishment they deserved." 7. Analysis of diary entry As you saw this young lady feels very confident in her father and herpeople in the conflict against the Yankees. She mentions how Ithought those abominable Yankees deserved a good drubbing forhaving dared to think of going to War with England, and surely therewas no harm in rejoicing that the War had happened during my FathersAdministration, she seems to believe that her father , The Generalis more then prepared for the war and will surely prevail. She evenadmits that Although I knew how small a force we had to defend theCanadas, but then she writes such was my confidence in his talentsand fortune, that I did not feel the slightest apprehension of anyreverse. . She also seems to have a clear distain for the Americanswhen she writes I thought those abominable Yankees deserved a gooddrubbing for having dared to think of going to War with England. Thisbrings me to wonder if most children of British military soldiers felt thisway. 8. John Norton he British and Canadian militia were aided at Queenston by the Mohawkchief John Norton. Norton was born in Scotland to a Scotswoman and aCherokee Native who had joined the British army. While serving withthe British in Canada, John Norton deserted, became a trader andeventually was drawn into the Six Nations of the Grand RiverIroquois. The Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant employed Norton as aninterpreter and eventually groomed him as his successor. Hisknowledge of both British and Native ways, his military background, andhis natural charisma made him a powerful warrior. Norton, who hadbeen well educated in Scotland as a child, wrote an account of hisexperiences in North America, including full reports of his participationas a Native leader in major battles of the War of 1812. 9. Diary entry for John Norton Remembering the siege of Fort Erie, Norton writes: As we began to move forward, we heard the firing commence atSnake Hill. Hastening forward, through the Darkness of the night& closeness of the Woods, we separated from a numerousDivision of our Men, which constrained us to check our speed ata point of Rendezvous previously appointed, until they hadjoined us. We were within a half mile of Fort Erie, when weheard the cracking of musketry and the roar of cannon announcethe attack upon it. We then ran forward as fast as the woods anddarkness would permit, stumbling over logs and fallen trees. Wepassed the reserve drawn up in a ravine, running against the fireto the Glacis, as we arrived there, the explosion blew the brokenfragments of buildings and works in all directions, it appeared tocreate a general confusion. We met the troops retiring from thefort which they had gallantly entered. We saw noneadvancing. Our own number was nothing when compared to thehost of foes which opposed us. After hesitating a little while, weretired with others to the ravine, on the summit of which wewaited, until the whole of our troops had retired. The enemy didnot come out of his works, but continued firing round shot, grapeshells and musketry. We left them there and followed our 10. Analysis of Diary entry John is writing upon his and his comrades entry into the siege of Fort Erie. He describes the chaos of the siege when he writes We were within a half mile of Fort Erie, when we heard the cracking of musketry and the roar of cannon announce the attack upon it.. I found it really interesting that John was so ethnically diverse. It really made me think about how people of different ethnicities were part of the war. 11. Long term affects neither side lost territory in the war, nor did the treaty thatended it address the original points of contentionand yetit changed much between the United States of Americaand Britain. The RushBagot Treaty was a treaty between the UnitedStates and Britain enacted in 1817 that provided for thedemilitarization of the Great Lakes and LakeChamplain, where many British naval arrangements andforts still remained. The treaty laid the basis for ademilitarized boundary and was indicative of improvingrelations between the United States and Great Britain inthe period following the War of 1812. It remains in effect tothis day. Border adjustments between the U.S. and British NorthAmerica were made in the Treaty of 1818. A border disputealong the MaineNew Brunswick border was settled by the1842WebsterAshburton Treaty after thebloodless Aroostook War, and the border in the OregonTerritory was settled by splitting the disputed area in half 12. Some Americans had ambitions to take more territory. The "WarHawks" - led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and HenryClay of Kentucky - had their eyes on both Canada and Florida. Ifwould could gain these territories, they believed we would removeEuropean powers from American borders and open more land forthe "liberty-loving-Americans". 13. The British were actually instigating the Natives in Canada and the Westto go out and attack Americans who had settled those lands. Here yousee that the natives were told that they would be pain money if thebrought back the scalps of Americnas 14. Britains seizure of American ships and the impressment of AmericanSailors: Britain had continued to "hassle" American shipping during theNapoleonic Wars. The British Navy would attack ships they felt weretrading with France and confiscate our cargo. Impressment - that waswhen sailors on American ships would essentially be taken and forced intothe British Navy. The Brits claimed that these men used to be in thenavy, but had run away to join American ships for better pay and a lessdangerous life. However, not all of these kidnapped sailors were British -many were Americans. As you can see from the picture, these encounters