The Victorian Era, 1870 - 1914: Victorian Politics
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Transcript of The Victorian Era, 1870 - 1914: Victorian Politics
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The Victorian Era, 1870 - 1914:Victorian Politics
AP European HistoryAndrostic2012-2013
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1. Why did the Europeans think of themselves as civilized and other peoples non-civilized?
Study Guide – Section 70, #1, Palmer pg. 562
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The “Civilized” WorldEurope had unparalleled power, prosperity, and peaceTremendous progress
Science, economics, and philosophicalLife expectancy roseDeath rates and infant mortality declined
Tremendous differences between Europe and the rest of the worldTopics
France United Kingdom Germany Divided Socialism Modern Liberalism
Study Guide – Section 70, #1, Palmer pg. 562
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France
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Fall of the Second Empire At the Battle of Sedan,
during the Franco-Prussian War, Napoleon III is captured
He then abdicates the throne
Paris Commune is then declared
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1. What were the major problems was the Third
Republic in the years 1871 to 1914?
Study Guide – Section 73, #1, Palmer pg. 587-590
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Paris CommuneThe Paris Commune [Communards] was elected on March 28 and established itself at the Hôtel de Ville.
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The Communards
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Paris City Hall Destroyed
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Communard Casualties
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French Third Republic Very unstable and
divided Weak president with a
strong Senate Divided between
monarchists and republicans
Problems Little love for the
government Lots of scandals
Study Guide – Section 73, #1, Palmer pg. 587-590
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Scandal – Boulanger Affair Popular commander of
the army removed by the government on suspicion of monarchist (Bonapartist) tendeancies
Revealed splits in the government
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Scandal – Dreyfuss Affair 1894, Capt. Alfred
Dreyfuss, an Alsatian Jew, accused of spying for Germany
Little evidence Anti-Semitic evidence
Split the country Honor of the Army vs. Truth of the issue
Emile Zola – J'Accuse 1899, pardoned by the
government, even fought in WWI
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Ferry Laws*Only the State could grant degrees.*Free education in public primary schools.*Religious instruction was excluded from the State school curriculum.*Unauthorized religious orders [Marists, Dominicans, and Jesuits, who were eventually expelled from France] were forbidden to teach.*Authorized Catholic orders could NOT teach in French public schools.*State improved training of teachers.
They created a deep division between Church and State!
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United Kingdom
Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India
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2. Describe the British government during this period
and their steps toward universal suffrage.
Study Guide – Section 73, #2, Palmer pg. 591
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The Two “Great Men”
*William Gladstone, Liberal Prime Minister1868-18741880-188518861892-1894
*Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Prime Minister18681874-1880
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Reforms Reform Bill of 1867
Expanded suffrage by 88%, but not to farmers
Eliminated “rotten boroughs”
Reform Bill of 1884 Expanded suffrage to
farmers Added 6 million voters
Also created public education, reformed the civil service, mandated secret ballots, and legalized labor unions
Study Guide – Section 73, #2, Palmer pg. 591
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Rise of the Labour Party Founded in 1900 Voice of the labor unions in
Parliament Will replace the Liberal party
after WWI as one of the two major parties.
Ideology Government intervention to help
the people Progressive taxation and
inheritance taxes Minimum wage Unemployment insurance
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3. How successfully did Great Britain deal with the Irish
problem by 1914?
Study Guide – Section 73, #3, Palmer pg. 592-595
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The Irish Question The Irish were treated
horribly by English landlords
Potato Famine 1914, Ireland granted
Home Rule Had their own
parliament, but still subject of the queen
Except for Ulster (Northern Ireland)
Study Guide – Section 73, #3, Palmer pg. 592-595
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Germany
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Organization Government
Universal suffrage, but Princes had the most
power Dominated by Prussia
and Otto von Bismarck, who manipulated the Reichstag to maintain the system
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Kultrurkampf Bismarck worried about
Catholics giving allegiance to Rome, and not the state
Recognized only civil marriages
Kicked out the Jesuits Government would
control education of the preists
The Pope and Bismarck eventually made peace
Study Guide – Section 73, #4, Palmer pg. 595-597
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4. In what direction did Germany seem to be moving under William II in the years
before 1914?
Study Guide – Section 73, #4, Palmer pg. 595-597
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Bismarck Removed from Power In 1890, Bismarck is
forced to retire by Kaiser Wilhelm II
“Dropping the Pilot” The Kaiser took a much
more aggressive foreign policy, and tolerated the Socialists
Study Guide – Section 73, #4, Palmer pg. 595-597
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1. Describe the origins and history of
a. The First International, and
b. The Second International.
Study Guide – Section 74, #1, Palmer pg. 605-606
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Divided SocialismTrade Unions
Prior to 1871, unions were forbiddenBritish workers were more organized - didn’t create a political partyContinental workers needed one
Revolutionary Socialism
First International, 1864 - 1872
Second International, 1889 – 1914
Russian Social Democratic Party
Socialist-Revolutionary election poster, 1917. The caption in red reads "партия соц-рев" (in Russian), short for Party of the Socialist Revolutionaries. The banner bears the party's motto "В борьбе обретешь ты право свое" ("In struggle you take your rights"), and the globe bears slogan "земля и воля" ("land and freedom") expressing agrarian socialist ideology of the party
Study Guide – Section 74, #1, Palmer pg. 605-606
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3. What reasons are suggested for the decline in the
revolutionary mood of the working class by 1914?
Study Guide – Section 74, #3, Palmer pg. 606-608
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Revisionist Socialism Revolutionary Socialism
weakened Unions and rise in
standard living limited its appeal
A new form of socialism emerged, Revisionist Socialism
Revisionist Socialist Beliefs
Groups Fabian Society Syndicalism Georges Sorel
Study Guide – Section 74, #3, Palmer pg. 606-608
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2. Describe the major demands of feminists in the nineteenth
century. What forms did their campaigns take? What
successes had they achieved by 1914?
Study Guide – Section 74, #2, Palmer pg. 608-609
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1. What is meant by new liberalism? How did it differ
from classical liberalism?
Study Guide – Section 76, #1, Palmer pg. 625-626
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• 2. How did nineteenth- and
twentieth-century developments in biology and psychology affect the older view of human beings as rational animals? What were the implications of these views?
Study Guide – Section 76, #2, Palmer pg. 626-627
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3. Why did late nineteenth century philosophies glorify
struggle? How were they strengthened by actual
historical events?
Study Guide – Section 76, #6, Palmer pg. 626-628
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End of Classical LiberalismClassical liberalism
Liberty of the individual person – Locke et al.Opposed all imposition thought – religious tolerance; laissez-faireConstitutionalism; individual dignityProgress would make everybody better
New liberalismWelfare stateGovernment action to help the workers; justify individual dignityWhy?Rise of big business – monopolies and trustsTrade unions & socialist partiesGovernment had to intervene
The “Liberal” idea of mans' ability to rationally see their way through problems and concerns broken
Study Guide – Section 76, #1, Palmer pg. 625-626Study Guide – Section 76, #2, Palmer pg. 626-627Study Guide – Section 76, #6, Palmer pg. 626-628
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Summary Politically throughout Europe, governments had to
balance the rise of more voters and the demands they had Socialism split between radicals and Revisionists, with
the trade unions dominating Classical liberal ideas are dropped by “liberals” in favor
of more progressive ideas, while conservatives take up classical “liberal” ideas