THE VERB “to be” (Irregular! Does not fall into one of the...

Latin Grammar Over-view – FALV 2018 – Dr. Quant

1

THE VERB “to be” (Irregular! Does not fall into one of the four regular conjugations!)

Sum, esse, fuī, futūrum

PRESENT TENSE (ACTIVE INDICATIVE)

Sing. Plural

1st sum “I am” sumus “we are”

2nd es “you are” estis “you (all) are”

3rd est “(he/she/it) is” sunt “(they) are”

PRESENT TENSE (IMPERATIVE) - commands

es “be!” este “be!” (plural)

PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVE: esse “to be” (No grammatical Person or Number for Infinitive)

IMPERFECT TENSE (ACTIVE, INDICATIVE)

Sing. Plural

1st eram “I was” erāmus “we were”

2nd erās “you were” erātis “you (all) were”

3rd erat “(he/she/it) was” erant “(they) were”

FUTURE TENSE (ACTIVE, INDICATIVE)

Sing. Plural

1st erō “I will be” erimus “we will be”

2nd eris “you will be” eritis “you (all) will be”

3rd erit “(he/she/it) will be” erunt “(they) will be”


2

THE VERB “to be” – PERFECT SYSTEM TENSES

Sum, esse, fuī, futūrum

PERFECT TENSE (ACTIVE, INDICATIVE)

Sing. Plural

1st fuī “I have been” fuimus “we have been”

2nd fuistī “you have been” fuistis “you (all) have been”

3rd fuit “(he/she/it) has been” fuērunt “(they) have been”

PLUPERFECT TENSE (ACTIVE, INDICATIVE)

Sing. Plural

1st fueram “I had been” fuerāmus “we had been”

2nd fuerās “you had been” fuerātis “you (all) had been”

3rd fuerat “(he/she/it) had been” fuerant “(they) had been”

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (ACTIVE, INDICATIVE)

Sing. Plural

1st fuerō “I will have been” fuerimus “we will have been”

2nd fueris “you have been” fueritis “you (all) will have been”

3rd fuerit “(he/she/it) will have been” fuerint “(they) will have been”


3

THE VERB “to love” – First Conjugation

amō, amāre, amāvi, amātum

PRESENT TENSE (INDICATIVE mood, ACTIVE Voice) – statements & questions

Sing. Plural

1st amō “I love” amāmus “we love”

2nd amās “You love” amātis “you (all) love”

3rd amat “(He/she/it) loves” amant “(they) love”

IMPERATIVE (Present Tense, Active Voice) - commands

amā “love!” amāte “love!” (plural)

PRESENT INFINITIVE

ACTIVE: amāre “to love” (No grammatical Person or Number for Infinitive)

PASSIVE: amārī “to be loved”

IMPERFECT TENSE (INDICATIVE) – statements & questions

Sing. Plural

1st amābam “I was loving” amābāmus “we were loving”

2nd amābās “You were loving” amābātis “you (all) were loving”

3rd amābat “(He/she/it) was loving” amābant “(they) were loving”

FUTURE TENSE (INDICATIVE) – statements & questions

Sing. Plural

1st amābō “I will love” amābimus “we will love”

2nd amābis “You will love” amābitis “you (all) will love”

3rd amābit “(He/she/it) will love” amābunt “(they) will love”

PASSIVE VOICE (PRESENT, INDICATIVE)

1st amor “I am loved” amāmur “we are loved”

2nd amāris “You are loved” amāminī “you (all) are loved”

3rd amātur “(He/she/it) is loved” amantur “(they) are loved”


4

THE VERB “to love” – First Conjugation – PERFECT SYSTEM, ACTIVE INDICATIVE

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum

PERFECT TENSE (INDICATIVE mood, ACTIVE Voice)

Singular Plural

1st amāvī “I have loved” amāvimus “we have loved”

2nd amāvistī “You have loved” amāvistis “you (all) have loved”

3rd amāvit “(He/she/it) has loved” amāvērunt “(they) have loved”

PLUPERFECT TENSE (INDICATIVE) – statements & questions

Singular Plural

1st amāveram “I had loved” amāverāmus “we had loved”

2nd amāverās “You had loved” amāverātis “you (all) had loved”

3rd amāverat “(He/she/it) had loved” amāverant “(they) had loved”


Singular Plural

1st amāverō “I will have loved” amāverimus “we will have loved”

2nd amāveris “You will have loved” amāveritis “you (all) will have loved”

3rd amāverit “(He/she/it) will have loved” amāverint “(they) will have loved”

PASSIVE VOICE (PERFECT, INDICATIVE)

Singular Plural

1st amātus, -a, -um sum “I was loved, having been loved” amātī, -ea, -a sumus “We were loved, having been loved”

2nd amātus, -a, -um es “you were loved, having been loved” amātī, -ea, -a estis “You (all) were loved, having been loved”

3rd amātus, -a, -um est “S/he/it was loved, having been loved” amātī, -ea, -a sunt “They were loved, having been loved”

To for the Future Perfect Indicative Passive: Use Future (e.g., erō) instead of Present (e.g., sum).

To for the Pluperfect Indicative Passive: Use Imperfect (e.g., eram) instead of Present (e.g., sum).


5

THE VERB “to warn” – Second Conjugation

moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum

PRESENT TENSE ( ACTIVE INDICATIVE)

Singular Plural

1st moneō “I warn” monēmus “we warn”

2nd monēs “You warn” monētis “you (all) warn”

3rd monet “(He/she/it) warns” monent “(they) warn”

IMPERATIVE (Second Conjugation)

monē “warn!” monēte “warn!” (plural)

INFINITIVE: (No grammatical Person or Number)

Active: monēre “to warn”

Passive: monērī “to be warned”

IMPERFECT TENSE (INDICATIVE)

Singular Plural

1st monēbam “I was warning” monēbāmus “we were warning”

2nd monēbās “You were warning” monēbātis “you (all) were warning”

3rd monēbat “(He/she/it) was warning” monēbant “(they) were warning”

FUTURE TENSE (INDICATIVE)

Singular Plural

1st monēbō “I will warn” monēbimus “we will warn”

2nd monēbis “You will warn” monēbitis “you (all) will warn”

3rd monēbit “(He/she/it) will warn” monēbunt “(they) will warn”


1st moneor “I am warned” monēmur “we are warned”

2nd monēris “You are warned” monēminī “you (all) are warneded”

3rd monētur “(He/she/it) is warned”monentur “(they) are warned”


6

THE VERB “to warn/advise” – Second Conjugation – PERFECT SYSTEM, ACTIVE INDICATIVE

moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus

PERFECT TENSE (ACTIVE Voice, INDICATIVE mood)

Sing. Plural

1st monuī “I have warned” monuimus “we have warned”

2nd monuistī “You have warned” monuistis “you (all) have warned”

3rd monuit “(He/she/it) has warned”monuērunt “(they) have warned”

PLUPERFECT TENSE (ACTIVE Voice, INDICATIVE mood)

Sing. Plural

1st monueram “I had warneded” monuerāmus “we had warned”

2nd monuerās “You had warned” monuerātis “you (all) had warned”

3rd monuerat “(He/she/it) had warned”monuerant “(they) had warned”

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (ACTIVE Voice, INDICATIVE mood)

Sing. Plural

1st monuerō “I will have warned” monuerimus “we will have warned”

2nd monueris “You will have warned” monueritis “you (all) will have warned”

3rd monuerit “(He/she/it) will have warned” monuerint “(they) will have warned”


Singular Plural

1st monitus, -a, -um sum “I was l warned, having been warned” monitī, -ea, -a sumus “We were warned, having been warned”

2nd monitus, -a, -um es “you were warned, having been warned” monitī, -ea, -a estis “You (all) were warned, having been warned”

3rd monitus, -a, -um est “S/he/it was warned, having been warned”

monitī, -ea, -a sunt “They were warned, having been warned”




7

THE VERB “to learn” – Third Conjugation

discō, discere, didicī

PRESENT TENSE (ACTIVE INDICATIVE) – statements & questions

Sing. Plural

1st discō “I learn” discimus “we learn”

2nd discis “You learn” discitis “you (all) learn”

3rd discit “(He/she/it) learns” discunt “(they) learn”

IMPERATIVE (Third Conjugation) - commands

disce “learn!” discite “learn!” (plural)

INFINITIVE: (No grammatical Person or Number)

ACTIVE: discere “to learn”

PASSIVE: discī “to be learned”


Sing. Plural

1st discēbam “I was learning” discēbāmus “we were learning”

2nd discēbās “You were learning” discēbātis “you (all) were learning”

3rd discēbat “(He/she/it) was learning” discēbant “(they) were learning”


Sing. Plural

1st discam “I will learn” discēmus “we will learn”

2nd discēs “You will learn” discētis “you (all) will learn”

3rd discet “(He/she/it) will learn” discent “(they) will learn”

PASSIVE VOICE (PRESENT, INDICATIVE) – with dūcere “to lead” since discere has no passive

1st dūcor “I am led” dūcimur “we are led”

2nd dūceris “You are led” dūciminī “you (all) are led”

3rd dūcitur “(He/she/it) is led” dūcuntur “(they) are led”


8

THE VERB “to learn” – Third Conjugation – PERFECT SYSTEM, ACTIVE INDICATIVE

discō, discere, didicī, ---


Singular Plural

1st didicī “I have learned” didicimus “we have learned”

2nd didicistī “You have learned” didicistis “you (all) have learned”

3rd didicit “(He/she/it) has learned” didicērunt “(they) have learned”

PLUPERFECT TENSE (INDICATIVE) – statements & questions

Singular Plural

1st didiceram “I had learned” didicerāmus “we had learned”

2nd didicerās “You had learned” didicerātis “you (all) had learned”

3rd didicerat “(He/she/it) had learned”didicerant “(they) had learned”

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (INDICATIVE) – statements & questions

Singular Plural

1st didicerō “I will have learned” didicerimus “we will have learned”

2nd didiceris “You will have learned” didiceritis “you (all) will have learned”

3rd didicerit “(He/she/it) will have learned” didicerint “(they) will have learned”


9

THE VERB “to hear” – Fourth Conjugation

audiō, audīre, audīvi, audītum

PRESENT TENSE (INDICATIVE) – statements & questions

Singular Plural

1st audiō “I hear” audīmus “we hear”

2nd audīs “You hear” audītis “you (all) hear”

3rd audit “(He/she/it) hears” audiunt “(they) hear”

IMPERATIVE (Fourth Conjugation) - commands

audī “hear!” audīte “hear!” (plural)

PRESENT INFINITIVE: (No grammatical Person or Number)

ACTIVE: audīre “to hear”

PASSIVE: audīrī “to be heard”


Singular Plural

1st audiēbam “I was hearing” audiēbāmus “we were hearing”

2nd audiēbās “You were hearing” audiēbātis “you (all) were hearing”

3rd audiēbat “(He/she/it) was hearing” audiēbant “(they) were hearing”


Singular Plural

1st audiam “I will hear” audiēmus “we will hear”

2nd audiēs “You will hear” audiētis “you (all) will hear”

3rd audiet “(He/she/it) will hear” audient “(they) will hear”


1st audior “I am heard” audīmur “we are heard”

2nd audīris “You are heard” audīminī “you (all) are heard”

3rd audītur “(He/she/it) is heard” audiuntur “(they) are heard”


10

THE VERB “to hear” – Fourth Conjugation – PERFECT SYSTEM, ACTIVE INDICATIVE

audiō, audīre, audīvi, audītus


Singular Plural

1st audīvī “I have heard” audīvimus “we have heard”

2nd audīvistī “You have heard” audīvistis “you (all) have heard”

3rd audīvit “(He/she/it) has heard” audīvērunt “(they) have heard”

PLUPERFECT TENSE (ACTIVE, INDICATIVE)

Singular Plural

1st audīveram “I had heard” audīverāmus “we had heard”

2nd audīverās “You had heard” audīverātis “you (all) had heard”

3rd audīverat “(He/she/it) had heard” audīverant “(they) had heard”


Singular Plural

1st audīverō “I will have heard” audīverimus “we will have heard”

2nd audīveris “You will have l heard” audīveritis “you (all) will have heard”

3rd audīverit “(He/she/it) will have heard” audīverint “(they) will have heard”


Singular Plural

1st audītus, -a, -um sum “I was l heard, having been heard” audītī, -ea, -a sumus “We were heard, having been heard”

2nd audītus, -a, -um es “you were heard, having been heard” audītī, -ea, -a estis “You (all) were heard, having been heard”

3rd audītus, -a, -um est “S/he/it was heard, having been heard” audītī, -ea, -a sunt “They were heard, having been heard”




11

THE VERB “to go” (Irregular! Does not fall into one of the four regular conjugations!)

Eō, īre, iī, itum

PRESENT TENSE (INDICATIVE)

Sing. Plural

1st eō “I go” īmus “we go”

2nd īs “you go” ītis “you (all) go”

3rd it “(he/she/it) goes” eunt “(they) go”

PRESENT TENSE (IMPERATIVE) - commands

ī “go!” īte “go!” (plural)

INFINITIVE: īre “to go” (No grammatical Person or Number for Infinitive)

IMPERFECT TENSE (INDICATIVE)

Sing. Plural

1st ībam “I went” ībāmus “we went”

2nd ībās “you went” ībātis “you (all) went”

3rd ībat “(he/she/it) went” ībant “(they) went”

FUTURE TENSE (INDICATIVE)

Sing. Plural

1st ībō “I will go” ībimus “we will go”

2nd ībis “you will go” ībitis “you (all) will go”

3rd ībit “(he/she/it) will go” ībunt “(they) will go”


12

1st Declension - always grammatically Feminine, except for terms for occupations/jobs like nauta

“sailor,” poēta “poet,” or agricola “farmer.” The Vocative case is identical to the Nominative.

puella, puellae “girl” (1st Declension, Feminine Noun)

Nom puella “girl” (Subject) puellae “girls” (Subject)

Gen puellae “of the girl” puellārum “of the girls” (often used as a possessive)

Dat puellae “to or for the girl” puellīs “to or for the girls” (=Indirect Object)

Acc puellam “girl” (Direct Object) puellās “girls” (Direct Object)

Abl puellā “in/by/with/from the girl” puellīs “in/by/with/from the girls” (Object of Prep.)

Voc puella “o girl” (Direct Address) puellae “o girls” (Direct Address)

2nd Declension – Masculine nouns end in “-us” or “-er” in the Nom. Singular (exception: vir, virī “man”).

Masculine -us Nouns have -e as the Vocative singular: This is the only time that a Vocative is

not identical to the corresponding Nominative.

For ALL Neuter Nouns: The Nom/Acc/Voc are identical in the singular and plural. In the plural

the Nom/Acc/Voc end in “-a”

puer, puerī “boy” (2nd Declension, Masculine Noun)

Nom puer “boy” (Subject) puerī “boys” (Subject)

Gen puerī “of the boy” puerōrum “of the boys”

Dat puerō “to or for the boy” puerīs “to or for the boys”

Acc puerum “boy” (Direct Object) puerōs “boys” (Direct Object)

Abl puerō “in/by/with/from the boy” puerīs “in/by/with/from the boys” (Object of Prep.)

Voc puer “o boy” (Direct Address) puerī “o boys” (Direct Address)

dōnum, dōnī “gift” (2nd Neuter Noun)

Nom dōnum “gift” (Subject) dōna “gifts” (Subject)

Gen dōnī “of the gift” dōnōrum “of the gifts” (often used as a possessive)

Dat dōnō “to or for the gift” dōnīs “to or for the gifts” (=Indirect Object)

Acc dōnum “gift” (Direct Object) dōna “gifts” (Direct Object)

Abl dōnō “in/by/with/from the gift” dōnīs “in/by/with/from the gifts” (Object of Prep.)

Voc dōnum “o gift” (Direct Address) dōna “o gifts” (Direct Address)


13

rēx, rēgis “king” (3rd Declension, Masculine Noun; same pattern for 3rd Fem.)

Nom rēx “king” (Subject) rēgēs “kings” (Subject)

Gen rēgis “of the king” rēgum “of the kings”

Dat rēgī “to or for the king” rēgibus “to or for the kings”

Acc rēgem “king” (Direct Object) rēgēs “kings” (Direct Object)

Abl rēge “in/by/with/from the king” rēgibus “in/by/with/from the kings” (Object of Prep.)

corpus, corporis “body” (3rd Neuter Noun)

Nom corpus “body” (Subject) corpora “bodies” (Subject)

Gen corporis “of the body” corporum “of the bodies”

Dat corporī “to or for the body” corporibus “to or for the bodies”

Acc corpus “body” (Direct Object) corpora “bodies” (Direct Object)

Abl corpore “in/by/with/from the body” corporibus “in/by/with/from the bodies”

fructus, fructūs “fruit” (4th Declension, Masculine Noun; same pattern for 4th Fem.)

Nom frūctus “fruit” (Subject) frūctūs “fruits” (Subject)

Gen frūctūs “of the fruit” frūctuum “of the fruits”

Dat frūcuī “to or for the fruit” frūctibus “to or for the fruits”

Acc frūctum “fruit” (Direct Object) frūctūs “fruits” (Direct Object)

Abl frūctū “in/by/with/from the fruit” frūctibus “in/by/with/from the fruits”

cornū, cornūs “horn” (4th Declension, Neuter Noun)

Nom cornū “horn” (Subject) cornua “horns” (Subject)

Gen cornūs “of the horn” cornuum “of the horns”

Dat cornū “to or for the horn” cornibus “to or for the horns”

Acc cornū “horn” (Direct Object) cornua “horns” (Direct Object)

Abl cornū “in/by/with/from the horn” cornibus “in/by/with/from the horns”


14

rēs, reī “thing” (5th Declension, Feminine Noun)

Nom rēs “thing” (Subject) rēs “things” (Subject)

Gen reī “of the thing” rērum “of the things”

Dat reī “to or for the thing” rēbus “to or for the things”

Acc rem “thing” (Direct Object) rēs “things” (Direct Object)

Abl rē “in/by/with/from the thing” rēbus “in/by/with/from the things” (Object of Prep.)

Voc rēs “thing” (Direct Address) rēs “things” (Direct Address)

diēs, diēī “day” (the only 5th Declension Masculine Noun)

Nom diēs “day” (Subject) diēs “days” (Subject)

Gen diēī “of the day” diērum “of the days”

Dat diēī “to or for the day” diēbus “to or for the days”

Acc diem “day” (Direct Object) diēs “days” (Direct Object)

Abl diē “in/by/with/from the day” diēbus “in/by/with/from the days” (Object of Prep.)

Voc diēs “day” (Direct Address) diēs “days” (Direct Address)


15

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Nom ego “I” nōs “we”

Gen meī nostrum / nostrī “our”

Dat mihi “to or for me” nōbīs “to or for us”

Acc mē “me” (Direct Object) nōs “us” (Direct Object)

Abl mē “in/by/with/from me” nōbīs “in/by/with/from us”

Nom tū “you” (Singular) vōs “you” (Plural).

Gen tuī vestrum / vestrī “your”

Dat tibi “to or for you” vōbīs “to or for you”

Acc tē “you” (Direct Object) vōs “you” (Direct Object)

Abl tē “in/by/with/from me” vōbīs “in/by/with/from you”

Voc tū “you” (Direct address) vōs “you” (Direct address)

Singular

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom is “he” ea “she” id “it” (Subject)

Gen eius “his” eius “her” eius “its”

Dat eī “to/for him” eī “to/for her” eī “to/for it”

Acc eum “him” eam “her” id “it” (Direct Object)

Abl eō eā eō

Plural

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom eī/iī eae ea “they”

Gen eōrum eārum eōrum “their/of them”

Dat eīs/iīs eīs/iīs eīs/iīs “to them”

Acc eōs eās ea “them” (Direct Object)

Abl eīs/iīs eīs/iīs eīs/iīs “in/by/with/from them”


16

hic “this, these” (Demonstrative Pronoun/Adjective)

Nom hic haec hoc “this” (Subject)

Gen huius huius huius “of this” (Possession)

Dat huic huic huic “to or for this” (Indirect Object)

Acc hunc hanc hoc “this” (Direct Object)

Abl hōc hāc hōc “in/by/with/from this” (Object of Preposition)

Nom hī hae haec “these” (Subject)

Gen hōrum hārum hōrum “of these” (Possession)

Dat hīs hīs hīs “to or for these” (Indirect Object)

Acc hōs hās haec “these” (Direct Object)

Abl hīs hīs hīs “in/by/with/from these” (Object of a Prep.)

ille “that, those” (Demonstrative Pronoun/Adjective)

Nom ille illa illud “that” (Subject)

Gen illīus illīus illīus “of that” (Possession)

Dat illī illī illī “to or for that” (Indirect Object)

Acc illum illam illud “that” (Direct Object)

Abl illō illā illō “in/by/with/from that” (Object of Preposition)

Nom illī illae illa “those” (Subject)

Gen illōrum illārum illōrum “of those” (Possession)

Dat illīs illīs illīs “to or for those” (Indirect Object)

Acc illōs illās illa “those” (Direct Object)

Abl illīs illīs illīs “in/by/with/from those” (Object of a Prep.)


17

iste “that (near you); that of yours; such” (Demonstrative Pronoun/Adjective)

Nom iste ista istud “that” (Subject)

Gen istīus istīus istīus “of that” (Possession)

Dat istī istī istī “to or for that” (Indirect Object)

Acc istum istam istud “that” (Direct Object)

Abl istō istā istō “in/by/with/from that” (Object of Preposition)

Nom istī istae ista “those” (Subject)

Gen istōrum istārum istōrum “of those” (Possession)

Dat istīs istīs istīs “to or for those” (Indirect Object)

Acc istōs istās ista “those” (Direct Object)

Abl istīs istīs istīs “in/by/with/from those” (Object of a Prep.)

RELATIVE PRONOUNS “who/whom/whose/to whom/which” (introduces a relative clause)

Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc.Pl. Fem.Pl. Neut.Pl.

Nom. quī quae quod quī quae quae

Gen. cuius cuius cuius quōrum quārum quorum

Dat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus

Acc. quem quam quod quōs quās quae

Abl. quō quā quō quibus quibus quibus

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS (who? Whom? What? Of What kind?) [Singular Only. No Plural forms.]

M/F Neuter

Nom. quis quid

Gen. cuius cuius

Dat. cui cui

Acc. quem quid

Abl. quō quō


18

3rd Declension Adjectives – POSITIVE DEGREE, omnis – omne “every; all”

M&F Neut.

Singular

Nom. omnis omne “every” (Subj.)

Gen. omnis omnis “of every”

Dat. omnī omnī “to/for every”

Acc. omnem omne “every” (D.O.)

Abl. omnī omnī “in/by/with/from every”

Voc. omnis omne “o every” (Direct Address)

Plural

Nom. omnēs omnia “all” (Subj.)

Gen. omnium omnium “of all”

Dat. omnibus omnibus “to/for all”

Acc. omnēs omnia “all” (D.O.)

Abl. omnibus omnibus “in/by/with/from all”

Voc. omnēs omnia “o all” (Direct Address)


19

Adjectives – COMPARATIVE DEGREE, fortior – forte “stronger; braver”

M&F Neut.

Singular

Nom. fortior fortius “stronger” (Subj.)

Gen. fortiōris fortiōris “of stronger”

Dat. fortiōrī fortiōrī “to/for stronger”

Acc. fortiōrem fortius “stronger” (D.O.)

Abl. fortiōre fortiōre “in/by/with/from stronger”

Voc. fortior fortius “o stronger” (Direct Address)

Plural

Nom. fortiōrēs fortiōra “stronger” (Subj.)

Gen. fortiōrum fortiōrum “of stronger”

Dat. fortiōribus fortiōribus “to/for stronger”

Acc. fortiōrēs fortiōra “stronger” (D.O.)

Abl. fortiōribus fortiōribus “in/by/with/from stronger”

Voc. fortiōrēs fortiōra “o stronger” (Direct Address)


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Adjectives – SUPERLATIVE DEGREE, fortissimus – fortissima – fortissimum “strongest; bravest”

Masc. Fem. Neut.

Singular

Nom. fortissimus fortissima fortissimum “strongest” (Subj.)

Gen. fortissimī fortissimae fortissimī “of strongest”

Dat. fortissimō fortissimae fortissimō “to/for strongest”

Acc. fortissimum fortissimam fortissimum “strongest” (D.O.)

Abl. fortissimō fortissimā fortissimō “in/by/with/from strongest”

Voc. fortissime fortissima fortissimum “o strongest” (Direct Address)

Plural

Nom. fortissimī fortissimae fortissima “strongest” (Subj.)

Gen. fortissimōrum fortissimārum fortissimōrum “of strongest”

Dat. fortissimīs fortissimīs fortissimīs “to/for strongest”

Acc. fortissimōs fortissimās fortissima “strongest” (D.O.)

Abl. fortissimīs fortissimīs fortissimīs “in/by/with/from strongest”

Voc. fortissimī fortissimae fortissima “o strongest” (Direct Address)


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ADJECTIVES – words that describe (or “modify”) Nouns/Pronouns.

Adjectives answer the questions “Which one? What kind? How Many? Whose?”

Adjectives MUST have the same grammatical Gender, Number and Case as the Noun the noun

they modify. (The endings will sometimes be the same, but not always, the important things

is that they communicate the same information about Gender/Number/Case).

There are four kinds or uses of Adjectives: Attributive, Predicate, Substantive, & Objective

Complement.

Attribute Adjectives (usually) follow nouns and describe an attribute.

Example: Feminae avarae “Greedy women”

(Note that both words are Feminine, Plural, Nominatives)

Predicate Adjectives are used with a form of “to be” and are part of the verb or “predicate.”

Example: Feminae sunt avarae. “The women are greedy.”

(Note that both words are Feminine, Plural, Nominatives. Predicate Adjective do not

always agree in Gender/Number)

Substantive Adjectives omit the noun they describe, e.g., “the home of the brave (people).”

When there is no Noun that an Adjective agrees with in Gender/Number/Case, then you

are probably dealing with a Substantive!

Example: Avarae sunt sine amīcīs. “Greedy (women) are without friends.”

Example: Bonī amant bona. “Good (people) love good (things).”

Note: A Substantive Adjective with Masculine Plural endings should usually be

translated as “(men/people,” with Femine Plural endings “(women),” and Neuter Plural

endings “(things).”

Adjectives, unlike nouns, can appear in more than one grammatical gender (in order to match the noun

they describe).

Example: Virōs magnōs verbīs bellīs laudabant.

“They were praising the great men with pretty words.”

[The words “Great men” are in the Accusative because “men” is the Direct Object. “Pretty words” are in

the Ablative case because “words” is the means—a use of the Ablative—with which they were praising.]


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NOUNS

Know the Five main cases, the endings (1st declension Fem, and 2nd Declension Masc/Neut), and their

functions.

Nominative – marks the Subject of a verb.

Virī sapientiae dona bona filiabus dant.

“Men of wisdom give good gifts to [their] daughters.”

Genitive – usually marks possession, we translate with the added word “of”



Dative – marks Indirect Objects, translated with “to” or “for.”



Accusative – marks Direct Objects.



Ablative – marks Objects of Prepositions, and when unaccompanied by a Preposition (e.g., sine

“without”), we translate by adding “in,” “by,” “with,” or “from” depending on context.

The Ablative can convey the means (“with words”), manner (“with joy”), time (“in an

hour”), and location/source (“from home” or “at home”).

Virī sine pecuniā verbīs laudant.

“Men without money praise with words.”

Vocative – Marks Direct Address (i.e, using a Noun in the 2nd person, as well calling someone by

name).


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ADVERBS- words that describe (or “modify”) Verbs, Adjectives, or other Adverbs.

Adverbs answer the questions, “How? Where? When? To what extent?”

Examples:

saepe “often” nunc “now”

semper “always” numquam “never”

heri “yesterday” umquam “ever”

hodie “today”

crās “tomorrow”

PREPOSITIONS – words that are placed before a NOUN/PRONOUN (the “object” of the Preposition) to

form a Prepositional Phrase. A Prepositional Phrase describes a NOUN/PRONOUN (just like an Adjective)

or may describe a VERB/ADJECTIVE/ADVERB (just like an Adverb).

Prepositions often tell about LOCATION (in time or space) “at home,” “to the store,” “in an

hour,” “for a day.”

Latin uses the ABLATIVE case in many cases where English requires a separate preposition

(in/by/with/from/at).

The NOUN/PRONOUN that follows the Preposition (its Object) will be in either the Ablative or

Accusative case (most prepositions will have objects in the Ablative).

Examples:

sine pecūniā “without money” (sine is the Preposition “without” and pecūniā is the word “money”

in the Ablative case functioning as the Object of the Preposition)

sine sapientiā “without wisdom” (sine is the Preposition “without” and sapientiā is the word “wisdom”

in the Ablative case functioning as the Object of the Preposition)

dē caelō “down from the sky” (dē is a Preposition that can mean “from, down from” or “about;

concerning. Caelō is the word for “sky” in the Ablative case functioning

as the Object of the Preposition).

Avarī dē pecūniā cogitant. “Greedy (men) think about money.”

Remember:

The Present tense can be translated in THREE ways depending on context:

Amō can mean “I love,” “I am loving,” or “I do love.”


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The Imperfect tense can be translated in several ways depending on context:

Monēbam can mean “I was warning,” “I began to warn,” or “I kept on warning”

Propter culpās meās “because of my faults” (NOTE: Propter “because of” is a Preposition that takes an

Object in the ACCUSATIVE case).

Additional Reminders:

There are no Articles in Latin. The English words “a,” “an,” and “the” have no Latin equivalent. We need

to supply them in translation when necessary.

Sometimes Possessive Pronouns (adjectives like “my,” “our,” “their,” etc.) will be assumed in Latin

where we would need them in English. Filiās amat “He loves daughters” means that “He loves [his]

daughters.” This looks bizarre in English but is normal in Latin.

Verbs in Latin conjugate. That means that they change form to communicate information about the

Subject (Person/Number) as well as the Time (Tense), Voice (Active/Passive), and Mood

(Indicative/Imperative/Infinitive).

Verb endings have an implied subject.

amō “I love”

habēbimus “we will have”

estis “you (all) are”

cogitant “(they) think”

narrābat “(he/she/it) was telling”

For the 3rd Person, there may be a Noun/Pronoun in the Nominative functioning as the subject.

Agricola narrat “the farmer tells”

NOT “the farmer he/she/it tells” or “he/she/it tells the farmer”

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives all decline (that is, they change their endings according to

grammatical Gender/Number/Case). (Exception: the noun nihil “nothing” is indeclinable).

Prepositions and Adverbs do not decline. Their endings do not change, though Prepositions will be

followed by an Object (Noun/Pronoun) in the Ablative or Accusative.

Several case endings can be confused! Know the possibilities for the endings: -ī, -ae, -īs, -a, & -ō!

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