Déjà vu also called paramnesia , or promnesia , is the experience of feeling sure that one has witnessed or experienced a new situation previously (an individual feels as though

an event has already happened or has happened in the near past), although the exact circumstances of the previous encounter are uncertain. The term was coined by a French

psychic researcher, Émile Boirac . In particular, this may result from an overlap between the neurological systems responsible for short-term memory (events which are perceived as being in the present) and those responsible for long-term memory (events

which are perceived as being in the past). The events would be stored into memory before the conscious part of the brain even receives the information and processes it.

The strongest pathological association of déjà vu is with temporal lobe epilepsy.This correlation has led some researchers to speculate that the experience of déjà vu is possibly a neurological anomaly related to improper electrical discharge in the brain. .It has been reported that certain drugs increase the chances of déjà vu occurring in the

user. Memory based explanations suggest that déjà vu may be a form of familiarity-based

recognition. Another possible explanation for the phenomenon of déjà vu is the occurrence of "cryptamnesia ", which is where information learned is forgotten but

nevertheless stored in the brain, and occurrence of similar invokes the contained knowledge.

Some believe déjà vu is the memory of dreams. In this case, déjà vu might be a memory of a forgotten dream with elements in common with the current waking experience. This may be similar to another phenomenon known as dé jà rêvé , or

"already dreamed". Those believing in re incarnation theorize that déjà vu is caused by fragments of past-life memories being jarred to the surface of the mind by familiar

surroundings or people.

Jamais vu is a term in psychology (from French, meaning "never seen ") which is used to describe any familiar situation which is not recognized by the observer.

Often described as the opposite of déjà vu, jamais vu involves a sense of eeriness and the observer's impression of seeing the situation for the first time, despite rationally knowing that

he or she has been in the situation before.Jamais vu is more commonly explained as when a person momentarily does not recognize a

word, person, or place that they already know.

A delusion, in everyday language, is a fixed belief that is either false, fanciful, or derived from deception. Psychiatry defines the term more specifically as a belief that is pathological (the result of an illness). In pathology, it is distinct from a belief based on false or incomplete information, apperception, illusion, or other effects of perception.Delusions typically occur in the context of neurological or mental illness. The top two

'Factors mainly concerned in the germination of delusions' are: 1. Disorder of brain functioning and

2. Background influences of temperament and personality.

Delusions are categorized as either bizarre or non-bizarre and as either mood-congruent or mood-neutral. Some of the more common delusion themes are:

Delusion of control: This is a false belief that another person, group of people, or external force controls one's thoughts, feelings, impulses, or behavior.

Nihilistic delusion: A delusion whose theme centers on the nonexistence of self or parts of self, others, or the world. A person with this type of delusion may have the false belief

that the world is ending. Delusional jealousy : A person with this delusion falsely believes their spouse or lover is

having an affair. This delusion stems from pathological jealousy. Delusion of guilt or sin: This is a false feeling of remorse or guilt of delusional intensity. A person may, for example, believe they have committed some horrible crime and should

be punished severely.

Delusion of mind being read: The false belief that other people can know one's thoughts.

Erotomania: It is a delusion in which one believes that another person is in love with him or her. Grandiose Delusion: An individual is convinced they have special powers, talents, or abilities. Sometimes, the individual may actually believe they are a famous person or

character. Persecutory delusions: These are the most common type of delusions and involve the theme of being followed, harassed, cheated, poisoned or drugged, conspired against,

spied on, attacked, or obstructed in the pursuit of goals. Somatic delusion: A delusion whose content pertains to bodily functioning, bodily

sensations, or physical appearance. Usually the false belief is that the body is somehow diseased, abnormal, or changed.

Paranoia is a thought process characterized by excessive anxiety or fear, often to the point of irrationality and delusion. Paranoid thinking typically includes persecutory beliefs

concerning a perceived threat towards oneself.The term paranoia was used to describe a mental illness in which a delusional belief is the sole or most prominent feature.Initially, the term pure paranoia was used to describe a condition

where a delusion was present, but without any apparent deterioration in intellectual abilities. Sometimes in common

usage, the term paranoia is misused to describe a phobia. For example, a person may not want to fly out of fear the plane may crash. This does not in itself indicate paranoia, but rather a phobia. An example of paranoia, however, would be fear that while watching an American

Football game, the team huddle was talking about the person affected.

Intuition is the apparent ability to acquire knowledge without inference or the use of reason. “The word ‘intuition’ comes from the Latin word 'intueri', which is

often roughly translated as meaning ‘to look inside’ or ‘to contemplate’." The "right brain" is popularly associated with intuitive processes. Some scientists have

contended that intuition is associated with innovation in scientific discovery. Intuition is frequently called a hunch, a gut feeling, a burst of genius, a gut response, and even luck. It is a function of the right hemisphere of the brain involving extra-sensory perception (ESP), but much more; it functions on the

physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual levels. Each person experiences intuition differently. There may be physical sensations, such as tingling of the skin;

clairaudient or inner voice; inspirational solutions to problems; feelings of closeness to God or the Divine Force. Intuitions are distinguished from beliefs, since we can

hold beliefs which are not intuitive, or have intuitions for propositions that we know to be false.

Many children and adolescents possess a high degree of intuition, but as they grow older their thought process become more analytical causing more activity within the left hemisphere of the brain.

Studies have shown that physical environment can enhance or inhibit intuition. Also, music stimulates

intuition by putting an individual in a relaxed state to produce pleasant memories, which causes the right and left hemispheres of the brain to work in greater unity. Intuition is important in mysticism. It is thought to be vital in perceiving direct and immediate truth of the most intimate

secrets of life. Through deep meditation and contemplation, mystics experience intuitive flashes in which they perceive the ineffable nature of

the cosmos, the Divine Force, the soul, and the unity of everything.

Intuition is commonly discussed in writings of spiritual thought. Contextually, there is often an idea of a transcendent and more qualitative mind of one’s spirit

towards which a person strives, or towards which consciousness evolves. Typically, intuition is regarded as a conscient commonality between earthly knowledge and the

higher spiritual knowledge and appears as flashes of insight.It is asserted that by definition intuition cannot be judged by logical reasoning.

Hypnosis is a mental state (state theory ) or set of att itudes (non-state theory) usual ly induced by a procedure known as a hypnotic induction, which is commonly composed of a ser ies of prel iminary instructions and

suggestions. Hypnotic suggestions may be del ivered by a hypnotist in the presence of the subject , or may be se lf-administered. The use of hypnotism for therapeutic purposes is referred to as “hypnotherapy" .

Although a popular misconception is that hypnosis is a form of unconsciousness resembling sleep, contemporary research suggests that it

i s actual ly a wakeful state of focused attention and heightened suggestibi l ity , with diminished peripheral awareness. Hypnosis is

normally preceded by a "hypnotic induction" technique . Traditional ly this was interpreted as a method of putting the subject into a "hypnotic trance " ; however subsequent theorists have viewed it differently . There

are an enormous variety of different induction techniques used in hypnotism. However , by far the most influential method was the

or iginal "eye-fixation" technique of Braid, also known as "Braidism".

Hypnosis has been used as a painkil ler , an adjunct to weight loss , a treatment of skin disease and as a way to soothe anxious surgical patients. It has also been used as part of psychological therapy, a way to re lax and

as a tool to enhance sports performance.Self-hypnosis is popularly used by people who want to quit smoking and

reduce stress, while stage hypnosis can be used to persuade people to perform unusual public feats .

Hypnotherapy has been successful ly used as a treatment for i rr itable bowel syndrome. A large number of c l inical studies show that hypnosis can reduce

the pain experienced by people undergoing bone marrow aspirations, and childbirth. .

Other uses: Hypnotism has also been used in forensics, sports , education, physical therapy and rehabil itation. Hypnotism has also been employed by

artists for creative purposes .Some people have drawn analogies between certain aspects of hypnotism

and areas such as crowd psychology, re l ig ious hyster ia, and r itual trances in pre l iterate tribal cultures.

Dreams are a ser ies of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations occurr ing involuntari ly in the mind during certain stages of sleep. The content and

purpose of dreams are not ful ly understood, though they have been a topic of speculation and interest throughout recorded history. The sc ientific

study of dreams is known as oneirology .Dreams have a long history , both as a subject of conjecture and as a

source of inspiration. Throughout history, people have sought meaning in dreams or divination through dreams . They have been descr ibed

physiological ly as a response to neural processes during s leep, psychologically as reflections of the subconscious , and spiritually as

messages from gods or predict ions of the future

Dream Interpretation was explained by Sigmund Freud as the basis of fulfi l lment of desires. Calvin S. Hall proposed a theory of dreams In

1954, according to which, dreaming is considered to be a cognitive process . Hall stated that the dream images were simply visual symbols

of personal views. According to Hobson and Solm, dreams are a type of psychosis .

Depending upon the physical character ist ics , sexual outlook and native desires, animals are seen in dreams. Flying or chirping birds symbolize

happiness, love, balance and a sunny perspective towards l ife . Presence of body parts in dreams depend upon the dream ego and the consc ious

identity. Sometimes the dream may forebode any health problems of the specif ic part. When ants are seen in a dream, the meaning is that there

is a feel ing of being neglected. If there is an unterminated communication with somebody, characters appear in the dream ti l l the

issue is f inal ized. The presence of different foods in a dream can be connected with new beliefs and ideas that one imbibes and digests

mental ly .

Common dreams and the possible meanings are as fol lows - Test Dreams - anxious and perturbed fee l ings, lack of confidence ,

others are judging. Flying Dreams - a strong mind and will , be ing afraid of chal lenges and

success, be ing on the top of a situation. Chase Dreams - fear of being attacked, presence of se lf-destructive

actions, method of handling stresses and fears. Naked Dreams - inabi l ity to conceal something, fear of being disgraced,

being caught unaware, desire to get noticed. Teeth Dreams - anxiety regarding appearance, fear of being abashed,

sense of powerlessness , lack of se lf-confidence. Fall ing Dreams - presence of insecurity and instabil ity , fee l ing of

fai lure or infer iority , y ie lding to a sexual urge.

The dreamer should ponder upon the fol lowing topics in order to analyze his dreams, so that the import is revealed.

the actions in the dream . the prominent symbols and re lation between these .the connection of one dream with past dreams .the opponents and supporters in the dream . part of the dream, the dreamer would l ike to avoid . what does the dream demand from the dreamer . why did the dreamer have the particular dream.

The f irst step in Dream Analysis is to write down the dream. Then, disregard the petty detai ls and recognize the main theme of the dream. After the theme is found out, the part of the l ife it appl ies to must be

thought of. The emotional state during the dream plays an important role . Symbols must be taken personal ly . Every dreamer assoc iates symbols with

different things. In a nutshel l , understanding dreams is a very complex topic and requires

considerable appl ication and experience to deal with it successful ly .

Lucid dreaming refers to the abi l ity to be consciously aware in your dreams.

Normally in dreams you just react to whatever happens.

When you become lucid during dreams you are aware that what you are experiencing is a dream and that there are no restr ictions to where you

can go, what you can see or what you can achieve . When you attain this leve l of awareness you are able to consc iously

create what you see and what you do within your dreams.Because you are working in your unconscious mind, your waking l ife

rational ity is not there and this al lows you to perceive things, differently, in a potential ly “out of the box” way, opening up new ideas

and ways to view your issue .Lucid dreaming has the abi l ity to open up new insights and enable us to

get a new take on things. There are many wonderful practical appl ications for the ski l l of lucid dreaming.

One of the most beneficia l is i ts abi l i ty to turn nightmares from fearful exper iences to ones of happiness and excitement .

Nightmares are bad dreams.They can make you feel extremely scared and fr ightened. But fear

not….these dreams are not real and are usual ly quite normal .Character ized by vivid imagery and extreme feel ings such as anxiety, fear ,

sadness or gui lt they are powerful enough to wake you up.Children experience fr ightening dreams more often than adults , especial ly

between the ages of 3-4 and 7-8.Bad dreams at this age show a normal struggle to cope with fears and issues and they usual ly involve being chased by wild animals . This is a normal stage of development for chi ldren and should be viewed as such.

In adults , about 50% report experiencing nightmares occasional ly and of these , they occur more often in women than men.

There are certain factors that contribute to fr ightening dreams occurr ing in adults:

1. Certain Medications and i l lnesses, especial ly fever , can cause bad dreams.

2. Stress and anxiety in adults is the main reason that causes bad dreams. If there are some stressful events or huge changes in your l ife this can

definite ly lead to fr ightening dreams.