The value chain of batteries: from material production to recycling initiativesHanne Flåten AndersenHead of Department, Battery Technology, IFE

UiO:Energy Forum28.11.2019

IFE’s vision: Internationally leading research institute

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1MRD

Annual publications:

120

Advanced laboratories:

24

International projects:

> 30%

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Forskere: 218

Employees:

600

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1948: IFA

1980: IFE

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Researchers: 218

Better batteries- what are thechallenges?

Battery value chain – where are we?

4

Raw materials

Adaptedmaterials

Battery production

Modules

Application

2nd use and recycling

Battery activities at IFE

Silicon- based nanoparticle production

• Producing silicon based energy materials

• Free space reactors

• Gas-phase silane polymerization• Understanding the chemistry of silane• Production control• Flexibility in composition• Up-scaling

6

Battery developmentlaboratory

How to optimize the battery

• Testing different material sources

• Preparing electrodes

• Research on all components in anode (binder, carbon)

• As well as other battery components such as electrolyte, cathode

• Electrochemical testing of cells• Largest lab scale facility in Norway

7

Commercial batterytesting

Battery research for end-users

• Strong cooperation with norwegianmaritime industry

• Predicting life time of commercial batterycells and packs

• Evaluation of battery ageing throughexperiments and modelling

8

How does the batterywork?

Li1-xMO2 LixCn

Positiv

e c

urr

ent

colle

cto

r

Separator/Electrolyte

Ne

ga

tive

cu

rren

t co

llecto

r

Li+ intercalation

Li+ intercalation

Li+ on charge

Li+ on discharge

Ve- on dischargee- on charge

Anode

10

Silicon anodes

LTO Carbon Bi Sb Al Sn Mg Si

Specific capacity

Main motivation:• Graphite: LiC6

• Silicon: Li3.75Si-> 372 mAh/g-> 3579 mAh/g

C

Si

C C

C C C

Si Si

Si Si Si

Li

Li Li Li Li

Li Li Li Li

Li Li Li Li

Li Li Li Li Li

Li

Li

Li Li

Li

Silicon market

11

“It’s a race among the battery makers to get more and more silicon in”

- Jeff Dahn, 3M and Tesla

12

Challenge

www.argonne.com

SiliconX

• Using silicon nitride material produced at IFE

• Improvement of both capacity and lifetime

• Patent granted

13

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1 51 101 151 201

Cap

acit

y /

mA

h/g

Lifetime

Pure silicon

SiliconX material

Market technology

• Temperature inlet gas

• Temperature in reaction zone

• Length of reaction zone

• Amount of inlet gas

• Composition of gas (SiH4:NH3)

Production of SiliconX at IFE

Free Space Reactor Pyrolysis of silane and ammonia Particles as seen in TEM

14

Copyrolysis

SiH4

NH3

Si-rich N-rich

Stoichiometry

Particle size

Commercial battery testingCommercial battery testing

Life time testing of commercial cells- The BattMarine project

• Cooperation with partners from the maritime industry• Fast growing sector in Norway• Hybrid solutions are necessary

• Safety and life time evaluation of large Li-ion cells and packs

• Develop new measurement techniques

• Risk reduction – physical and economical

16

Li-ion battery ageing

• Calendar life – loss of capacity during storage• Factors: • Temperature• State-of-charge

• Cycle life – loss of capacity due to cycling• Factors:• Temperature• Current – charge and discharge• SoC

• Maximum• Minimum• Cycling window

• Mechanical pressure

17

Recycling and reuse

Recycling and reuse- motivation

• Large need for sustainable handling of used batteries

• Control material flow within Europe• Urban mining through recycling possibilities

• Norwegian industry wants to positionthemself within recycling

• Norway will be one of the first countries to get large volumes of spent EV-batteries goinginto recycling or reuse• 50 % of all new car sales in 2019 was electric• Second largest market worldwide for EVs

19

Possible reuse of Li-ion batteries (2nd life)

• Starting research on safe and sustainable re-use ofbatteries

• Evaluating value, safety and cost-optimized use ofLi-ion batteries at End-of-Life (EOL)

• Open questions:• Economical feasibility (and at what battery cost)• Safety ensured in second life use?• Integration into current energy system

20

BATMAN projectLithium ion BATteries - Norwegian opportunities within sustainable end-of-life MANagement, reuse and new material streams

• Project lead by Eyde Cluster

• Will establish the current Li-ion battery market in Norway, as well control of the material flow analysis

• Will give guidelines to how Norwegian industry should position themselves within battery recycling

21

BATMAN projectThe existing ecosystem

22

BATMAN projectPredictive model for material demand and secondary use/recycling volumes

23

Future battery market

• Battery demand estimated to 2000 GWh in 2030

• Need for many new gigafactories

• Battery prices dropping

• New areas opening up with marketdevelopments:• Stationary storage• Recycling/urban mining• 2nd life batteries• Battery production

Thank you!

Hanne Flåten AndersenBattery Technology

@energiteknikk