The use of Semantic Web Technologies in Spatial Decision ... · WFS Server WMS Server WMS Server...

The INSPIRE Conference 2013, 23-27 June

Adam Iwaniak Jaromar Łukowicz Iwona Kaczmarek Marek Strzelecki Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Kon-dor

The use of Semantic Web Technologies in Spatial Decision Support Systems

A.Iwaniak, The INSPIRE Conference 2013, 23-27 June

How to make GIS systems more intelligent ? How to make their interface simpler and

more intuitive in use?


Add mouse to CAD –the ’80s

Line segment is represented by a pair of points P1 and P2 with coordinates (x1,y1) and (x2,y2)


Add RDB

How to find buildings that have two floors? • graphics in CAD system, • attributes in relational databases (Access, Oracle, ...), • example: MGE, GeoGraphics, AutoCad Map.

FeaturesName_of_featureparcelsbuidlingsroads

BuildingsFunction Nr_storeys id

16 2 101117 3 101218 1 1013

Add topology

Select * from Counties where Counties.pop < 30000 and Counties are within distance 100 mi of Major Cities;

Spatial operator

Spatial queries


Spatial + RDB

The development of technology that stores geometry and attributes in a single database allows to use the mechanisms of RDBMS in GIS. This resolve problems with:

– multi-user access – data protection – versioning – transactions – backup performance – data integrity.


Use SOA architecture

WFS Server

WMS Server

WMS Server

Geoportal

Catalogue Server

A new dimension of heterogeneity on a global scale

A design for PCs with GUIs


Maturity of SDI in 2013

• Implementation of the ideas from the early 90s, developed in other realities, before Google era

• Different business model for distributing spatial data • Inefficient method of implementing CS-W OGC

catalog services • OGC standards are not fully compatible with W3C • Automatic WPS orchestration is broken • 2 milion of GIS users in 2001.


Web 2.0 and VGI


3D


Linked Data Best practices for publishing and connecting structured data on the Web:

– Use URIs as names for things – Use HTTP URIs, so that people can

look up those names – When someone looks up a URI,

provide useful information, using the standards (RDF, SPARQL)

– Include links to other URIs, so that they can discover more things.


A new era of Internet access • „Android already has been activated on 900

million devices” Hugo Barra, Google I/O 2013 Keynote Notes

• More than half of Internet users in Poland use the Internet via a smartphone, it's four times more than a year ago. 45% of Internet users as a reason for buying indicate the use of maps and GPS, MEC Analytics & Insight

• People have easier access to smartphones than toilets, Zet Radio

voice and touch, no mouse, no keyboard, no big screen


Example 1

1. Find the nearest petrol station 2. Find the shortest route between point A

and point B 3. Find international hotel in Florence

Task does not seem to be difficult to implement when the questions are predefined and the data is stored in one database which model is well known.


Example 2 Find a building in Wroclaw that is owned by Adam

Iwaniak

There are three databases available: administrative boundaries, parcels and their owners and topographic database

Classic GIS * 1. Find all parcels in Wroclaw, owned by Adam Iwaniak 2. Find buildings which are located in these parcels 3. Show a list of buildings and their addresses *required inference


Possible solutions

• Creation of specialized software e.g. for mobile apps for searching buildings in Polish cities

• Tag buildings with a name of the owner - Google

• The use of Semantic Web technologies • … • Siri is an intelligent personal assistant and knowledge navigator which

works as an application for Apple's iOS. The application uses a natural language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of Web services /wikipedia/


Semantic Web Technologies and standards that allow machines to understand the semantics of the information on the Web:

– Ontologies and thesauri – Reasoning based on ontologies – RDF – RDFa – RDFS, OWL – SPARQL – SWRL


Metadata expressed in RDFa - annotating html

An alternative method of distributing metadata


„Publication of spatial planning documents using ontology-driven approach”, I.Kaczmarek Wednesday, 9:40, room 5


Spatial Decision Support System

Interactive, computer-based system designed to support a user or a group of users in achieving a higher effectiveness of decision making while solving a semi-structured spatial decision problem (Abdullah A., 2005).


SDSS to obtain decision on development conditions

… Issuing the decision about building conditions is possible only in

the case of fulfilling the following conditions: 1) at least one adjacent parcel, reachable from the same public

road, is built on in a way that the requirements for the new buildings can be defined

2) the parcel has access to a public road 3) the existing or planned utilities are sufficient for the

development goal 4) the parcel does not require obtaining a permit for changing the

land use type from rural or forested to non-rural and non-forested

…


Architecture of SDSS

An alternative method of inference and analysis


Tbox - domain ontology


SDSS - Abox

PostGIS

RDF Spatial objects

RDF Topology

ABox


Abox - instances


Application ontology


SDSS and GIS

Knowledge base

Reasoner

PostGIS


Summary of SDSS • Similar results can be achieved using GIS system • Unfortunately, using GIS is much easier • The problem of processing geometry and topology • Inference in OWL and SWRL • Possibility of integration of data from different sources • Rules are described in a formal way - knowledge sharing

and knowledge reuse • No need to transfer all the information from the

geospatial database, the area of analysis can be narrowed.


dgn GML

Oracle MS SQL PostGIS

WFS WMS CS-W

Thesauri Ontology

CS-W+

Metadata for discovery

Metadata for use

GIS

SDI

Inteligent SII

Semantic Web Services

WPS

SHP

Intelligent Spatial Information Infrastructure


Intelligent Spatial Information Infrastructure

• Spatial Data Infrastructure Retrieval, publication and access to spatial data WMS, clearing house, CS-W , data set

• Spatial Information Infrastructure Interpretation of data, analysis and processing Data harmonization, WFS, WPS, XML, GML, XSLT, object oriented

• Intelligent Spatial Information Infrastructure The ability to understand by humans and computers the data and services across systems significantly facilitating: – linking, retrieval and integration of information – automated orchestration of geospatial web services – inference new facts based on existing ones Semantic interoperability, linked data, ontology, RDF, OWL, object, URI


Summary • Research on Semantic Web in SDI has a great

potential • It is conducted by many leading academic

centers, but the number of practical solutions is limited

• However there are attempts to extend existing SDI services with semantic layer, and use a new standard for geospatial data – GeoSPARQL

• Semantic Web can be alternative, but today is in an initial phase of development


Summary 1. Change in GIS technologies is required, because:

– Huge number of naive users – Change of the user interface and user experience – voice

and touch instead of mouse and keyboard – Simple interface needs more „intelligence” behind

2. The popularity of smartphones could be one of the key drivers of research on Semantic Web technologies.

3. Making Open and Machine Readable the New Default for Government Information – May 9th, 2013, President`s Obama Executive Order.


Thank you for your attention

[email protected]


Additional slides for discussion


area1

building1

parcel2

”Wrocław”

”Adam Iwaniak” Iwaniak”

”101”

”Jan Kowalski”

hasName

parcel1

contains contains

hasOwner

over

laps

buidling22

contains ”102” hasNr

”Mokra134” hasAddress

hasAddress ”Sienkiewicza” 3”

cd:area1 cd:hasName ”Wrocław” spatial:contains :parcel1 spatial:contains :parcel2 cd:parcel1 spatial:contains :building1 cd:hasOwner ” Adam Iwaniak” cd:hasNr ” 101” spatial:overlaps :area1 cd:parcel2 spatial:contains :building2 cd:hasOwner ”Jan Kowalski” cd:hasNr ” 102” cd:building1 cd:hasAddress ” Mokra 134” cd:building2 cd:hasAddress ” Sienkiewicza” by I. Kaczmarek

RDF


Select all the buildings in Wroclaw which belong to Adam Iwaniak PREFIX cd: http://rdf.parcelontology.com/

spatial: http://geovocab.org/spatial/ SELECT ?building ?address WHERE {?parcel cd:hasOwner „Adam Iwaniak”. ?parcel spatial:contains ?building. ?parcel spatial:overlaps ?area. ?area cd:hasName „Wrocław”. ?building cd:hasAddress ?address}. Answer: Building: budynek1, Address: Mokra 134

SPARQL query


Building ontology in Protege

by J.Łukowicz

<Ontology1348457921722:isOwnedBy rdf:resource="http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2012/8/Ontology1348457921722.owl#JanKowalski"/> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2012/8/Ontology1348457921722.owl#Plot"/> <Ontology1348457921722:overlaps rdf:resource="http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2012/8/Ontology1348457921722.owl#building_03"/> </Ontology1348457921722:SpatialObject> </Ontology1348457921722:owns> <Ontology1348457921722:owns rdf:resource="http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2012/8/Ontology1348457921722.owl#plot_06"/> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#NamedIndividual"/> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing"/> <Ontology1348457921722:owns rdf:resource="http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2012/8/Ontology1348457921722.owl#plot_05"/> <Ontology1348457921722:owns rdf:resource="http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2012/8/Ontology1348457921722.owl#building_03"/> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2012/8/Ontology1348457921722.owl#Owner"/> <Ontology1348457921722:owns> <owl:NamedIndividual rdf:about="http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2012/8/Ontology1348457921722.owl#plot_15">


Rule in SWRL • Building(?building), OwnerOfPlot(?owner), Plot(?plot),

isContainedBy(?building, ?plot), isOwnedBy(?plot, ?owner) -> owns(?owner, ?building)

SPARQL • SELECT ?budynek FROM

<http://www.semanticweb.org/ontologies/2012/8/Ontology1348457921722.owl#> WHERE { ?owner rdf:about myont:AdamIwaniak . ?owner myont:owns ?budynek . ?budynek myont:isLocatedIn myont:Wroclaw . }

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