Concept mapping, mind mapping and argument mapping: what ...
the use of concept mapping to enhance staff knowledge and ...
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THE USE OF CONCEPT MAPPING TO ENHANCE STAFF KNOWLEDGE AND
MANAGEMENT OF BEHAVIOURAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS OF
DEMENTIA
Suzanne AberdeenDr Sandra LeggatDr Graeme ByrneDr Simon Barraclough
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Background and Literature Review
• Whilst recommended, there seems to be no evidence of the effectiveness of a person-centered team problem-solving approach to BPSD.
• Current documentation for BPSD is of questionable quality and does not demonstrate problem-solving.
• Staff are not encouraged to reflect on, and learn from, failures to succeed and feelings about care provision.
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Resident
Activities
Psychosocial
Identity
Health
Physical Environment
Neurological Impairment
Person Centred Approach
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Impact of psychosocial environment
Impact of psychosocial environment
Identity and story –culture, family, beliefs, interests etc.
Identity and story –culture, family, beliefs, interests etc.
Healthand well-being
Healthand well-being
Impact of physical
environment
Impact of physical
environment
Task,activities or
ADLs: enabling or disabling
Task,activities or
ADLs: enabling or disabling
Dementiatype,
progression and effect
Dementiatype,
progression and effect
CONCEPT MAPPING
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Concept Mapping Research
Mapping:– creates confidence in existing knowledge and skills;– links new and old knowledge, and encourages
learning from the process;– can be evaluated using scoring for
comprehensiveness, organization of concepts and correctness of logic and facts; and
– can be computer-based and linked to computerisedrecord keeping and care planning.
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Research Population
• Representative sample of 15 Victorian RACF and their staff (148 pre-test and 103 post-test):– three year accreditation;– facilities had accessed Dementia Essentials
training courses within previous six months; – regional and metropolitan;– For-, and not-for-profit;– 30-90 beds;– multicultural; and – high and low care.
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X30XXX50X
X75XXX60XXX5030XXX51X
X30XX60XX1238XX2664X
X3040Multicultural
X35XX49X
X1018XX60X
ControlRegional Metro Low Care Beds
High Care Beds
Not-for-Profit
For-Profit
Residential Aged Care Facilities
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Instruments for Data Collection• Data collection tools continued:
– Summative assessment tool to measure the knowledge required for the competency: Provide care support which is responsive to the specific nature of dementia (CHCAC15A) comprising:
• a case study and questions; and • a marking rubric designed to differentiate between
the expected quality of the answers from Associate Degree, Certificate IV and Certificate III level staff based on the Australian Qualifications Framework.
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Evidence of Validity of the Scores of the Marking Rubric
• Establishing evidence of:– the adequacy of the test’s representation of the national
dementia care competency; – the relationship between the test items and the
construct on which the test score interpretations are based; in this case the AQF levels for Cert III, IV and Associate Degree; and
– responses to the test by staff who had just successfully completed a Dementia Essentials Course (47 at Cert III, 46 at Cert IV and 39 at Associate Degree levels).
(The American Educational Research Association (1999) Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing)
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Discriminate Analysis of Marking Rubric Scores
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• 76% of original grouped cases correctly classified.• 100% of degree level group correctly classified.
• THE RUBRIC SCORE HAS A REASONABLE CERTAINTY OF PREDICTING THE AQF GROUP.
100.079.520.5.0Degree
100.010.969.619.6Cert IV
100.02.119.178.7Cert III%
393180Degree
465329Cert IV
471937Cert IIICountOriginalTotalDegreeCert IVCert III
Predicted Group Membership
Ed Level
DISCRIMINATE ANALYSIS CLASSIFICATION TABLE
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Instruments for Data Collection
• Data collection tools:– Audit of 25% of care plans using a 3 point
rating scale for 20 questions evaluating:• Problem statements• Goals• Interventions or care strategies• Evaluation criteria.
– Concept Mapping Rubric
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Instruments for Data Collection
Validated 5 and 7 point survey scales from Amy Edmondson (1999) testing staff perceptions of:
• the supportiveness of the organization towards working and learning;
• team leadership – available, initiates, consults;• team learning behaviour (working together to
reflect and find things out).• sense of safety and support within the team; • team efficacy (the belief that the team can
problem-solve and care-plan); and• having clear working goals.
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Supportiveness
staff infoe1
exp helpe2darke3
access traininge4
workpayse5
Psych. Safety
ask helpe6
stick neck oute7
rejectione8
problemse9
mistakese10
e11
Team leadership
assist3 e12assist2 e13assist1 e14
Learning behaviour
time to thinke15
difference of opinione16get infoe17
look for changee18reflecte19
speak upe20
invite outsiderse21
e22
Team Efficacy
efficiency1 e26efficiency2 e27efficiency3 e28
Knowledge
knowledge1 e43
knowledge2 e44knowledge3 e45knowledge4 e46
knowledge5 e47
knowledge6 e48knowledge7 e49
e51
e52
.783
.444
.343
.285.107
.273
CMIN = 636.127 on 397 df giving CMIN/df = 1.602The comparative fit index CFI = .847The Bentler-Bonett normed fit index NFI =.686root mean square error of approximation RMSEA = .064
1.371
.116
Structural Equations Model
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Organizational Support
Team leader actions
Psychological Support
Team efficacy
Team Learning Behaviour
Intervention Team Concept
Mapping
Antecedent conditions
Team beliefs
Team behaviour
Team performance Staff knowledgeand care planning
RESEARCH MODEL
Adaptation of Edmondson’s (1999) model of team learning
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TEAM LEARNING
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TEAM LEARNING
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Knowledge Improvement by Facility
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ANOVA shows that the Group*time interaction is highly significant (p = 0.005) which strongly supports the hypothesis that concept
mapping improves care planning performance.
Care Planning Data Analysis
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Variation between facilities may be explained by a strong positive correlation between the quality of concept mapping and the quality of care plans (r=.75)
CARE PLANNING
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Conclusions
• Team’s perceptions of psychological safety are strongly and positively associated with learning behaviour.
• Organizational supportiveness and team leadership are strongly correlated and positively associated with a belief that the team can learn and care-plan, controlling for the effect of psychological safety.
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Conclusions
• Concept mapping for BPSD in a safe psychological environment with organizational support and leadership can improve residential aged care team’s knowledge of dementia and care planning for BPSD over time.