The Uncivil War

CIVIL WAR Spies | General Lee | Battle of Petersburg | KKK

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!November 6th 1860 Lincoln Is Elected

December 20th 1860 South Carolina

Secedes

April 12th 1861 Battle of Fort

Sumter !

July 21st 1861 1st Battle of Bull Run

August 29th and 30th 1862

2nd Battle of Bull Run

September 17th 1862 Antietam

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The North during the Civil War

Danielle, Tyler, and Haley

The North was also known as the Union. The Union enjoyed

enormous advantages in resources over the South- more

fighting power, more factories greater food production, and

a more extensive railroad system. The North also had some

weaknesses. They didn’t have first-rate generals or a strong

military tradition. The union did have as experienced soldiers

or leaders that the south had.

Some of the nicknames that the North received included

the Yankees, Union, Federalists, National Army, the Old

Army, and the blue bellies.

Strengths and Weaknesses

The North’s color was blue.

There were many

significant leaders in the

North. Some of the leaders

include Abraham Lincoln,

Winfield Scott, George B.

McClellan, William T.

Sherman, Ulysses S. Grant,

George G. Meade, and

Admiral David Farragut.

Leaders

The South By Fernando Lopez, Kayla Morgan, Nick Sing

Leaders of the South

Robert E lee

Robert E. lee was a general for the confederate army and was already had experience with past wars.

Jefferson Davis

Jefferson Davis was also a leader as the president of the confidante states of America.

Ulysses S Grant

He had all the qualities that president Lincoln wanted. He was also a general in the confederate army.

Alexander Hamilton

Was vice president of the confederate states of America.

Strengths One of the advantages the south had was that 7 of the 8 of the military collages were in the south. They had well trained officers that already had experience with past wars. The south was very resourceful and did not waste anything. The south built huge gunpowder mills to have it for their guns. They melted down 1000s of church and plantation bells to build canons. The south was stronger when they fought on there land because they were well aware of the land. And the south also had a big advantage that they only had to hold their land and if the north wanted to end slavery they had to fight the south in their land.

W I N T E R 2 0 1 1

Weaknesses A weakness of the south was that the railroad was not as connected as it was the north. The north had a more connected railroad. So their troops got supplies faster. They got recent news late. They were not well informed about battle information. They had less people then the north and less industry then the north. The telegram was not used in the south. The north had used it and Lincoln told the north how to fight making this a weakness for the south.

Nicknames The confederates were call rebels and dixes and gray-backs. They were also called grays. The confederate guerillas were called bushwhackers.

Colors The confederate’s colors were gray and butternut.

"I, John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood."

BROWN

"Captain, my religious belief teaches me to feel as safe in battle as in bed. God has fixed the time for my death. I do not concern myself about that, but to be always ready, no matter when it may overtake me." He added, after a pause, looking me full in the face: "That is the way all men should live, and then all would be equally brave" Let us cross over the river, and rest under the shade of the trees . . . (The General's Last Words)

“STONEWALL”

“Those people” Robert E. Lee’s reference to the

Union Army during the war.

ROBERT

"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect that it will cease to be divided. It will become all the one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward until it shall become alike lawful in all the states, old as well as new, north as well as south."

Abraham Lincoln, June 16, 1858, Address to the Republican Convention

LINCOLN

Antietam By: Bailey Smith

S E P T E M B E R 1 7 , 1 8 6 2

George McClellan’s army clashed with Robert E. Lee’s invading army near Antietam Creek on September 17, 1862. This battle was known as the single bloodiest day of fighting in American history. More than 23,000 causalities died on this day in Antietam. McClellan allowed Lee’s army to escape across Potomac into Virginia. This resulted in President Lincoln removing him from command. The battle of Antietam was a victory for the Union. This gave Lincoln the opportunity he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

Written By: Morgan Anthony

Artillery in the Civil War

A var ie ty o f weapons we re us ed by the Un ion and Con fede ra tes.

There were a variety of weapons used in the Civil War.

Artillery units used a variety of cannons including guns,

short-barreled howitzers, and mortars to fire shells and

other ammunition such as canisters coming onto enemy

troops. The rifled cannons fired further and with a lot

more power than a smoothbore, were developed during

the war. The most used guns were the Parrott gun and

the Blakely rifle. The South was in disadvantage under

the North because the North had much more artillery

production, and most of the Confederacy’s cannons

came from Federal forts and armories that had captured

at the war’s outset. Artillery was classed by its weight

and caliber. Weighing up to 117,000 pounds, the

Rodmans were considered the

largest of these guns, firing a

1080-pound projectile. In this

period there were no recoil

mechanisms, and when guns

were fired they would leap

back in recoil and have to be

redirected for the next round.

April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865. Last shot fired June 22, 1865

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By: Carly Wodke Thursday, November 10, 2011

First Bull Run

July 21, 1861

The Confederates and the Unions both planned to fight each other with most of their armies. The confederates noticed that the Union would most likely move forces. The Union Army had a total of about 28,000 people commanded by General McDowell. They were up against 33,000 men fight for the Confederates with General Beauregard. The Unions were pressured to crush the South. The Unions met the Confederate forces north of Manassas.

This Battle lasted about five hours. Fighting raged all throughout the day as the Confederates were sent back to Henry Hill. As the Union army marched toward the Confederate army, there was a trail of citizens who brought along picnic baskets for lunch while they watched the battle. Later that afternoon, the Confederates broke the right side of the Unions army and made them extremely weak. Confederates won the battle. Almost 900 men lost their lives and almost 3,000 men were wounded or injured. Confederate General Jackson got his name “Stonewall” from this battle. By July 22nd, The Union army got to safety from Washington because he was scared they were going to march to the capital. McDowell was fired from the Union army and was replaced by George B. McClellan. He reorganized and retrained the troops.

The First Bull Run was close to the city of Manassas, Virginia and it was fought July 21, 1861. The First Battle of the Bull Run was actually the first huge land battle of the American Civil War.

pg. 3

Gettysburg was fought July 1–3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania during the Civil War. It was the turning point of the war, with the largest number of casualties in the Civil War. The commanders and leaders of Union were George G. Meade and for Confederacy

Casualties: The Union started with 93,921 soldiers and Confederates started with 71,699 soldiers. Both armies combined between 57,225 and 51,000 casualties. The Union had 23,055 and the Confederates had an estimated 28,000.

Confederate retreat:

The armies stared at one another in a heavy rain across the bloody fields on July 4. Lee started his Army of Northern Virginia in motion late the evening of July 4 towards

fairfield and Chambersburg.

Effect on the Confederacy: After the battle of Gettysburg the year 1863 passed without an engagement between the two armies in Virginia. Lee, after crossing the Potomac, retired behind the line of the Rapidan.

By: Isaac Burnham

Ulysses S. Grant is known today as the Hero of the Civil War, and with good reason. When the Civil War was at its peak, Grant sought to take control of the Mississippi Valley. He succeeded in February 1862, when he took control of Fort Donelson in Tennessee; this was the first important Union victory in terms of battle strategy. When the Confederate commander asked for the terms of surrender, Grant gave his now-famous quote, “No terms except an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted,” as his answer.

As the fierce fighting of the Civil War continued, Grant’s leadership came into question, and his actions were criticized. After the battle at Shiloh, many demanded that he be called to step down. Lincoln defended him, saying, “I can’t spare this man – he fights.” Lincoln’s support encouraged Grant, and he soon went on to capture Vicksburg, which was a key city on the Mississippi River. This victory cut the Confederacy in two. After breaking the Confederate hold on Chattanooga, Tennessee, Lincoln promoted Ulysses S. Grant to General-in-Chief of the Union army in March of 1864.

Grant’s primary campaign was to send Sherman through the South, while Grant personally wanted to pin down and defeat General Robert E. Lee. As Sherman moved through the South and conquered Strongholds, it became

Ulysses S. Grant Lesley Rivers November 16, 2011

apparent that the final battles of the Civil War were about to begin. Lincoln, becoming anxious and wanting the war to end, traveled to City Point, and Grant’s headquarters. From March 20 to April 8, 1865, Lincoln met with Grant and his officers to begin discussing and preparing for the end of the war. They also talked about possible conditions for reuniting the nations after the war. Grant then moved his headquarters to Petersburg to prepare himself for the final battle. Grant’s strategies were a success, and on April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee surrendered at the Appomattox Court House. Grant proposed generous means of surrender, which became a huge part of the healing process that made the two enemy factions reunite. Because of this, we know Ulysses S. Grant today as the hero of the Union, and the hero of the Civil War.

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Kyler Kaping 11/10/11

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

“There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer. Rally

behind the Virginians!”

Chancellorsville In this battle General Lee and Stonewall decide to take an aggressive offensive attack on the Union. They split up and surround them. The plan worked out better than they expected, there camp was guarded by two people while the rest were just hanging out having a good time. After the attack, when it was getting dark, Stonewall and his cavalry where heading back to camp, when they were mistaken as a Union cavalry. Many shoots were fired and Stonewall was hit in the arm. His left arm had to be amputated by Dr. Hunter. Along with that Stonewall had caught pneumonia, and 8 days later he died. His body was taken and buried at Stonewall Jackson Memorial cemetery, Lexington, Virginia. It’s said that if Jackson would have lived, Lee may have won the battle of Gettysburg.

“Let us cross over the river, and rest under the shade of the trees”

Civil War First Bull

Run

Valley Campaign

Second Bull Run

Had his hand struck by a

bullet or a piece of shrapnel. Promoted major

general.

Defeated many generals

and their man, by a several maneuvers. His troops were

given the nickname “foot cavalry.”

After a draw, Stonewall was promoted lieutenant

general.

Jacksons Last Words

By Danielle Brennan

The KKK During the Civil War

The KKK During the Civil War The Ku Klux Klan started after the Blacks won their freedom during the Civil War. They wanted to get revenge on the Blacks for getting their freedom, and they wanted to keep the Blacks from gaining more power in the nation. The early mischief of the KKK usually consisted of going to a Black family’s home and demand water and after they had appeared to drink lots of water they would say thank you because they hadn’t drank anything since the day they had died in battle. The families would believe this because the KKK would where all white with just eye and mouth holes.

The Klan got stronger and stronger and as they got stronger their mischief got stronger and stronger. They started to get random Black people off of the streets and they would take them to a secret place and hang them. The KKK would also start shootings but the police never did anything about it because they were super hard to track down and some cops didn’t want to find them because they agreed with what they were doing.

In 1871 Congress passed the Ku Klux Act into law. This law said that the president had the power to intervine in states that the KKK was getting out of control in. This Act basically caused the KKK to disappear.

Robert E. Lee

Impact on the Civil War

Robert E. Lee’s impact on the American Civil War started in 1861, when president Abraham Lincoln asked Lee to command the whole Union Army. He had to decline because his home state, Virginia was seceding from the Union. After Virginia seceded from the Union Lee decided to follow his home state and became a senior military advisor to Jefferson Davis. After Joseph Johnston, the commander of the Confederate eastern army, was wounded Lee took his spot as commander. He was a tactical leader and had many courageous wins. Such as the Battle

By: Mitch Pancost

“Do your duty in all things. You cannot do more, you should never wish to do less.” – Robert E. Lee

of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of Cold Harbor, Seven Days Battles, and the Second Battle of Bull Run. After Lee fought at Antietam in 1862 and after the disaster at Gettysburg in 1863 hope was lost for the South. Lee did not give up and went against the other general’s thought and invaded the North. In 1864 Ulysses S. Grant started campaigns to slow Lee’s Army down. At the Siege of Petersburg Lee’s Army was completely overwhelmed and had to retreat. Lee’s impact on the Civil War ended on April 9, 1865, when Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House.

The Civil War

Abraham Lincoln Before The War

Abraham was born on February 12, 1809, in Hardin Kentucky. The family moved to Indiana

when he was eight, and when he was ten his mother died. All he could do growing up was

read, write, and cipher.

11/11/11 Written By: Morgan Boots

In his first Inaugural Address he warned the South: “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not

in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you… You have no oath

registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and

defend it.”

Abraham Lincoln put the Emancipation Proclamation into use during the third year of the war. It declared, “that all persons held as slave”

within rebellious states “are, and henceforth shall be free.” It accepted black men into the Union Army. By the end of the war there were almost 200,000 black soldiers and sailors in the Union

Army.

Lincoln had very limited military experience but was the superior commander in chief. He studied

strategies and tactics. He never hesitated to make unpopular decisions if he felt it

was needed to win the war.

First Inauguration

Emancipation Proclamation

On December 9th, 1861, Iowa Senator James W. Grimes introduced S. No. 82 in the United States Senate, a bill made to "promote the efficiency of the Navy" by authorizing the production and distribution of medals of honor. Then the Army Medal of Honor was authorized to be made and distributed in February 17, 1862 Massachusetts Senator Henry Wilson introduced a similar bill, this one to authorize "the President to distribute medals to privates in the Army of the United States who shall distinguish themselves in battle." Over the following months wording changed slightly as the bill made its way through Congress. When President Abraham Lincoln signed S.J.R. No. 82 on July 12, 1862, the Army Medal of Honor was born.

Medal of Honor Made: Dec. 21st 1861

Total Recipients: 3,458

The Medal of Honor

First Recipients in Civil War

Total Recipients in the Civil War May 24, 1861-In Alexandria, Army Private Francis Edwin Brownell of Virginia performs the first action of the Civil War to earn the Medal of Honor.

June 26th, 1861-Aboard the U.S.S. Pawnee, John Williams despite his wounds, refused to leave any man behind, and his love for the flag became the first act by a member of the U.S. Navy to achieve the Medal of Honor.

Eleven soldiers at the Battle of Bull Run performed actions that made them recipients of the Medal of Honor. This includes Dr. Mary Walker who was involved in three major battles and became the only woman to get the Medal.

All together there were 1,522 recipients of the Medal of Honor.

32 posthumous (after death of recipient)

1,198 recipients in the Army.

307 recipients in the Navy.

17 recipients in the Marines.

There were also many civilians who received honors for aiding wounded soldiers or actually fought for the side they supported.

Medicine The state of medical knowledge at the time of the Civil War was extremely primitive. Doctors did not understand infection, and did little to prevent it. It was a time before antiseptics, and a time when there was no attempt to maintain sterility during surgery. No antibiotics were available, and minor wounds could easily become infected, and hence fatal. While the typical soldier was at very high risk of being shot and killed in combat, he faced an even greater risk of dying from disease. During major engagements the flood of wounded became overwhelming. The surgeon could afford to spend only a few minutes with each of the injured. This led to amputation being the treatment of choice for injuries to an appendage. Chloroform was used during the Civil War, when it was available. Use of Chloroform as an anesthetic greatly reduced the torture and trauma of the procedure. The Chloroform was applied to a cloth and held over the soldier's nose and mouth until

the man was unconscious. The most effective drugs were the pain-killers opium and morphine. Many of the other available drugs were useless or harmful. Civil War doctors achieved some remarkable successes in treating the wounded and comforting the sick.

Twice as many men died from disease than from a gunshot wound in the Civil War. Dysentery, pneumonia, measles, small pox, pneumonia and malaria were that diseases the soldiers would get. The poor hygiene and lack of sanitation facilities, the cold and lack of shelter and suitable clothing, very little food and water and the crowded condition of the camps were breeding grounds for diseases.

Kayla Morgan

Music

Haley Alvarado

Music was a much-needed diversion for the Confederate and Union

troops. Whether music was played by organized bands or just by the

soldiers, accompanied by a banjo, fiddle, or a harmonica. Popular songs

ranged from patriotic melodies that were played for the rally of troops or

to sad ballads that would reflect the soldiers’ homesickness. The Union’s

favorites included the famous “Yankee Doodle Dandy” and “John

Brown’s Body,” which later was changed to “The Battle Hymn of the

Republic.” Confederates reveled in the song “Dixie,” “When Johnny

Comes Marching Home Again,” and “The Yellow Rose of Texas.” The

ballad “Battle Cry of Freedom,” became popular in both the North and

South. It was by the leading northern composer George F. Root. There

were more than 500 army bands formed during the war. The Civil War

was the last conflict in which bands played on the battlefield.

Music during the Civil War

NAPOLEAN FIELD GUN

How it was significant for the Civil War

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The Spencer repeating rifle was one of the guns that changed the war. Soon after it apearal it was adopted by the union as their most powerful weapon. The first order the rifle was for only 700 but it was not enough for the ongoing war. The spencer repeating rifle weighed 12 pounds and had a velocity of 1200 feet per second.

Importance of the rifle

About the spencers repeating rifle

The spencer repeating rifle was one of the first magazine feed rifles that made it possible for the shooter to reload every 7 shots other than after ever shot. It was completed in 1860, by Christopher Spencer. The cartridge was loaded with 45 gains of black powder. The Action of the lever made it possible to shoot of multiple rounds before the enemys.

Spencer Repeating Rifle

The Confererate States of America

The Confederacy set up their spy network before the Union did. During the early days of the war, the former congressman of Virginia John Letcher used his knowledge of D.C. in order to set up a spy ring there. Rose O’Neal Greenhow was the first successful spy, as she informed the South of the surprise attack on Bull Run. A few Confederate soldiers would act as scout and pass information to the commanding officers in order to have the advantage of what the enemy was doing.

SPIES IN THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

The United States of America

Allan Pinkerton was appointed as the head of the Union spynet by General McClellan and Abraham Lincoln. Men loyal to him would work undercover as Confederate Soldiers and Sympthizers, in order to gain relevent information concerning the military. Pinkerton sucessfully stopped an assassination attempt of President Lincoln as well as many other important acts.

Jake Johnston

Jake Johnston

Spies were a vital part of both sides of the war.

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Civil War Submarines

The Confederate States of America were the first to use submarines in combat. They built small steam powered submarines that were called “David’s” named for the Bible’s legendary giant slayer. The new innovative weapon was fully equipped with torpedos. The Civil War was the first to witness the first submarine to successfully sink its target, the 40-foot-long Hunley. The Hunley demonstrated advantages and the dangers of undersea warfare. It’s named after its inventor Horace Lawson Hunley. The Hunley was nearly 40 feet long, and was built at Mobile, Alabama it was launched to see in July 1863. On February 17,1864 the Hunley attacked and sank the 1240-short ton USS Housatonic on Union blockade duty in Charleston’s outer harbor. Soon after Hunley sank for unknown reasons.

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TELEGRAPH The telegraph was a invention that helped generals and commanders to keep in touch

November 16, 2011

The Civil War The telegraphs significance to the civil war is obvious. This allowed for Lincoln to communicate with his troops very quick giving the orders hundreds of miles away. Also since he read every telegraph he had a better overall insight on the situation, and act on it. The telegraph also made messages quicker not only between the president but to others as well. Before it would be done by horseback and take several days but thanks to the telegraph news can be and will be spread quicker.

-tyler gundeson

-The battery wagon was a wagon that had energy for many things including the telegraph all the way up to arsenal and artilleries. This

aloud for longer communication and such forth.

Some facts -Both sides usually encrypted their messages, and employed a code brake so if it was intercepted then it could not be read. -In 1860 Samuel Morse patented his telegraph

-Some 50,000 miles of T. line

-President Lincoln sent up to 1,00 telegrams over the war

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Union field battery wagon

A large network of people who helped fugitive

slaves escape to the North and to Canada is known as the Underground Railroad. Rather than being ran by a single person or organization, it was operated by many individuals including many whites but mostly black who knew only of the local efforts to aid fugitives. It was a secret network of “stations”, safe houses that provided food clothing, and shelter to the slaves. “Conductors” guided the slaves and were brave people who risked their lives to show the runaways the way to freedom. The Underground Railroad moved hundreds of slaves toward the North each year. Black people were initially denied the right to bear arms in the Civil War. In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln declares that all slaves in Rebel territory are free- Emancipation Proclamation. The Proclamation only freed the slaves in states that were in rebellion against the United States. It did not free slaves in the states that never left the Union. By 1863 black soldiers were fighting for the Union.

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[Issue] :: [Title] [Date]

The Underground Railroad Andri Halouska

Andri Halouska

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“Because all of us believe and understand in the fabric of the common bond of why we call ourselves American is to care for the men and women who wear the uniform; and when they take off the uniform, we care for them when they are veterans.”

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Histories Monthly pay of White Union soldier: $10 plus $3 clothing allowance Black Union soldier: $10 minus $3 clothing allowance Odds of surviving a wound were 7:1 9% of all deaths were in prison camps 66.7% of all soldiers died of disease with the most common killer being diarrhea 12.5% of White Union soldiers died 22% of Black Union soldiers died They ate mostly vegetables, dried fruit, and potatoes They were given rations of 12 oz. pork or 16 oz. salted beef, along with 22 oz. of bread or “hardtrack.”

[Date]

Dear Mary,-

As I have a little leisure I will write to you today. We are doing the same work over again that we did yesterday. We did the same yesterday that we did the day before and for several days previous and I presume you think we ought to do it well. We do it well but can learn to do it better. In drill a regiment must learn to make the same move at the same time and that requires time and practice. You may think I like the life of a soldier but I do not. I feel it is my duty to be here. There would be weary hours if I did not. When I am not busy with my duties my thoughts are with you and Ella for you are my earthly treasures.

We have two men in Camp who have escaped from the South who say that the Southern Army are almost destitute of clothing and provisions and can get but little from the South as they do not raise it. They say five dollars in Richmond will buy but little. Five dollars here will buy more than forty there. Whenever the army goes it destroys everything. Fencing is all burned, crops are trampled down and stock all killed or driven away and that leaves them nothing to do with. Brother Will has worked very hard since coming here. He has been on picket duty every other twenty-four hours in forty-eight since we came here until now. He with twelve other men are at work on a fort on Maryland Heights. Alex H. Wells has gone out with them to work for the first since he broke his arm. Mr. Cowan's baggage has come and I have got the goods. Tell Father the gloves come in good play now this cold weather. I like the knit cap very much. It is what I wanted. Remember me to friends.

With love to you and Ella,

R. Cruikshank

Oliver Wendall Holmes- We have shared the incommunicable experience of war. We felt, we still feel, the passion of life to its top. In our youths, our hearts were touched by fire. William Howard Russell- Little did I conceive of the greatness of the defeat (at Bull Run), the magnitude of the disaster, which it had entailed upon the United States. So short-lived has been the American Union that men who saw it rise may live to see it fall.

Letter

Quotes

BJ Krantz, Jacob Rehder, Ellie Applegarth

Personal Experiences from the South

“…knocking over here and there a man and causing a temporary distraction, a passing thought of self.”

-Ambrose Bierce

“In fact, I think all citizens of Perryville were taken with a sudden notion of promiscuous visiting about this time…”

-Sam Watkins

Thoughts of Soldiers in the Civil War Many letters from soldiers from the South in the Civil War say that they were thinking of going home and hugging their lady friend, getting married, or seeing their family. Other letters mentioned to their partner to stay away from the widower and stop flirting. Robert E. Lee’s wife, Mary Custis, wrote a letter to General Sanford about the little things such as living quarters. A letter from an unknown soldier to Robert E. Lee stated that the soldier believed their living quarters were below what the Union’s were.