The Tumulus At Amphipolis Summary

8/20/2019 The Tumulus At Amphipolis Summary

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Z`h Zueuaus bt Bep`cpfacs<

^ueebry fi b Z`hfry

Jcectrcfs ^. Jhkjrckfs

Hehrctus Trfihssfr fi Brn`cthnturh bkj Xrobk Tabkkckm

Xkcvhrscty fi Gbksbs, Abwrhknh, Gbksbs, X^B

Ck rhscjhknh bt Frefkj Ohbn`, Iafrcjb, X^B

Lbkubry 20, ?429

Bahxbkjhr CCC bs wct` ckscmkcb, t`h

Nrhsnhkt Effk bkj t`h 0-ahbi Ebnhjfkcbk ^tbr.


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TB_Z 2. Bk Fvhrvchw

Z`h but`fr–s t`hfry fi t`h Zueuaus bt Gbstb< t`h Ouaa Nuat

Z`h efkuehkt t`bt Bahxbkjhr Hepcrh–s brn`cthnt jhscmkhj ifr @hp`bhstcfk,

ifaafwckm t`h jhbt` fi @hp`bhstcfk bt Hnobtbkb ck Kfvheohr >?: ON, ̀ bj t`h bpprfxcebth s`bphfi t`h tueuaus bt Khwmrbkmh, Icmurh 2. Khwmrbkmh tueuaus ck cts prhshkt ifre csk–t sp`hrcnba,

bkj cts mrfukj ahvha csk–t b phrihnt ncrnah. Gbstb tueuaus wbs. Z`h oucajhrs fi (abtthr icit` fi t`h :t`

Ecaahkkcue ON) Khwmrbkmh jcjk–t pfsshss t`h ebt`hebtcnba bkj hkmckhhrckm sfp`cstcnbtcfk

Jhckfgrbtcs bkj ̀ cs stbii pfsshsshj ck t`h abst qubrthr fi t`h :t` Nhktury ON ck Mrhhnh. Khwmrbkmh

wbs oucat wct` b scth pabk ck t`h nfkthxt fi b Ouaa Nuat, bs t`h jhscmk fi t`h tueuaus ebghs

boukjbktay nahbr irfe b ocrj–s hyh vchw s`fwk ck Icmurh 2.

Icmurh 2. Z`h tueuaus bt Khwmrbkmh (>?44 ON), ck cts efjhrk rhkfvbthj vhrscfk.

Jhckfgrbtcs oucat `cs efkuehkt (tf oh rhihrrhj tf `hrh bs T`bsh CC) fvhr b prcfr Zhepah–s spbnh

wct` b tfeo ck ct (tf oh rhihrrhj tf bs T`bsh C). Z`bt spbnh, ct cs summhsthj, wbs b Zhepah jhjcnbthj

tf t`h afnba vhrscfk fi t`h Ouaa Nuat, bkj b afnba pbtrfk mfjjhss ‑ ―.

]h hknfukthr b rhprhshktbtcfk fi Brthecs Zbvrfpfafs fk b orfkzh nfck fi t`bt hrb, Icmurh ?. Z`h


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wrctckm ckjcnbths t`bt t`h nfck wbs eckthj oy t`h afnba eckt bkj wbs tf oh ushj afnbaay. ‑

― ckjcnbths t`h nfck–s rbkmh, t`h Eukcncpbacty fi Bep`cpfacs.

Icmurh ?. Nfck fi Bep`cpfacs wct` Brthecs Zbvrfpfafs rcjckm b `frsh wct` t`h `hbj fi b ouaa<

Oun`hibabs.

Z`h rhvhrsh fi t`h nfck, s`fwk ck Icmurh ?, cs fi scmkcicnbkt ckthrhst fk b kueohr fi nfukts.

Mfjjhss Brthecs Zbvrfpfafs cs s`fwk rcjckm b Oun`hp`bab (b ̀ frsh wct` t`h ̀ hbj fi b ouaa) ukjhr

`hr scmkbturh scmk, t`h Nrhsnhkt. OFF (ouaa–s `hbj) cs t`h nfkstctuhkt wfrjs fi

Bahxbkjhr–s `frsh ‑―. Bkft`hr orfkzh nfck s`fwckm Brthecs Zbvrfpfafs cs t`bt

fi Icmurh >. Z`hrh, t`h obng scjh fi mfjjhss Brthecs cs s`fwk kfw rcjckm b ouaa ck b shbtckm

pfsctcfk, wct` t`h nrhsnhkt syeofas oft` fvhr `hr `hbj bkj khxt fi `hr hxthkjhj ahit `bkj.

Icmurh >. Brthecs Zbvrfpfafs fk b ouaa, wct` t`h nrhsnhkt scmks fk tfp bkj tf t`h ahit.


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Ct `bs ohhk brmuhj oy t`cs but`fr t`bt t`h Nrhsnhkt cs b nfepfscth scmk. Ct nfktbcks fi nfursh t`h

syeofa fi b Aukbr Hnacpsh, out basf t`bt fi b ̂ fabr Hnacpsh, bafkm wct` t`h ̀ frks fi b ouaa, W8, pp.9>-

8U. Ck t`h prhbeoah p`ftfmrbp` fi t`cs pbphr, b nhrbecn oust fi Bahxbkjhr cs s`fwk. @hrh

Bahxbkjhr CCC cs pfrtrbyhj bs ruahr fi t`h ukcvhrsh, spfrtckm Brthecs Zbvrfpfafs– nrhsnhkt bafkm

wct` t`h Ebnhjfkcbk 0-rby stbr fk tfp fi `cs `hbj. Bjjctcfkba ackgbmhs ohtwhhk t`h ouaa (rbe)

nuat bkj Bahxbkjhr brh fiihrhj ck rhihrhknhs W>U bkj W8U. Z`hcr prhbeoah p`ftfs jhpcnt Bahxbkjhr

bs \hus-Befk wct` t`h `frks fi b rbe.

Hvhk ci t`h spbnh w`hrh Jhckfgrbtcs jcj afnbth `cs efkuehkt ifr @hp`bhstcfk wbs kft b Zhepah

tf Brthecs Zbvrfpfafs (scknh T`bsh C `bs ohhk ehrhay b nfklhnturh oy t`cs but`fr), t`h strfkm

nfkkhntcfks ohtwhhk Bahxbkjhr CCC bkj t`h Ouaa Nuat brh stcaa t`hrh. Z`hsh strfkm ackgs ohtwhhk

Bep`cpfacs, Bahxbkjhr bkj t`h afnba ouaa nuat, t`rfum` Brthecs Zbvrfpfafs, hxcst ckjhphkjhktay

fi t`h nfklhnturh. Fi nfursh, ci t`h nfklhnturh jfhs `faj, t`hk t`h ackgs brh ifrtcichj.

Icmurh :. Z`h ouaa ck N`beohr #?, t`h efsbcn N`beohr fi t`h tfeo.


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@fw eun` t`h efkuehkt cs tchj tf b Ouaa Nuat cs jhefkstrbthj oy t`h vhry prhshknh fi t`h ouaa

ckscjh t`h tfeo. Z`h ghy N`beohr #?, t`h efsbcn N`beohr, t`h spbnh ohifrh t`h iukhrbry

Nrcesfk N`beohr fi t`h Zfeo nfktbcks t`h ouaa bt b prfeckhkt pabnh bt t`h brn`ctrbvh fr hpcstyah

( ) fi t`h N`beohr, Icmurh :.

Z`h strfkm prhshknh fi t`h Ouaa Nuat ck t`bt brhb fi Kfrt`hrk Mrhhnh cs iurt`hr jhefkstrbthj oyt`h irchzh ck t`h Zhepah fi Brsckfh (), ck t`h ̂ bkntubry fi ̂ beft`rbnh, s`fwk ck Icmurh

8. Z`cs cs bk hbray >rj Nhktury ON strunturh, ckjcnbtcvh fi t`h Ouaa Nuat–s strhkmt` fvhr spbnh, hvhk

ohyfkj t`h tceh phrcfj fi t`h efkuehkt bt Gbstb T`bsh CC.

Icmurh 8. Irchzh bt t`h Zhepah fi Brsckfh bt t`h ^bkntubry fi ^beft`rbnh.

Ck rhihrhknh W:, pp< 0?-:U t`h bstrfkfey fi t`h Gbstb tueuaus T`bsh CC cs prhshkthj, w`hrh

bjjctcfkba ackgs ohtwhhk t`h afnba Ouaa Nuat, Jcfkysus, t`h @ybjhs bkj t`h Nfksthaabtcfk Zburusbrh jcsnusshj. Ct shhes t`bt t`h Ouaa Nuat nfkkhntcfk cs b strfkm fkh bt Gbstb @caa.


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Z`h but`fr–s t`hfry fi T`bsh CC< B ^hrbpcue Zhepah ifr @hp`bhstcfk

]`hk Jhckfgrbtcs nrhbthj t`h efkuehkt ifr @hp`bhstcfk, `h wbkthj t`h tfeo tf oh basf bk

bnnhsscoah Zhepah. Z`h n`brbnthr fi t`bt Zhepah wbs tf oh b ecx fi Nabsscnba Mrhhnh bkj

T`brbfkcn Hmypt. Oy pabnckm twf ^p`ckxhs bt t`h Hktrbknh bkj twf Gfrhs ckscjh N`beohr #2

whbrckm b efjcus, bs jcj Mrhhg-Hmyptcbk mfj ^hrbpcs, Icmurh 9, Jhckfgrbtcs ceprckthj b vhrystrfkm Hmyptcbk qubacty tf t`cs tueuaus– strunturh ck T`bsh CC. Ck hiihnt, `h nfkstrunthj b Mrhhg

^hrbpcue Zhepah, W:, pp< 0:, 8U ifr @hp`bhstcfk.

Icmurh 9. Mrhhg-Hmyptcbk mfj ̂ hrbpcs.

Z`h Jhckfgrbtcs Hktrbknh (T`bsh CC), bkj tfjby–s Hktrbknh (T`bsh CCC)

Ck Bumust ?42: t`h puoacn wbs prhshkthj wct` bk Hktrbknh tf t`h tfeo bt Gbstb tueuaus. Ct wcaa

oh rhihrrhj tf `hrh bs t`h Hktrbknh fi T`bsh CCC fi t`h efkuehkt bt Gbstb tueuaus. Ifr surh t`cswbs kft t`h Hktrbknh bs jhscmkhj oy Jhckfgrbtcs jurckm T`bsh CC, shh rhihrhknhs W?U, W:U bkj W8U

fk t`cs suolhnt. Ck t`hsh rhihrhknhs hxthkscvhay habofrbthj brmuehkts, irfe bk brn`cthnturba

vchwpfckt, brh prhshkthj bs tf w`y t`cs cs sf. ]h ukifrtukbthay jf kft gkfw w`bt Jhckfgrbtcs

jhscmkhj bs b Mrbkj Hktrbknh tf t`cs thepah, efkuehkt bkj tfeo ck T`bsh CC. ]`bt wh jf gkfw

cs t`bt t`h tfeo wbs pfsscoah tf vcsct, bkj t`bt ct wbs bnnhsscoah. Bkj t`hrh whrh kf stbcrs ukjhr

Jhckfgrbtcs– jhscmk ck T`bsh CC.


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Z`h Hktrbknh s`fwk tf t`h puoacn ck Bumust ?42:, t`h Hktrbknh fi T`bsh CCC, cs kft bk bnnhsscoah

Hktrbknh. Ct cs kft bk Hktrbknh fi t`h qubacty n`brbnthrczckm t`h rhst fi t`h strunturh. Baa t`bt `bs

ohhk hxthkscvhay brmuhj bkj jfnuehkthj ck W:U bkj W8U. Tbrhkt`htcnbaay, t`h brn`hfafmcnba thbe

`bj jcsnfvhrhj t`h T`bsh CCC Hktrbknh qucth b oct hbrachr, out jcjk–t bkkfuknh ct bt t`bt tceh.

Bppbrhktay ct jcjk–t nfkscjhr ct nfeehksurbth wct` t`h hxthrcfr phrcehthr wbaa ().

B oucajckm–s Hktrbknh pabys t`h sbeh rfah ifr bk hjcicnh, bs jfhs bk Cktrfjuntcfk ifr b offg. Ct

cktrfjunhs t`h vcsctfr tf t`h mhkhrba ehssbmh hebkbtckm irfe t`h oucajckm, bkj ct nfkvhys b icrst

ceprhsscfk „ t`h jhthreckbkt fi b abstckm nfkkhntcfk ohtwhhk t`h vcsctfr bkj t`h oucajhr. Bs ck

t`h nbsh fi t`h offg, ct–s t`h nfkkhntcfk ohtwhhk t`h rhbjhr bkj t`h wrcthr t`bt–s sht oy b

phrtckhkt Cktrfjuntcfk.

]h eby kft (bkj prfoboay wh–aa khvhr) gkfw w`bt hxbntay Jhckfgrbtcs jhscmkhj bs bk Hktrbknh

ck T`bsh CC. Out wh jf gkfw w`bt `bpphkhj tf t`bt pbrt fi t`h Hktrbknh t`bt Jhckfgrbtcs oucat

bkj wbs kft tfrk jfwk fr bathrhj jurckm b suoshquhkt T`bsh CCC fi t`h efkuehkt. ^fehtceh,

bkj ukjhr t`h rhcmk fi ck t`h phkuatcebth jhnbjh fi t`h :t` Nhktury ON, t`h

Hktrbknh fi t`h Jhckfgrbtcs jhscmk wbs abrmhay tfrk jfwk. Xkjhr T`bsh CCC, t`h twf `frks fi t`h

ouaa whrh jhifrehj. Z`h acehstfkh suppfrt wbaas bafkm t`h phrcehthr fi t`h tueuaus whrh

hxthkjhj irfe oft` scjhs fi t`h frcmckba T`bsh CC Hktrbknh. Ck hiihnt t`h T`bsh CC Hktrbknh wbs

oafnghj bkj b stbcrnbsh wbs nfkstrunthj ahbjckm jfwk tfwbrjs t`h frcmckba Hktrbknh wbaa nbrryckm

t`h twf ^p`ckxhs. Efst cepfrtbkt t`fum` wbs t`h ibnt t`bt ck T`bsh CCC t`h rhebckjhr fi t`h

phrcehthr wbaa t`bt wbs kft tfrk jfwk wbs ourchj, bkj t`h ahvha fi t`h mrfukj wbs upacithj tf

t`h tfp fi t`h frcmckba phrcehthr wbaa oucat ck T`bsh CC.

Z`h but`fr–s t`hfry fk T`bsh CC wbaa, t`h nbahkjbr bkj bstrfkfehr NbaacppusZ`h jhacohrbth bkj ebahvfahkt ourcba fi t`h phrcehthr wbaa bkj t`h jhstruntcfk fi t`h ouaa `frks

typh s`bph fi t`h frcmckba Hktrbknh fi T`bsh CC wbs b `fstcah bnt bmbckst t`h Ouaa Nuat bkj

Bahxbkjhr. ]h gkfw t`bt ct nbeh rhabtcvhay nafsh tf t`h tceh ct wbs frcmckbaay oucat oy Jhckfgrbtcs,

ohnbush fi t`h prcstckh nfkjctcfk ck w`bt rhebckhj fi t`bt ebmkcicnhkt ebroah nabj. Z`h

jhstruntcfk bkj ourcba nfuaj kft ̀ bvh tbghk pabnh efrh t`bk ̀ bai b jfzhk yhbrs bithr t`hcr T`bsh

CC nfkstruntcfk.

Zwf t`ckms whrh ceprckthj fk t`bt wbaa w`cn` Nbssbkjhr mabjay sbw jhstrfyhj bkj ourchj. Fkh

wbs, bs wh sbcj hbrachr, t`h Ouaa Nuat cebmh bssfncbthj wct` Bahxbkjhr. Z`h shnfkj, bkj pfsscoay

t`h efst hxtrbfrjckbry ihbturh fi t`bt efkuehkt bt Gbstb tueuaus wbs t`h nbahkjbr jhpcnthjfk t`h tueuaus ncrnuabr hxthrcfr wbaa. Z`h stujy ck W2U jfnuehkts t`h efjuaus ushj tf oucaj t`h

efkuehkt. Ahkmt`wcsh, t`h sczh fi t`bt efjuaus wbs 2.>9 ehthrs. Z`h phrcehthr wbaa, t`h wby

ct wbs oucat jurckm T`bsh CC, `bs b ahkmt` fi :3= ehthrs. Ck hiihnt, ct wfuaj tbgh hxbntay >98.::

oafngs fi ebroah fi ahkmt` 2.>9e tf iuaay hkncrnah t`h tueuaus. ]h gkfw tfjby t`bt t`hrh brh

bofut >98.?8 jbys ck b nbahkjbr yhbr. Z`us, t`h >98.:: nfukt cs b stukkckm bpprfxcebtcfk. Z`h

bstrfkfehr-ebt`hebtcncbk wfrgckm wct` Jhckfgrbtcs eust `bvh gkfwk t`cs bpprfxcebtcfk. Ck


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pbphr W8, pp< >8-=U ct cs prhshkthj bkj jfnuehkthj t`bt ebt`hebtcncbk bkj bstrfkfehr Nbaacppus

(>=4 „ >44 ON) wbs efst acghay t`h orbcks oh`ckj t`cs wbaa bt T`bsh CC Gbstb Zueuaus bkj t`h

bstfkcs`ckm bpprfxcebtcfk.

Hvhktubaay, t`cs efkuehkt wcaa ohnfeh b XKH^NF ]fraj @hrctbmh ̂ cth. Z`h ghy rhbsfk wcaa efst

acghay oh t`cs ibnt. Z`h efkuehkt–s efjuaus bkj t`h sczh fi t`h tueuaus– phrcehthr jfnuehktt`bt Jhckfgrbtcs– stbii gkhw bofut t`bt hstcebth, bkj t`hy ceprckthj ct fk t`h tueuaus. Z`bt rbtcf

nfuaj kft `bvh ohhk hct`hr rbkjfe fr purh nfckncjhknh.

Bat`fum` t`h tueuaus– phrcehthr wbs khvhr iuaay rckmhj oy ebroah oafngs bkj fkay pbrtcbaay wbs

nfvhrhj oy sun` oafngs ck T`bsh CC, hbn` pfsctcfk, fk hbn` abyhr fi ebroah oafngs, ck hiihnt hbn`

oafng wfuaj nfrrhspfkj tf b pbrtcnuabr jby fi t`h yhbr. Z`us, w`hrh t`h Hktrbknh fi t`h Zhepah

(fr t`h tfeo) wbs, ct ehbkt t`bt ct nfrrhspfkjhj tf b sphncba jby bkj hvhk `fur fi t`h yhbr.

Nbssbkjhr eust `bvh `bj b vhry strfkm rhbsfk tf ukjhrtbgh sun` bk hxthkscvh jhstruntcfk bkj

rhjhscmk ck T`bsh CCC. @h ck hiihnt kft fkay haceckbthj ehefrchs bkj t`h ahmbny fi Bahxbkjhr out

basf t`h vhstcmhs fi Hmypt, shhk ck t`h T`bsh CC ifre fi t`h Zhepah bt Gbstb tueuaus, t`h ̂ hrbpcfk.

Z`h ibaabny fi t`h Ecaahrs– oafngs

Z`h tueuaus bntubaay wbs khvhr iuaay hkncrnahj oy ebroah oafngs, ck T`bsh CC, fkay pbrt fi ct wbs.

Bat`fum` sf eun` ckthrhst ̀ bs ohhk hxprhsshj bofut t`cs phrcehthr wbaa, t`h brn`hfafmcnba thbe

`bs khvhr prfjunhj hxbnt ehbsurhs fi ct, fr fi cts nfkstctuhkt oafngs. Fkay vbmuh rhihrhknhs ̀ bvh

ohhk ebjh tf b ‑>-ehthr ̀ cm` phrcehthr wbaa, iuaay hkncrnackm t`h tueuaus― bkj bofut ‑Ecaahr sczh

oafngs ushj―. Z`hsh `bvh ohhk t`h thbe–s prfkfuknhehkts tf t`h hxthkt t`bt t`h hxthrcfr wbaa

cs nfknhrkhj. Bs abth bs ^hptheohr >4, ?428, t`h brn`hfafmcnba thbe ghhps rhihrrckm tf sfehoafngs stujchj oy b nfupah (^thaab bkj ^thvh Ecaahr).

Ck rhihrhknh W:, shntcfk >, suoshntcfk bU t`h but`fr hxthkscvhay jcsnusshj t`cs cssuh rhmbrjckm t`h

Ecaahrs– oafngs bkj t`hcr baahmhj sczhs. Ct cs nrystba nahbr t`bt ebky fi t`hsh sczhj whrh brtcicncbaay

ebjh up oy t`h Ecaahrs ck t`h 23>4s. Ohscjhs, t`h Ecaahrs khvhr ehbsurhj bky oafngs fii Gbstb

tueuaus, out oafngs ifukj ck t`h mhkhrba vcnckcty fi t`h ^tryefkbs rcvhrobkgs. Affgckm ifr b >-

ehthr `cm` rhntbkmuabr thepah tf bsscmk t`h oafngs t`hy ifukj t`h Ecaahrs strbcm`tlbnghthj t`hcr

oafngs– ehbsurhehkts tf ict t`bt prh-nfknhcvhj kftcfk. Zf t`hcr n`bmrck, ct turkhj fut t`h

rhntbkmuabr thepah t`hy whrh affgckm ifr, turkhj fut tf oh b ncrnuabr efkuehkt. Z`h but`fr

jcsnusshj t`cs hxthkscvhay ck `cs pbphr W:U bkj b `fst fi rhabthj puoacnbtcfks ncthj t`hrh.

Mcvhk t`h nfkthktcfk oy t`cs but`fr t`bt b w`fah systhe fi efkuehkts wbs pabkkhj oy

Jhckfgrbtcs ck T`bsh CC, Kfrt` fi Bep`cpfacs, t`hsh oafngs nfuaj bs whaa ohafkm tf sfeh ft`hr

efkuehkt. Ck pbphr W:U ct cs ebt`hebtcnbaay jhefkstrbthj (usckm scepah brct`ehtcn) t`bt t`hsh

Ecaahrs oafngs nfuaj khvhr phrihntay hkncrnah t`h tueuaus. Z`cs ebt`hebtcnba prffi cs b jfuoah

t`frk fk t`h brn`hfafmcsts– nfkthktcfks. ^phncicnbaay ct cs prfvhk wct` scepah bamhorb t`bt (c) t`h

tueuaus nbk–t oh iuaay rckmhj oy Ecaahrs sczhs ebroah oafngs bkj t`bt ct nbk–t oh t`rhh ehthrs ̀ cm`7


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bs whaa bs (cc) oy usckm t`h Ecaahrs– fwk ehbsurhehkts bkj jrbwckms, t`h but`fr s`fwhj t`bt t`h

ebroah oafngs bs jrbwk oy t`h Ecaahrs ck t`hcr fwk jcbmrbes nbk–t ̀ bvh t`h Ecaahrs– baahmhj sczhs.

Z`h but`fr–s t`hfry bofut T`bsh CY, t`h ourcba fi t`h tfeo–s ckthrcfr

Bofut b nhktury bkj b qubrthr abthr, bkj ukjhr t`h rhcmk fi T`cacp Y (ncrnb ?04 ON) t`h ickba bnt,

T`bsh CY ck t`h acih fi t`h efkuehkt, fnnurs. Zf sbvh ct irfe t`h cephjckm ckvbscfk oy t`h

_febks, T`cacp Y jhncjhs tf oury t`h ckthrcfr fi t`h efkuehkt. Z`h ebkkhr ck w`cn` t`cs tbghs

pabnh cs iuaay jhsnrcohj ck W:U bkj W8U. Ck s`frt, t`h ckthrcfr cs icaahj irfe fphkhj `fahs fk t`h rffi

bkj nhcackm fi t`h efkuehkt irfe t`h tfp, oy pfurckm ck b thb-nup ibs`cfk t`cng euj, ebjh fut

fi ̂ trcefkbs– sbkjy sfca.

Oy t`h tceh t`h _febks brrcvhj fk t`h snhkh, t`hrh wbs kft`ckm t`hrh. Z`cs hxpabcks w`y kf

`cstfrcnba sfurnhs hxcst fk t`cs efkuehkt, bs ct sacpphj cktf foacvcfk, tcaa ?42? fr t`hrhbofuts

w`hk brn`hfafmcst Ers Gbthrckb Thrcsthrc uknfvhrhj ct. Ifr t`bt bnt bafkh, `hr kbeh wcaa ohwrctthk ck t`h @cstfry offgs, bs ct wcaa oh t`bt fi brn`cthnt Er. Ecn`bacs Ahibktzcs, w`f jcsnfvhrhj

t`h @hp`bhstcfk rhabthj cksnrcptcfks (oft` ckscjh bkj futscjh t`h tfeo) w`cn` shbahj t`h

hvcjhknh t`bt t`cs efkuehkt bt Gbstb tueuaus wbs ckctcbaay (ukjhr T`bsh CC) ckthkjhj ifr

@hp`hbstcfk.

Baa t`hsh foshrvbtcfks, prfpfsctcfks, summhstcfks, `ypft`hshs, prhaceckbry nfknauscfks bkj

prffis brh iuaay jfnuehkthj ck t`h shrchs fi pbphrs ifukj ck t`hcr vbrcfus vhrscfks ck rhihrhknhs

W2U t`rfum` W8U. Ohafw, sfeh efrh ck jhtbca bkj sacm`tay efrh hxthkscvh rhvchw fi t`h tftbacty fi

ickjckms ifukj ck t`hsh rhihrhknhs cs suppachj.

^ueebry fi Tbrt 2

Z`h kbrrbtcvh prhshkthj ck Tbrt 2 cs t`h prfjunt fi rhbsfkckm bkj b phrsphntcvh w`cn` frmbkcnbaay

mrhw fut fi twf ghy ibnts surrfukjckm t`h tfeo< icrst, t`bt t`h Hktrbknh fi T`bsh CC nfuaj kft

pfsscoay oh bs ifukj (Hktrbknh fi T`bsh CCC)7 bkj shnfkj, t`bt t`h phrcehthr wbs kft nfvhrhj oy

ebroah oafngs baa t`h wby brfukj ct.

B kueohr fi bathrkbtcvh snhkbrcfs (`cstfrcfmrbp`chs ̀ bvh ohhk summhsthj. @fwhvhr, t`h kbrrbtcvh

bkj `cstfrcfmrbp`y jhrcvhj oy t`h but`fr cs pbrscefkcfus bkj ebtn`hs whaa t`h nfkjctcfks t`bt

t`h tfeo bkj efkuehkt whrh ifukj jurckm t`h hxnbvbtcfk fi Bumust tf Fntfohr ?42:. Z`h

but`fr `bs kft nfeh bnrfss bky ft`hr nfeprh`hkscvh kbrrbtcvh t`bt ebtn`hs t`h gkfwk ibnts

bofut Gbstb tueuaus bkj cts bntuba p`yscnba nfkjctcfks efrh hiihntcvhay t`bk t`h fkh summhsthj.

Ck w`bt ifaafws, b sacm`tay efrh jhtbcahj hxpfsctcfk fi sfeh ft`hr nhktrba cssuhs bkj ihbturhs

surrfukjckm t`h Gbstb tueuaus cs prhshkthj. Z`h acst fi tfpcns cs ck kf wby b nfepahth acst fi baa


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24

suolhnts bjjrhsshj oy t`h pbphrs {2 - 8U. Out ct jfhs fiihr t`h mcst fi t`hcr nfeockhj bmmrhmbth

ebthrcba t`hy nfvhr.

TB_Z ?. ^feh habofrbtcfk fk shahnthj tfpcns

Trfahmfehkb bkj nbvhbts

Z`h efkuehktba strunturh bt b tueuaus kfrt` fi t`h bknchkt ncty fi Bep`cpfacs, b afnbtcfk w`cn`

tfjby mfhs oy t`h kbeh ‑Gbstb @caa―, cs kfthwfrt`y ifr b `fst fi rhbsfks. Zfppckm t`he baa, cs fi

nfursh t`h tceh bt w`cn` t`h ebck nfkstruntcfk p`bsh fi t`cs hxtrbfrjckbry efkuehkt wbs

nfeecsscfkhj (abth >?: ON). Kbturbaay, w`f nfeecsscfkhj ct (Bahxbkjhr CCC), bkj w`f wbs

ckthkjhj tf oh `fkfrhj wct` t`cs efkuehkt bt t`bt p`bsh (@hibhstcfk) brh basf twf eblfr

rhbsfks w`y ct `bs bttrbnthj sf eun` btthktcfk, scknh ct wbs prhshkthj tf t`h puoacn (ck Bumust

?42:).

Jurckm t`h ^hptheohr ?42: tf Lbkubry ?429 phrcfj t`h but`fr `bs wrctthk hxthkscvhay fk Gbstb

bkj rhabthj suolhnts. Efrh t`bk scx pbphrs (bofut ?? ck t`hcr kuehrfus vhrscfks), fi fvhr 84

pbmhs ck ahkmt` ifr hbn` fi t`hcr vhrscfks, nfkstctuth b vfaueh fi efrh t`bk 2244 pbmhs. _hjunckm

t`bt vfaueh tf bofut b ̀ ukjrhjt` fi cts ahkmt` cs b vhry jciicnuat tbsg, ohnbush ct hktbcas scmkcicnbkt

trbjhfiis. Z`hsh trbjhfiis phm fkh eblfr ickjckm vhrsus bkft`hr. Bkj t`hrh brh kuehrfus eblfr

ickjckms. Ct eust oh bjectthj t`bt t`cs vfaueh fi wfrg cs kf afkmhr b sht fi csfabthj, jcslfckhj,

nfkiacntckm t`fum`ts bofut t`h efkuehkt bt Gbstb. Z`hy nbk oh nfkscjhrhj bs nfaahntcvhay

ifreckm b shai-nfkscsthkt, ckthmrba bkj nfeprh`hkscvh ‑t`hfry– bofut t`h efkuehkt.

Baa fi t`hsh Gbstb rhabthj pbphrs bkj t`hcr rhvcscfks nbk oh ifukj ck t`h but`fr–s bnbjhecb.hju

scth< `ttps


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jfnuehkt, bs iuaay bs pfsscoah, t`h rhbsfks w`y t`h but`fr (bt tcehs strfkmay) jcsbmrhhs wct`

sphncicn nfknauscfks rhbn`hj oy t`h brn`hfafmcst ck n`brmh (Ers. Gbthrckb Thrcsthrc) bkj t`h

brn`cthnt fi t`h hxnbvbtcfk thbe (Er. Ecn`bhacs Ahibktzcs). Ck spcth fi t`hsh jcsbmrhhehkts, t`h

but`fr jhhpay bpprhncbths t`h wfrg t`bt t`h hxnbvbtcfk thbe `bs jfkh, bkj ifr w`cn` t`hy iuaay

jhshrvh prbcsh bkj bnnfabjhs.

Kf khw ickjckms brh prhshkthj bkj kf khw summhstcfks brh ebjh `hrh, ohyfkj t`fsh ifukj ck

t`h scx pbphrs w`cn` nfkstctuth t`h obsh bkj obngmrfukj fi t`cs s`frt ^ueebry pbphr. Ck Tbrt 2

fi t`h ^ueebry pbphr t`h nfrkhrstfkhs fi t`h but`fr–s t`hfry bofut Gbstb tueuaus whrh

prhshkthj. Khxt, b ihw efrh cssuhs brh acsthj, w`cn` efrh fr ahss nfktbck t`h obngofkhs fi t`h

w`fah t`hfry. Z`h t`hfrhtcnba phrsphntcvh ebghs ush fi t`h tfpcn fi ‑snbah― bkj t`h fvhrbaa

‑mhfehtry― fi Gbstb tueuaus. Z`hsh twf tfpcns brh bjjrhsshj khxt.

Ifaafwckm t`cs hxpfsctcfk, bk brrby fi bjjctcfkba pfckts brh ebjh tf nfepahth (up tf bk hxthkt)

t`h eusnah fi t`h but`fr–s ofjy fi wfrg.

Cktrfjuntcfk tf T`bsh CC fi t`h efkuehkt<

Jhckfgrbtcs vcscfk bkj cssuhs fi snbah

Gbstb tueuaus nfktbcks b tfeo. Ct wbs nfkstrunthj tf oh basf b efkuehkt. Bkj ifr b orchi phrcfj

fi tceh, ct basf iukntcfkhj bs b Zhepah. Trcfr tf Jhckfgrbtcs– brn`cthntfkcn ebrvha, w`cn` wh–aa

orchiay bkj s`frtay prhshkt, bkft`hr Zhepah stffj t`hrh t`bt nfktbckhj b prcfr tfeo. Bkj `hrh–s

w`hrh t`h stfry fi b ibsnckbtckm ehtbefrp`fscs ohmcks. Ct ckvfavhs t`h jhbt`s fi twf

hxtrbfrjckbry ckjcvcjubas, bkj tbghs pabnh jurckm b turouahkt tceh ck Mrhhg @cstfry.

Fkh fi t`hsh ckjcvcjubas cs b phrsfkbacty stcaa ukcquh ck t`h @cstfry fi @uebkcty, Bahxbkjhr t`h

Mrhbt. Z`h ft`hr cs `cs jhputy, bkj, @hp`bhstcfk.

Jhckfgrbtcs, Bahxbkjhr–s Hepcrh brn`cthnt, mft t`h nfeecsscfk tf nfkstrunt t`h efkuehkt bt

Bep`cpfacs, upfk @hp`bhstcfk–s jhbt` ck Kfvheohr >?: ON bt Hnobtbkb W?U. @h pabkkhj ifr b

systhe fi efkuehkts brfukj t`h @caa bt Gbstb. Fkh fi t`he wbs tf oh t`h tfeo, efkuehkt bkj

Zhepah bt Gbstb @caa, ifr @hp`bhstcfk. Ifr khbroy @caa 2>> Jhckfgrbtcs hkvcscfkhj b efkuehkt

bkj hvhktuba ourcba pabnh ifr Bahxbkjhr. Ck ohtwhhk t`hsh twf, ̀ h wbkthj b ‑ebrg― ifr t`h w`fah

systhe fi efkuehkts, t`h ‑―, bkj ifr t`bt `h `bj t`h Acfk fi Bep`cpfacs ebjh. Ct wbs

kft jhscmkhj, oucat bkj pabkkhj ifr t`h tfp fi Gbstb Zueuaus. Z`h Acfk bkj cts obsh whrh tff`hbvy (strunturbaay bkj bhst`htcnbaay) ifr t`bt spft W8, pp. 23-??U. Z`h Acfk wbs tf ibnh rcvhr

^tryefkbs, bs t`h ^p`ckx bt t`h Mczb Tabthbu ibnhs t`h Kcah W?, pp. ?2-??U.

]h kfw turk tf ebtthrs fi snbah, b pcaabr ck t`h bkbayscs oy t`h but`fr fk ebtthrs rhabthj tf Gbstb.

Ck rhabtcvh sczhs, tf Jhckfgrbtcs (bkj tf bky brn`cthnt fi bky phrcfj) ci Gbstb tueuaus wbs mffj

hkfum` ifr @hp`bhstcfk, ct wbs kft bjhqubth hkfum` ifr Bahxbkjhr. @caa 2>> wfuaj ict t`h ocaa ifr

bk Bahxbkjhr, b mfj-gckm ibr ocmmhr t`bk bky Hmyptcbk T`brbf`. Z`cs prfpfsctcfk cs b iukjbehktba


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fkh tf t`cs but`fr. Gbstb @caa ukjhr kft nfkjctcfk nfuaj oh ocm hkfum` tf bnnfeefjbth oft`. Ck

jhscmk, Gbstb @caa bkj @caa 2>> whrh tf oh lfckhj ck euatcpah wbys. Fkh fi t`h wbys cs t`h syeofacn

Hbst tf ]hst eftcfk fi t`h n`brcft ck t`h efsbcn fi N`beohr #? ck Gbstb–s tfeo, ck t`h fep`bafs

N`beohr fi t`h thepah–s 28-ehthr afkm nfrrcjfr. Fk t`h futscjh, wct`ck t`h nfkthxt fi b

^bkntubry–s Abkjsnbph, bk bnnhss rfbj whrh tf ackg t`h twf efukjs, wct` pfsscoay bkft`hr sht fi

eblfr bkj eckfr Zhepahs bkj puoacn nhrhefkcba spbnhs, baa acghj tf bk hxpbkjhj ehtrfpfactbk

brhb fi Bep`cpfacs.

^fehw`hrh ck t`bt vcnckcty ohtwhhk Gbstb bkj @caa 2>> t`h Acfk fi Bep`cpfacs wfuaj stbkj tf

ebrg t`h sbnrhj pabnh. Zhrrbnckm fi t`h w`fah brhb surrfukjckm t`h twf efkuehkts whrh tf oh

bnnfepacs`hj oy t`h ush fi ebroah oafngs wct` b efjuaus scecabr tf t`bt fi Gbstb tueuaus,

bat`fum` kft khnhssbrcay cjhktcnba. Z`h Ecaahrs eby `bvh stueoahj fktf sfeh fi t`hsh pabnhs–

ckthkjhj oafngs. Baa t`cs snhkbrcf cs ifukj ck t`h frcmckba pbphr t`h but`fr nfepfshj ck Fntfohr

?>, ?42:, pbrts fi w`cn` brh heohjjhj ck pbphr W?U.

Cephrcba brn`cthnt Jhckfgrbtcs– vcscfk wbs tf `bvh t`hsh twf nafsh irchkjs, Bahxbkjhr CCC bkj@hp`bhstcfk, ckthrrhj hvhktubaay ck b ukcquh pabnh. Z`h brhb brfukj Bep`cpfacs wbs tf ohnfeh

mrhbthr t`bk t`h T`brbfkcn nfepahx bt Mczb, ifr bk Hepcrh ibr mrhbthr ck whbat`, spbtcba hxthkt

bkj pfpuabtcfk t`bk T`brbfkcn Hmypt. ^tryefkbs wbs tf oh t`h khw Kcah, bs Bep`cpfacs wbs tf

oh t`h khw nhkthr fi Bahxbkjhr–s Hnuehkcnba Hepcrh hxthkjckm fvhr ]hsthrk Bscb, Kfrt`hrk

Bircnb bkj t`h w`fah fi Hurfph. Habofrbtcfk fk baa t`hsh pfckts cs ifukj ck W? (pp. 28-??)U, W: (pp.

2-=)U, bkj W8 (pp. 8-=)U.

Z`h @caa t`bt ohnbeh b Zueuaus bs pbrt fi b sp`hrh

Gbstb @caa cs b efukj Kfrt`-Kfrt`hbst fi t`h bknchkt ncty fi Bep`cpfacs. Ct cs sctubthj ^fut`-

^fut`hbst fi @caa 2>>, b @caa wct` b nurrhkt bpprfxcebth s`bph fi b squbrh irustue. Gbstb @caa cs

surrfukjhj oy b mhktay safpckm mrfukj. Z`h hxbnt safph fi t`h mrfukj bt Gbstb, bat`fum` kft

prhncshay gkfwk, cs sacm`t. Bs b rhsuat fi ebky ibntfrs, kbturba bkj `uebk, t`h hxbnt tfpfmrbp`y

fi t`h @caa bt t`h tceh fi t`h tfeo–s nfkstruntcfk cs ukgkfwk. Z`h @caa wbs rhs`bphj oy t`h

efkuehkt–s brn`cthnt tf oh bk hxbnt ncrnah. Z`cs ncrnah rhprhshkts t`h ckthrshntcfk fi b sp`hrh,

wct` bk bpprfxcebth ??4 ehthrs rbjcus {shh W:U p. =>}, bkj b pabkh. Jhckfnrbtcs, t`h vhry acghay

brn`cthnt fi t`h efkuehkt, `bj t`h @caa s`bphj cktf b tueuaus ukjhr T`bsh CC. Z`h hxbnt hxthkt

fi t`bt ckthrvhktcfk cs ukgkfwk. _h-s`bpckm t`h prh-hxcstckm @caa cktf b Zueuaus wbs, kfkht`hahss,

b ebrvha fi hkmckhhrckm. Ct–s theptckm tf t`ckg t`bt t`h Gbstb tueuaus sp`hrh stffj ifr t`h Mafoh.

Ck frjhr tf prfjunh t`cs s`bph, Jhckfgrbtcs ckstbaahj b ehn`bkcse fk tfp fi t`h @caa. _hekbkts

fi t`cs nfkstruntcfk brh stcaa survcvckm, bs cs t`h `fah ck t`h mrfukj ushj tf sht up t`h pfah

hepafyhj tf jrbw t`h phrihnt ncrnah. Z`h tueuaus t`us prfjunhj, ncrnuabr bt cts obsh, `bs b

phrcehthr fi bpprfxcebthay :3= ehthrs (b jcbehthr fi bpprfxcebthay 280 ehthrs, fr b rbjcus fi

bofut =3e). Z`h ̀ hcm`t fi t`h @caa bkj cts fvhrbaa bofvh mrfukj s`bph ̀ bvh ohhk shvhrhay bathrhj


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scknh t`h tueuaus– nfkstruntcfk. Kbturba bs whaa bs ùebk ckthrvhktcfk `bvh scmkcicnbktay rh-

s`bphj Gbstb Zueuaus. Brn`hfafmcnba hxnbvbtcfks `bvh ukifrtukbthay bkj hxthkscvhay

nfktrcouthj tf t`bt rh-s`bpckm. Ct `bs ohhk hstcebthj t`bt t`h ickba `hcm`t fi t`h tueuaus eust

`bvh ohhk brfukj ?4 ehthrs {W:U, p. ?>}.

B pabk cs jhthnthj w`cn` wbs put ck hiihnt bkj trbksifrehj b ruk-fi-t`h-ecaa prcfr Zhepah ckscjhb kfk-jhsnrcpt @caa bkj ebjh b efkuehkt fi hxqucscth sfp`cstcnbtcfk. Out t`bt futstbkjckm

strunturh prfvhj tf oh s`frt acvhj. Kf abthr t`bk fkh bkj b qubrthr nhktury bithr t`cs efkuehktba

ukjhrtbgckm, t`h w`fah efkuehkt, hxthrcfr bkj ckthrcfr bacgh whrh ourchj. Z`hy whrh tf nfeh

tf acih bmbck bofut ?? nhkturchs abthr, rhsurrhnthj oy Ers. Gbthrckb Thrcsthrc.

B pbrtcba brrby fi tfpcns nfvhrhj oy t`h but`fr–s t`hfry

Ebck tfpcns nfvhrhj oy t`h scx pbphrs, brh t`h ifaafwckm, prhshkthj ck kf sphncicn frjhr< (2) t`h

efkuehkt–s pabnh wct`ck b pfsscoah systhe fi efkuehkts kfrt` fi Bep`cpfacs7 (?) t`h rfah fit`h Acfk fi Bep`cpfacs bs b ebrghr ifr t`h w`fah systhe (kft fkay t`h tueuaus)7 (>) t`h vhry acghay

prfnhss oy w`cn` t`h `caa wbs nfkvhrthj cktf b tueuaus7 (:) t`h ebt`hebtcns fi t`h tueuaus (bs

b sp`hrh bkj cts phrihntay ncrnuabr obsh)7 (8) t`h efkuehkt–s efjuaus (cts ahkmt` ohckm 2.>9e)7

(9) t`h prhshknh fi t`h Mfajhk _btcf ck t`h Gfrhs– jcehkscfks7 (=) t`h iukntcfk fi t`h efkuehkt

bs b nbahkjbr7 (0) cts heohjjhj `cmày sfp`cstcnbthj ebt`hebtcns bkj Bstrfkfey7 (3) t`h

efkuehkt–s vbrcfus nfkstruntcfk p`bshs (T`bsh C, CC, CCC, bkj CY)7 (24) cts sunnhsscvh iukntcfks bs

twf Zhepahs (ckctcbaay pfsscoay bs b Zhepah fi Brthecs Zbvrfpfafs, prcfr tf cts nfkvhrscfk efst

acghay cktf b ^hrbpcfk)7 (22) t`h tfeo–s Kfrt`-^fut` frchktbtcfk bt t`h tceh fi cts nfkstruntcfk7

(2?) t`h summhstcfk t`bt t`h jhscmk fi t`h efkuehkt–s hxthrcfr wbaa qucth acghay ifaafwhj t`h

s`bph fi b ouaa–s ̀ frks7 (2>) t`h ebt`hebtcnba prffi bkj p`ftfmrbp c̀n hvcjhknh t`bt s`fw (c) t`h

ebroah nfvhr fi t`h efkuehkt–s hxthrcfr wbaa jcjk–t hxthkj baa brfukj t`h tueuaus, bkj (cc) t`h

shntcfks fi t`h hxthrcfr wbaa bs t`hy survcvh tfjby nbk–t oh ‑t`rhh ehthrs `cm`―7 (2:) t`h stbtcstcnba

cepfsscocacty fi t`h sf nbaahj ‑Ecaahrs oafngs– jcehkscfks― rhmbrjckm t`h efkuehkt–s ebroah nabj7

(28) t`h acghay nfkjctcfks ukjhr w`cn` t`h efkuehkt wbs ourchj ck twf p`bshs (bt T`bshs CCC bkj

CY) shpbrbthj oy bt ahbst fkh bkj b qubrthr nhktury7 t`h bpprfxcebth tceh phrcfjs t`hsh ourcbas

fnnurrhj, (c) t`h hxthrcfr wbaa wbs vhry acghay ourchj ukjhr Nbssbkjhr jurckm T`bsh CCC, w`cah (cc)

t`h ckthrcfr fi t`h tfeo wbs ourchj efst acghay ukjhr T`cacp Y (`cs rhck hxthkjhj irfe ??2 tcaa 2=3

ON) bkj ahss acghay ukjhr `cs sfk Thrshus (w`f ruahj jurckm t`h phrcfj 2=3 tf 290 ON), ukjhr

T`bsh CY, bkj (ccc) w`bt wbs t`h ebkkhr ck w`cn` t`h ckthrcfr fi t`h tfeo wbs ourchj ck sfca7 (29)

w`y t`h _febks `bj vhry acttah tf jf wct` t`cs efkuehkt7 (2=) w`f brh t`h acghay ckjcvcjubas

ourchj ck Gbstb–s tfeo, mcvhk t`h sghahtba rhebcks ifukj t`hrh (ohscjhs @hp`bhstcfk, t`h but`fr

`bs suppachj prfobocactchs obshj fk t`h sghahtba rhebcks, ckvfavckm Khbrnùs, Abfehjfk,

Thrjcnnbs, bkj Grbthrfs)7 (20) ]`bt jf t`h cksnrcptcfks bkj nbrvckms ifukj ckscjh bkj futscjh t`h

tfeo ck nfeockbtcfk wct` kuecsebtcn hvcjhknh thaa us bofut @hp`bhstcfk bkj t`h oucajhrs fi t`h

efkuehkt (t`h but`fr wbs vbacjbthj oy t`h brn`hfafmcnba thbes bkkfuknhehkts fi ^hptheohr


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>4, ?428 rhmbrjckm `cs prhjcntcfk ebjh ck Fntfohr ?42: t`bt t`cs wbs b efkuehkt ifr

@hp`bhstcfk)7 (23) ]`bt brh t`h ghy brn`cthnturba jhtbcas ck t`h jhscmk bkj nfkstruntcfk fi t`h

efkuehkt bkj tfeo bkj cts vbrcfus n`beohrs ukjhr T`bsh CC7 (?4) ]`bt whrh t`h acghay t`fum`ts

oy oft` Bahxbkjhr bkj Jhckfgrbtcs bofut t`h rfah fi Bep`cpfacs ck t`h Hnuehkcnba Hepcrh7 (?2)

Efst acghay, @hp`bhstcfk wbs kf afkmhr t`h phrsfk ifr w`fe t`cs efkuehkt wbs jhjcnbthj,

ifaafwckm T`bsh CCC rhnfkstruntcfk7 (??) w`bt brh t`h rhbsfks w`y t`hrh brh kf `cstfrcnba rhnfrjs

bofut t`cs efkuehkt oy hct`hr Mrhhg fr _febk `cstfrcbks7 (?>) w`hk, `fw bkj oy w`bt bmhkny

wbs t`h tfeo efst acghay rbcjhj bkj t`h jfuoah-ahbi ebroah jffr rbeehj bkj s`utthrhj7 (?:)

w`hk bkj `fw t`h ihebah bs whaa bs t`h t`rhh ebah bkj t`h ckibkt–s sghahtfks whrh t`rfwk fut

fi t`h wffjhk nfiick bkj t`h tfeo7 (?8) ]`bt wbs t`h efjuabr strunturh fi t`h efkuehkt, oft`

ckscjh bkj futscjh t`h tfeo7 (?9) ̀ fw wbs T`bsh CC nbrrchj fut bkj ukjhr w`bt pfactcnba bkj sfncba

nfkjctcfks7 (?=) ]`bt cs t`h ehbkckm fi t`h efsbcn–s irbeh ck N`beohr #?7 (?0) @fw wbs T`bsh

CCC nbrrchj fut, bkj tf w`bt hxthkt nfvhrhj bkj jhstrfyhj shntcfks fi t`h efkuehkt ukjhr T`bsh

CC7 (?3) @fw brh t`h twf Hktrbknh ^p`ckxhs rhabthj tf t`h efkuehkt, bkj tf hbn` ft`hr7 (>4)

]`y t`h `hbj fi t`h ^p`ckx ifukj ck t`h iukhrbry N`beohr jfhsk–t ohafkm tf t`h Hbsthrkhktrbknh ^p`ckx7 (>2) ]`bt wbs t`h hxbnt rfah fi hbn` fi t`h twf jcbp`rbmebtcn wbaas oucat tf

suppfrt t`h ourcba fi t`h efkuehkt–s ckthrcfr ukjhr T`bsh CY7 (>?) Z`h rhbsfks w`y t`cs cs bk

Hnuehkcnba (t`bt cs, khct`hr b Ebnhjfkcbk fr _febk, fr @haahkcstcn) efkuehkt. Baa t`hsh brh

sfeh fi t`h eblfr (bkj eckfr) tfpcns bjjrhsshj oy t`h but`fr–s t`hfry rhmbrjckm Gbstb tueuaus.

Nfknauscfk< t`h Ouaa Nuat, Jhckfgrbtcs– t`heh ifr t`h ^ysthe fi Efkuehkts

B nfrh prhecsh fi t`h t`hfry prhshkthj `hrh rhsts wct` t`h prfpfsctcfk t`bt t`h efkuehkt bt

Gbstb Zueuaus rhprhshkts trbcts ackgckm ct tf b Ouaa Nuat. Z`hsh ickjckms `bvh ohhk prhshkthj fvhrt`h phrcfj Fntfohr ?42: tf Lbkubry ?429 ck b shrchs fi (scx ck baa) ahkmt`y pbphrs. Icvh fi t`hsh

pbphrs jhba hxnauscvhay wct` t`h brn`hfafmcnba ickjckms irfe t`h hxnbvbtcfk bt Gbstb @caa, khbr

Bep`cpfacs, Ebnhjfkcb, Kfrt`hrk Mrhhnh. Z`h scxt` pbphr (fk t`rhh Khfact`cn efkuehkts fi t`h

Orctcs` Csahs, cknaujckm Khwmrbkmh) cs hepafyhj bs suppfrtcvh jfnuehktbtcfk ckjcnbtcvh fi t`h

Hnuehkcnba kbturh fi t`h efkuehkt bt Gbstb Zueuaus, pfcktckm bt cts jhhp nuat rffts.

Z`h hxthrcfr wbaa efrp`fafmy fi t`h Khfact`cn efkuehkt bt Khwmrbkmh, ct cs summhsthj `hrh,

ackgs ct bkj cts fwk vhrscfk fi b Ouaa Nuat jcrhntay tf t`h efrp`fafmy bt Gbstb Zueuaus– hxthrcfr

wbaa, bkj cts fwk vhrscfk fi t`h nuat, Brthecs Zbvrfpfafs bkj Bahxbkjhr `ceshai. Ct cs summhsthj

t`bt Jhckfgrbtcs efst acghay ckthkjhj kft fkay Gbstb Zueuaus out t`h w`fah systhe fi

efkuehkts `h qucth acghay hkvcscfkhj bt Bep`cpfacs tf oh nbrrchj fut ukjhr t`cs Ouaa Nuat

Hnuehkcnba irbehwfrg. Efst acghay t`bt wbs ̀ cs ebck brn`cthntfkcn t`heh.

Baa hahehkts jcsnusshj ck pbphrs W2 „ 9U hct`hr suppfrt fr bt ahbst jf kft nfktrbjcnt t`h t`hfrhtcnba

vchwpfckt bjfpthj. Ck s`frt, t`h kbrrbtcvh prhshkthj fiihrs b shai-nfkscsthkt bkj nfeprh`hkscvh

t`hfry bofut t`h Mrhbt Zueuaus bt Gbstb, Bep`cpfacs.


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_hihrhknhs

W2U Jcectrcfs ^. Jhkjrckfs (wct` t`h bsscstbknh fi Tbkbmcftcs Thtrfpfuafs), Jhnheohr :, ?42:,

‑Z`h Efjuabr ^trunturh fi t`h Zfeo bt Gbstb @caa―, bnbjhecb.hju

`ttps=2?/Z`hVefjuabrVstrunturhVfiVt`hVtfeoVbtVGbstbV@caaVoy

VJVJhkjrckfs

W?U Jcectrcfs ^. Jhkjrckfs, Luay 2=, ?428, ‑Fk t`h ‐@IBC^ZCFK bt Gbstb @caa– `ypft`hscs―,

bnbjhecb.hju

`ttps03?:/FkVt`hV@IBC^ZCFKVbtVGbstbV@caaV`ypft`hscs b pbphr

frcmckbaay wrctthk fk Kfvheohr 2?, ?42:. B icrst vhrscfk fi t`bt pbphr bpphbrhj ck

`ttp, ?42: ck t`h sbeh whoscth,

wct` b trbksabtcfk cktf Mrhhg oy t`h bjeckcstrbtfr fi t`bt scth ‑―.

W>U Jcectrcfs ^. Jhkjrckfs, Luay 2=, ?428, ‑Z`h Efsbcn fi Gbstb @caa–s Zfeo―, bnbjhecb.hju

`ttps, ?428 (:t` upjbth), ‑Fk Nhrtbck Ghy Brn`cthnturba

Hahehkts fi t`h Gbstb Zueuaus―, bnbjhecb.hju

`ttps8:802/FkVNhrtbckVGhyVBrn`cthnturbaVHahehktsVfiVGbstbVZu

euaus.VIckbaVYhrscfk

W8U Jcectrcfs ^. Jhkjrckfs, Lbkubry 24, ?429 (>rj upjbth), ‑Fk t`h Zueuaus bt Bep`cpfacs―,

bnbjhecb.hju

`ttps

W9U Jcectrcfs ^. Jhkjrckfs, Kfvheohr 2:, ?428 (=t` upjbth), ‑^tfkh`hkmh, Jurrckmtfk ]baas,

Khwmrbkmh< Efkuehkts tf t`h Hmyptcbk Ouaa bkj Nfw Nuats bkj Frcmcks fi Ckkfvbtcfk―,

bnbjhecb.hju

`ttps>938>/^tfkh`hkmhVJurrckmtfkV]baasVKhwmrbkmhVEfkuehkt

sVtfVt`hVHmyptcbkVOuaaVbkjVNfwVNuatsVbkjVFrcmcksVfiVCkkfvbtcfk.VXpjbthV=

Bngkfwahjmhehkt bkj Nfpyrcm`t ^tbthehkt

Z`h but`fr wcs`hs tf t`bkg ̀ cs mffj irchkj w`f hknfurbmhj ̀ ce tf prfjunh

t`cs ̂ ueebry pbphr, bkj ifr `cs nfktckufus suppfrt t`rfum`fut ̀ cs rhshbrn` fk t`cs suolhnt.

Z`h but`fr rhtbcks baa ahmba rcm`t tf t`cs pbphr. Kf pbrt fi ct nbk oh rhprfjunhj

wct`fut t`h but`fr–s wrctthk nfkshkt.


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