The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine• 12 March 194712 March 1947: Truman : Truman Congress; Congress;

Greece & TurkeyGreece & Turkey need aid need aid• Communist victoryCommunist victory in the Eastern in the Eastern

Mediterranean could mean Soviet Mediterranean could mean Soviet domination of the Middle Eastdomination of the Middle East

• Truman declared that the Truman declared that the US should US should support free peoples throughout the support free peoples throughout the worldworld who were resisting takeovers who were resisting takeovers by “armed minorities” or “outside by “armed minorities” or “outside pressures” pressures”

• The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine

The Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine (cont’d)(cont’d)

• $400 million$400 million approved approved• Ended policy of post-war cutbacksEnded policy of post-war cutbacks• Suggested new level of confrontation Suggested new level of confrontation

with the Soviets with the Soviets • Truman built a Truman built a national consensusnational consensus

that fighting communism was the that fighting communism was the purpose of purpose of containmentcontainment

Significance of the Truman Significance of the Truman DoctrineDoctrine

• One of the declarations of Cold WarOne of the declarations of Cold War

• Point at which the Point at which the Truman Truman administration & Congressadministration & Congress made made public the decision that public the decision that Communism Communism was a great threatwas a great threat

The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan - The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan - Go to Go to

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Postwar EuropePostwar Europe• Economic chaos Economic chaos high high

unemployment, active black markets, unemployment, active black markets, theftsthefts

• Millions in refugee camps Millions in refugee camps

• 1946-1947 winter1946-1947 winter: : bitterest in bitterest in centuries; below-zero temperatures & centuries; below-zero temperatures & record snowrecord snow

• Damaged crops; froze rivers which Damaged crops; froze rivers which prevented water transport (creates prevented water transport (creates fuel shortages); food rationing in UKfuel shortages); food rationing in UK

The Marshall Plan (June The Marshall Plan (June 1947)1947)

• US Secretary of State US Secretary of State George Marshall George Marshall proposed that the US provide aid to all proposed that the US provide aid to all European nations that needed it European nations that needed it

• Move directed, Move directed, ““not against any not against any country or doctrine but against country or doctrine but against hunger, desperation, and chaoshunger, desperation, and chaos.”.”

• Recipients had to remove trade Recipients had to remove trade barriers and cooperate economically barriers and cooperate economically with each otherwith each other

Other Goals of the Marshall Other Goals of the Marshall PlanPlan

• 1) It could 1) It could act as a barrier to Soviet act as a barrier to Soviet expansionexpansion

• 2) 2) Pull Eastern Europe Pull Eastern Europe out of the out of the Soviet Soviet blocbloc

• 3) 3) Integrate Germany Integrate Germany and contain itand contain it

Marshall Plan ApprovedMarshall Plan Approved• Many resist giving away billions of Many resist giving away billions of

dollarsdollars• February 25, 1948February 25, 1948 communist coup communist coup

in Czechoslovakiain Czechoslovakia (backed by (backed by Moscow)Moscow)

• Coup convinced Congress of the Coup convinced Congress of the need strong, stable governments in need strong, stable governments in Europe to resist communismEurope to resist communism

• $12 billion$12 billion over 4 years to 16 over 4 years to 16 countriescountries

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

Significance of the Marshall Significance of the Marshall PlanPlan• Great successGreat success economically & economically &

politicallypolitically

• Nutrition improved and industry grewNutrition improved and industry grew

• 19521952: Western Europe was : Western Europe was flourishingflourishing

• The threat of communist parties The threat of communist parties taking over was endedtaking over was ended

• USSR sees plan as a lure to Eastern USSR sees plan as a lure to Eastern Europe to “be like us”Europe to “be like us”

II. The First Cold WarII. The First Cold War1948-19531948-1953

• West & USSR clash over West & USSR clash over German German reunificationreunification

• Desire a productive Germany for Desire a productive Germany for European stability European stability

• June 1948:June 1948: US, UK, & France fuse US, UK, & France fuse occupied zones into one occupied zones into one

• Want to encourage the political unity Want to encourage the political unity of Berlinof Berlin

The Berlin Blockade The Berlin Blockade (June 1948-May 1949)(June 1948-May 1949)

• USSR fearUSSR fear block all road, rail, & block all road, rail, & river traffic to Berlinriver traffic to Berlin

• Stalin believed the Western powers Stalin believed the Western powers would give up the idea of a unified would give up the idea of a unified Germany or surrender control of Germany or surrender control of BerlinBerlin

• US & UK Response: US & UK Response: 11 month 11 month Berlin Berlin AirliftAirlift

• US prestige increases; USSR prestige US prestige increases; USSR prestige declinesdeclines

The Berlin Blockade - Go to The Berlin Blockade - Go to http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war9.hhttp://www.johndclare.net/cold_war9.h

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China from 1912-1949China from 1912-1949

Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai ((leftleft) and ) and Sun Yat-sen Sun Yat-sen ((rightright) ) with flags representing the early republicwith flags representing the early republic

Wade-Giles Wade-Giles && Pinyin Pinyin transliterationtransliteration

• NationalistsNationalists ( (Kuomintang - KMTKuomintang - KMT) also ) also the Guomindang – GMDthe Guomindang – GMD

• Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek - Jiang Jieshi- Jiang Jieshi

• Mao Tse-tungMao Tse-tung – Mao Zedong – Mao Zedong

Imperialism & Civil War In Imperialism & Civil War In ChinaChina

• I. I. The Early RepublicThe Early Republic (1912-1916) (1912-1916)– Western style democracy Western style democracy – Sun Yat-sen Sun Yat-sen (President); powerless govt.; (President); powerless govt.;

Allied Power in WWIAllied Power in WWI

• II. II. Era of the WarlordsEra of the Warlords (1916-1927) (1916-1927)

• Popular anger over Popular anger over VersaillesVersailles; ; disillusionment w/West & democracydisillusionment w/West & democracy

• Sun Yat-sen diesSun Yat-sen dies 1925; 1925; Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek

• Joint Nationalist/Communist efforts Joint Nationalist/Communist efforts to to destroy warlordsdestroy warlords

Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)shek (Jiang Jieshi)

Civil War In ChinaCivil War In China• III. III. From the White Terror to the From the White Terror to the

YananYanan SovietSoviet (1927-1937) (1927-1937)

• White Terror, 1927White Terror, 1927

• Nationalists (Nationalists (Kuomintang - KMTKuomintang - KMT) vs. ) vs. CommunistsCommunists

• Mao Tse-tungMao Tse-tung

• The Long March, 1934-1935The Long March, 1934-1935

• IV. IV. Nationalist ChinaNationalist China (1937-1945) (1937-1945)

• Japanese invasion 1937Japanese invasion 1937

• Nationalist/Communist cooperationNationalist/Communist cooperation

Mao Tse-tungMao Tse-tung

Civil War In ChinaCivil War In China• V. V. The Chinese Civil WarThe Chinese Civil War (1945-1949) (1945-1949)

• Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists)(Nationalists)

• Mao Tse-tung Mao Tse-tung (Communists)(Communists)

• Mao & Communist forces victorious Mao & Communist forces victorious 19491949– Nationalists had lost popular support Nationalists had lost popular support

since they rarely engaged the Japanese since they rarely engaged the Japanese armies during WW2 – peasants also armies during WW2 – peasants also favored Mao’s promise of land reformfavored Mao’s promise of land reform

• Nationalists (Chiang) flee to Nationalists (Chiang) flee to TaiwanTaiwan

Chinese Civil War, 1945-49Chinese Civil War, 1945-49

Mao Tse-tung Mao Tse-tung proclaiming the proclaiming the establishment of the establishment of the People's Republic People's Republic

of Chinaof China in 1949. in 1949.

The Cold War Spreads to AsiaThe Cold War Spreads to Asia• The “Loss” of ChinaThe “Loss” of China: : • Republicans blame the Democrats Republicans blame the Democrats

for thisfor this::• Insufficient US aid to ChiangInsufficient US aid to Chiang• Treachery within the State Treachery within the State

Department Department • Democrats & TrumanDemocrats & Truman::• Chiang never “had” China to loseChiang never “had” China to lose• Chiang had no popular support – Chiang had no popular support –

outside support no substituteoutside support no substitute

The “Loss” of China (cont’d)The “Loss” of China (cont’d)

• Many Americans believe the Many Americans believe the “treachery” & “loss” theories“treachery” & “loss” theories

• Chinese NationalistsChinese Nationalists (UN) warn of the (UN) warn of the spread of Communism throughout spread of Communism throughout AsiaAsia

• Korean WarKorean War in the summer of 1950 in the summer of 1950 caused many Americans to believe caused many Americans to believe thisthis

The US Prepares to Confront The US Prepares to Confront the Soviet Union the Soviet Union

National Security Act of 1947National Security Act of 1947• Created the Created the Department of Defense Department of Defense

(army, navy, air force)(army, navy, air force)• Joint Chiefs of StaffJoint Chiefs of Staff• NSC (National Security Council)NSC (National Security Council)

established to advise the president established to advise the president on security matterson security matters

• CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) created to coordinate the created to coordinate the government’s foreign fact-gatheringgovernment’s foreign fact-gathering

The PentagonThe Pentagon• Home of the Department of DefenseHome of the Department of Defense

NSC-68NSC-68• NSC memorandum NSC memorandum from 1950from 1950

• Said US should Said US should quadruplequadruple defense spending defense spending

• Resurrected by the Korean crisisResurrected by the Korean crisis

• TrumanTruman: $50 billion per year; 3.5 million men : $50 billion per year; 3.5 million men under armsunder arms

• Marked the militarization of US foreign policyMarked the militarization of US foreign policy

• Move from Move from “containment” “containment” to to “roll-back”“roll-back”

• objectiveobjective:: stop the Soviets from imposing stop the Soviets from imposing absolute authority over the rest of the worldabsolute authority over the rest of the world

The Atomic Arms RaceThe Atomic Arms Race• US was the only nation with the A-bombUS was the only nation with the A-bomb

• Soviet spiesSoviet spies help USSR develop the help USSR develop the bomb by 1949bomb by 1949

• Truman approves the development of Truman approves the development of the the H-bombH-bomb

• 19521952 – US explodes 1 – US explodes 1stst H-Bomb H-Bomb (Ivy (Ivy Mike)Mike)

• 19531953 – USSR explodes 1 – USSR explodes 1stst H-Bomb H-Bomb

• Peace through mutual terror Peace through mutual terror

Ivy Mike Hydrogen DeviceIvy Mike Hydrogen Device

Ivy Mike (10.4 mT, Eniwetok, Oct. 31, Ivy Mike (10.4 mT, Eniwetok, Oct. 31, 1952)1952)

RDS-6 “Joe 4” (400 kT August 12, RDS-6 “Joe 4” (400 kT August 12, 1953)1953)

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