The True Hollywood StorySections 1-2Ms. Garratt

Nobel Peace Prize Women’s Suffrage

Movement Universal Peace

Conference 1899 set up the Hague Tribunal, a world court to settle disputes. (Could not enforce rulings)

Pros and cons of nationalism Nationalism accentuates rivalries among

Great Powers Economic Territorial disputes – Alsace-Lorraine Competition for overseas empires Competition for the Balkans Geopolitical rivalries

Brit felt threatened by Germ’s econ growth By 1900 Germ’s new modern factories out-

produced Brit’s older ones Germ was jealous because it had fewer

colonies “Sun never sets……Germany’s own place in the

sun” Competition for colonies brought Germ & Fr

to the brink of war in 1905 & 1911 over Morocco

Brit & France developed closer ties against Germany

Glorification of military War was romanticized Aggressive Nationalism increased due to

competition Fear of war gave generals power &

influence They asked for larger defense

expenditures for war readiness Matter of time before

Heir to A-H throne

Visit to Sarajevo, Bosnia coincided with important date to Serbians

Terrorist group - Black Hand assassinated FF

Politically, FF was seen as a threat because he advocated reforms which angered conservatives in AH and angered the Serbs because his concessions might weaken their radical movement

A lot at stake for AH since its empire consisted of many different nationalities/ethnic groups

Ultimatum demanded that Serbia allow AH participate in investigation & end all agitation directed against AH

Serbia agreed to most but not all demands

AH declared war on Serbia

This might have remained local, quick war were it not for the alliance system

Kaiser Wilhelm II was outraged at the murder of a royal heir

Gave AH carte blanche & assurance of German backing.

Rather than urge restraint & caution the kaiser advised Franz Joseph to take a firm stand

Russia was the champion of pan-Slavism – the idea that all Slavs share a common heritage.

Serbia looked to Russia for support.

Czar Nicholas II urged the Kaiser to convince AH to soften its demands

When this did not work – Russia began to mobilize

Germ responded by declaring war on Russia

Russia turned to France after Germ declaration of war

Germ demanded that France remain neutral but….

France gave Russia the same backing as Germ gave AH

France hoped to get even with Germ for the 1870 Franco-Prussian War

When France refused to remain neutral Germ declared war on France

Brit was cautious at first until Germany violated Belgium neutrality

What happened? Schlieffen Plan

Germ had to avoid two-front war Germ wanted to quickly attack & subdue so it

could concentrate its forces on the Eastern front.

Once Germ invaded Belgium neutrality Brit felt duty bound to honor its treaty obligations

Alliances were intended to create powerful coalitions that no one would dare attack

Central Powers or Triple Alliance – Germ, Aust-Hun, Italy – (later Ottoman Empire joins)

The Allies – France, Brit & Russ Far from easing tensions, the alliance

systems made govs more nervous & escalated tensions

End section 1

Two multinational empires encountered rising nationalism

Austro-Hungarian Empire The Ottoman Empire

Several Balkan states attacked Ot Em then fought among themselves

They were considered the power-keg of Europe

Slavic nations in the Balkans wanted independence

Pan-Slavism is the belief that all slavic peoples shared a common heritage & nationality.

Russia, the largest Slavic nation encouraged & felt a duty to defend its Slavic neighbors

By 1914 it was determined to defend Serbia

You will be assigned a country. You will explain & defend your assigned

country’s position/decision to go to war. You may use the text for preparation After completing your position you will

debate the other three members of your group. Germany Russia France Britain

Stalemate on the Western Front.

Battles of Verdun and Somme resulted in millions dead.,

Each side only gained a few miles for all its casualties

No man’s land

Poison Gas

Tanks

Machine Guns

Submarine

Airplanes

This was official US policy Immigrants often took sides Loans made to Allies tied us to them Brit cut Transatlantic cable to control info

& vilify Germ Neutrality was threatened due to

submarine warfare & particularly the Lusitania incident

Campaign slogan was “He kept us out of the war” but Wilson knew that US was edging closer to war though

Pressure to enter the war was due to: (1) unrestricted sub warfare (2) Zimmerman Telegram (3) Desire to play a role in peace process

After Luisitania Germ promised it would stop but then in 1917 it announced an unrestricted submarine campaign

This was due to Brit blockade & because Germ did not really consider the US neutral

Wilson refused to disallow Americans from traveling the seas

This caused S/S Bryan to resign

War more mobile than West Russians poorly equipped & trained Battle of Tannenberg Russian Revolution was major turning pt. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Germans throw their weight to the

Western front

Each side thought its cause was just Aust wanted to punish Serbia Germ felt must stand by its ally, AH Russ felt duty to stand by Serbia & saw

ultimatum as attempt to oppress slavs Fr felt need to support Russ or face Germ

alone Brit obligated to defend Belgium

neutrality Intensive jingoism Jubilation once war was declared

http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Image:Woodrow_Wilson_congress.jpg

Arms/naval/industrial rivalry between Britain & Germany

Territorial disputes between France & Germany (Alsace-Lorraine)