The Transformation of Western Civilization by the Industrial

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y 1870, industrial revolution had its primary set in GreatBritain.

y 1789, primary set of the democratic revolution wasFrance

y 1914 beginning of World War Iy First great victory for this movement came in 1833,

when Great Britain abolished slavery in all territory under British rule

y Last Western country to follow suit was Brazil.



y

1888, slavery became illegaly Surge of technological improvements, that became

particularly dramatic in the second half of the eighteenthcentury-Industrial Revolution (1880)

y Democratic Revolution

y 1850 all traditional barriers against Western penetrationcollapsed.

y Three headsy Economic

y

Politicaly intellectual



The Industrial Revolutiony Eighteenth century, spectacular technological

improvements in Great Britain Centered especially in

the textile tradesy After 1769, Watts first patent was granted

y Development of steam engines powerful enough to drivenew machinery of textile mills.

y Practical invention was work of y Ingenious mechanics

y Hard-driving entrepreneurs

They relied more on common sense and traditional skills



y Age of coal and steamy Henry Ford introduced his automobile in 1903 and Wright

brothers built an airplane in 1903

y Germanys f lourishing school and university system

assured a flow of well trained theoristy Artisan tradition provided abundant practical skills

y 1807, Robert Fulton built the first successful steam boat

y 1870 did better boilers and larger steel hulls allow

steamships to come into regular use for tansoceanic cargocarrying.



y

1840, modern mail systemsy Postal Agreement of 1875

y 1837 electric telegraph was invented

y 1866, First trans-A tlantic cable

y

1895, First demonstration of wireless telegraphy by Gugliemo Marconi

y Industrial revolution greatly increased the wealth of theWestern world.

y Crowding of factory hands into new industrial towns and

the rapid growth of older cities created social problemswith which traditional institutions could not cope up.



The Democratic Revolution in Francey The principle that governments derice their just

powers from the consent of the governed and from

that alone had been trumpeted to the world in 1776 by American rebels against King George III

y Louis XVI (reigned 1774-1792)

y Estates-General met on May 1, 1789, many of its

members felt that before any new taxes wereauthorized far-reaching reform in government shouldbe carried through



y

July 14, birthday of the Revolutiony The Communey 1837 electric telegraph was inventedy National Assembly reacted by annulling feudal rights and obligations

in a burst of emotion on august 4, 1789y 17991, the new constitution was ready.y

The most enduring aspect of the constitution of 1791 was abolition of innumberable local administrative peculiarities which had longhampered the French government. Instead, France was divided intonew geographical units of roughly equal size, called departments.

y The constitutions greatest weakness, however, lay in the fact that itentrusted extensive powers (suspensive veto, appointment of army officers, etc.) to King Louis XVI, who had long since lost all supmpathy with the revolutionary cause.



Democratic Revolution in the Rest of

Europey When Napoleon at length met with defeat at the hands of a

coalition of almost all the powers of Europe(1812-1815),traces of the revolutionary upheaval through which Europehad passed could not be removed. Indeed, by 1815 therevolutionary imprint had stamped itself upon Napoleonsmost inveterate enemies.

y The demonstration of an unexpected weakness in the

tsarist autocracy allowed two daring political gamblers,Count Camillo Cavour of Sardinia and Count Otto VenBismarck of Prussia, to unite Italy and Germany aroundtheir respective monarchies between 1859 and 1871.



y Bismarchs success was achieved by means of threebrisk, victorious wars against Denmark(1864), Austria(1866), and France (1870-1871).

y Germany, however, Chancellor Bismarck established a

constitution for the new imperial Germany (1871-1918)which combined incompatible political ideas in aningenious but, as it turned out, unstable fashion.



Deliberate Social Change and Popular

Government

y First, the revolutionaries demonstrated beyond all

reasonable doubt that governments were indeed man-made, and could be altered and minupulated more orless according to plan.



Intellectual and Cultural Revolutions

y The secret of Western preponderance over the rest of the world was not solely a matter of material

superiority and political organizationimportantthrough these were.

y The scale and variety of cultural activity in theWestern worl between1789 and 1914 make a brief summary unusually difficult. This is particularly true

of art and literature, where among the ramntics of theearly part of the nineteenth century personal self-expression and originality came to be prized for itsown sake.



y

Science, on the other hand, remained internationaland public, and perhaps for this reason it is easier todetect the main lines of its development.

y The first of these was basically Newtonian. Fourfundamental termsmatter, energy, space, and time seemed capable of explaining all the phenomena of physical nature

y Albert Michelson, using very sensitive instrumentsdiscovered that light appeared to travel with uniform

velocity in every direction, even when launched fromthe rapidly moving platform of the earth.



y To bring mathematical order to this suprising result,Albert Einstein proposed in 19805 that space and timeshould be collapsed into a single space-timecontinuum whose nature was such that changes in the

relative motion of any two bodies affectedmeasurements of one taken from the other

y George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, the GermanPhilosopher, pioneered the effort to view all reality as a

process of unending change.



Revolutionary in the Arts

y Art did not fail to mirror the expanding range of uncertainty that characterized European thought onthe eve of World War I.

The Transformation of Western Civilization by the Industrial

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