The Transactor V2 11

8/7/2019 The Transactor V2 11

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The Transactor VOl l

(&commodorecomments and bulletins

concerning your

COMMODORE PETTI1

BULLETIN 11.

PET~is a re istered Trademark of Commodore Inc.

Bits and Pieces

WordPro and the NEC Spinwriter

Those using WordPro 3 or 4 are probably just realizingthe potential of the PET as a dedicated wordprocessingsystem. With a Spinwriter for letter quality hard copy, thispotential is substantialy increased. However, the Spinwriterrequires a little preliminary set-up before it will operate

correctly with WordPro. The front panel switches of the NECare covered in the WordPro manuals but some extra switchesinside the printer are not.

Inside the Spinwriter are four large circuit boards nearthe back of the unit. (A smaller fifth board is also therebut not important here) The two boards closest to the backof the housing contain these extra switches. A word ofcaution: these boards support some CMOS chips... excessivestatic discharge to pins on CMOS chips will result inireparable damage. You may want to have qualified personelmake these changes.

On the very back board lies one of these switches. Theswitch, labelled 'SWI', is actually a DIP switch with 8 smallslide switches on it. The second most back board containsthe other three DIP switches labelled 'SWI', 'SW2', and'SW3' • Early versions of these boards require you to pullthem out of thei r sockets to gain access to the switches.This also means removal of a bracket and four cableconnectors, two of which are tucked away at the right of theunit. Newer versions have the DIP switches placed near thetop edges of the boards which will have you finished thesemods in a flash. NEC assures me that both versions operateidentically, only the board artwork was changed.

Now for the switch positions. Each set of 8 slideswitches for the four DIPs will be labelled from left toright 1 for on and 0 for off:

Back board SWI = 0 0 0 0 I 0 I 1

Next board SWI = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SW2 = I 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

SW3 = 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0



Index Transactor 11

B it an d P ie ce s • •• •• •• •• •• •• ••• •• •• •• •• •• •• ••Computer at Waterloo ••••••••••••••••••••••••Text Editor •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Di sk et te S alv ag in g •• •• •• ••• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •High Resolution Graphics ••••••••••••••••••••Card Printing utility •••Simple 8010 Modern Programs ••••••••••••••••••PET/CBM Book List

Seneca Home CAl •.••••••.•••..••.•.•••••..••.

Toronto PET Users Group •••••••••••••••••••••French Character Generator ••••••••••••••••••

.............................................

16

8

1112

2228303234

35



Soft Disk Device Number

OPEN 1, 8, 15PRINT#l,"M-vl" CHR$(50) CHR$(O) CHR$(2) CHR$(9+32) CHR$(9+64)

The above command sequence will change a Commodore diskunit from device #8 to device #9. This works on the 2040(DOS 1.0), the 4040 (DOS 2.0) or the 8050 (DOS 2.5). Onceexecuted, another logical file must be OPENed to the commandchannel else a ?DEVICE NOT PRESENT ERROR will occur on the

next PRINT#l. Alternately, since device #8 is no longer onthe bus, CLOSE 1 and reOPEN using 9 instead of 8. The diskcan actually be changed to any device number by substitutingthe 9 in the last two CHR$'s for any number between 8 and 15.Reset ( PRINT#l, "U:" or "UJ" ) or power up will restore todevice #8.

This works best when you need two disks on line butdon't want to cut the jumpers of the main logic board insidethe disk. Remember though, if two disks are powered up onthe bus as device #8, the above sequence will change the bothto device #9.

Commodore Education Advisory Board

Commodore has now received enough educational programsto produce and distribute 4 CEAB Diskettes, with a fifth onein the works. On behalf of Commodore, the Board and therecipients, I would like to thank all who have contributed.Through you we have successfully established a software shareprogram for learning institutions across Canada and beyond.Let's keep it going!

TPUG Minutes

Richvale Telecommunications have available cassetterecordings of the Toronto PET Users Group meetings. Richvalealso has CEAB programs on tape for those operating withoutdisk. For more information contact:

Richvale Telecommunications10610 Bayview Ave. Unit 18Richmond Hill, OntarioL4C 3N8416 884 4165

3



Supermon Notes

To get 'long' disassemblies on your pr inter, find theline-count with:

.H xxxx,yyyy A9 16 85 B5

where xxxx to yyyy is the memory range of Supermon. Changethe '16' value to some higher number maximum FF } todisassemble lots of lines at a time.

If you'd like the output split into pages on your 202Xprinter, that's all you need do. PET printers will pageafter every 60 lines of output and continue printing for thespecified number of lines. But if you want a 'continuous'printout without paging, you should also do a hunt for:

.H xxxx,yyyy 86 B9 A9 93

and change 93 to 13. Remember to restore the 16 and 93values if you plan to return to "screen" monitor.

PET Sound

These next two items go hand-in-hand. The first wasoriginaly pr inted in Volume 1 Transactor but, due recentinquiries, felt it worth reprinting in Volume 2. The seconditem is an inexpensive amplifier submitted by Tom Guzik ofthe Selkirk Electronics Club in Thunder Bay.

Poor Man's D/A Converter

Cheap; good for generating ChamberlinPrecision resistors are preferred, but mostgenerate a recognizable sound.

style music.anything will

Section B of the diagram supports CB2 sound effects - sothat this interface covers most sound requirements.

-c ~3.2M

-E----tt1H

II 1.6M,

.~800K

f

\400K

~~

200K8K : : : : : f : = .Olpf

tlOOK

. J . _50Kl

i t25K

--------nU

I,

To AmpfromPET

ParallelUserPort

-F----t~H

-H----IW~~

-J----t~i\

---Hu

-L----rUu

d

-K

r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -~ · 1 H

TM . HI lOOK ,Sect~an_B ~

-N-----------~



The capacitor provides some reduction of the samplingfrequency ( when generating music ) •••tone controls on theamplifier will also help, if available.

The output of this D/A converter can be fed directlyinto an input of your stereo for excellent results.

500 Milliwatt Amplifier

This simple 500mw amp works on 9 volts available frompin 1 or 4 of the Jll connector inside the PET. All you needis a $2.00 I.C., a 50 cent capacitor, a spare potentiometerand a speaker.

' { ~ " O q v

8

1 . " l o ; d d . --,:-

V IN ~~ < T 1-

Printer ROMs

In the last issue of The Transactor (Vol. 2, #10, pg 2)a fix was published to prevent Commodore 202X printersequipped with 04 ROMs from locking into lower case. The fixspecified a delay loop to be inserted before each PRINT# tothe format channel, secondary address 2. This should bechanged such that the delay occurs prior to printing tosecondary address 1; print data to specified format. Aboutthe simplest implementation of this would be to call thedelay as a subroutine (lines 30 and 40 followed by a RETURNstatement) before each PRINT# to secondary address 1 on theprinter.

5



computers at Waterloo

In Canada and around the world, the University of waterloo isknown for it's expertise in the computer science andengineering fields. Recently (December), the universityswung into the microcomputer stream. After evaluating allthe micros which were available, they chose to use the

Commodore PET for their teaching and experimentation. Sincetheir initial purchase of a Commodore PET, they have acquiredover 150 units and spent thousands of man-hours working withthem. The resul ts have been tremendous. They havecontr ibuted many new innovations to the computer industry,improved upon some old ones, and set new trends in educationwith the micro-computer.

University of waterloo periodicly will develop an item whichis similar to an already existing product. For example, inearly development, they found a need for an EPROM burner.They couldn't find one to fill their requirements so theytook a couple of nights and built one. This is the

philosophy which they follow at U of W. They are not inbusiness to make money but rather, they are in the businessof educating tommorrow' s engineers, designers and all kindsof other professional people.

One of the first things that they undertook was a type ofcommunications interface. It was necessary in order to havemass storage capability in conjunction with their PDP-IImainframe. They call it ACIA (Asynchronous CommunicationsInterface Adapter). It plugs into the memory expansion porton the PET and uses a 6551 UART (Universal AsynchronousReciever Transmitter) with an RS-232 output.

The next project was the EPROM burner which I mentioned. Ithooks into the parellel user port of the PET whichcommunicates with an 8748 INTEL micro computer. All theinformation is transmitted by the PET to the processing unitwhich burns the EPROM. All of the Waterloo Basic chips wereburned in this manner.

Because of the complexity and size of many projects they wereundertaking such as Pascal and Fortran compilers, they neededmuch more 'core' memory. This caused the development of a128K bank switching unit. It uses 32 - 4K ROM sockets andallows for tremendous flexability in resident languages and

routines on power-up. This was the earliest version of thebank switching system and you could access any area of ROM bywr iting to a special control register that plugs into thememory expansion bus socket. This in turn would allow you toaccess a number of resident compilers such as COBOL, FORTRAN,BASIC OR APL. Newer versions of the bank switching systemare 32 and 64K and plug right into the 9000 socket. Soon tofollow was the development of a 64K RAM bank switcher. Itwas built mainly to assist in the development of newer

6



versions of PASCAL. The system features Dynamic RAMs linkedby a Motorola Dynamic RAM Controller.

Attacking the problem of available memory space from adifferent angle, they tried to compact the machine languagecode. To do this they changed the processor chip but foundit would only work about 75% of the time. The problem wastraced to incompatible timing signals with the new 6809 chip,but after designing a small compensator board for the new

processor to plug into (which in turn would plug into the6502 socket), it worked flawlessly. Since the 6809 chip hasan expanded instruction code you can do more with less code.In some cases this amounted to 50% less coding. Although thechip is not actually any faster, it runs quicker because theinstruction set is more powerful and less instructions needto be executed. With this added feature all the coding whichwas necessary would now fit in available ROM space.

The PASCAL compiler is running on the PET and should betotally debugged by the fall when it will be used in aprogramming course (CS-240). I might also add that U of W isrunning another excellent course (CS-250) which involvesmachine language programming with the 6502 chip on the PET.

They have also developed an APL character set for the PET andare currently working on the language as well as a FORTRANcompiler. All of the compilers which the U of Ware workingon are written in WSL (Waterloo Systems Language). WSL is avery unique language which they developed. It is anextremely high level language with the capability to do lowlevel accessing (ie. machine language capability)

Another highlight of WSL isgenerate code for any micro.

compiler and burn EPROMs fornumerous other processors.

a software plug-in which willFor example: they could write a

the 6502 and a 6809 as well as

In early summer the University embarked on a program toeducate secondary school teachers on the micro computer ineducation. The program lasted for three days after which theparticipants were each loaned a computer and cassette to takehome with them for three weeks. This allowed them to get abetter feel for the machine and put into practice that whichthey had learned. The response was tremendous and theprogram a success. They are currently studying thefeasibility of running a program like this indefinately aswell as moving it to different locations in Canada.

In summary, the University of Waterloo is doing excellentthings with education and micro computers. If they continuewith micros the way in which they have approached projects inthe past, they will change the pattern of education, industryand business in the world today on a scale no less than theadvent of computers themselves.



Text Editor Jim ButterfieldToronto

A poor man's word processor? Not exactly, although thisprogram can be used in that way. It's more accurately ageneral purpose text editor, and can create, revise and printmost sequential data files.

The program is line-oriented: it gets a line, thenoutputs it. However, there are features that allow you todeal with smaller elements - words or characters - or largerelements such as paragraph or entire text.

Because it keeps only a line at a time, it will run onvery small PETs and you won't be bothered by garbagecollection delays. It's written entirely in BASIC: thatmakes it portable and easy to chang (say to cassette tapeoperation) • It won't run too fast, but that's part of theplan: you'll be able to stop and correct information as yougo.

For cassette tape operation, just change the OPENstatements in lines 120 and 160. If you still have original

ROMs, you'll need to change SW=ST on line 410 to read IF ST< > 0 GOTO 470.

Operation

You can enter information from the keyboard and/or afile; you can write the output to either a file or theprinter. Just answer the startup questions.

If youstart andhalf-shaded

input-mode.

have an input file,at other parts ofcharacter. This

Your choices are:

you'll be prompted at thethe program run with aasks you to supply an

I - Don't input; accept an insertion from the keyboard1T - Input the entire text from the file;S - Search; input until you receive a selected character

string;P - Input a paragraph;L - Input a line;W - Input a word;C - Input a character.

Press any of the above characters, or press SPACE. tocontinue in the same input-mode as before.

Insert mode, I, remains in force until you enter a nullline, that is, a line with no characters (not even a space).At that time, you'll either prompt for a new input-mode, orquit if there's no input remaining.

If you don't have an input file or if your input file isfinished, you'll go directly into Insert mode withoutprompting. Entering a null line will stop the program.

8



All input-modes except Insert can be changed while inputis taking place. For example, if you're in Text mode, touchthe L key for Line mode, and you'll stop at the end of thecurrent line; or W will stop you after the next word.

When input pauses, you may pressresume, printing the next line,Alternately, you may delete or insertwhen you are finished.

RETURN and input willword, or whatever.text, pressing RETURN

If you have deleted orprompted for a new input-mode.continue as before.

inserted text, you will beSelect it, or press SPACE to

When you're in Paragraph mode, a deletion or insertionwill signal the program that you probably want to add aparagraph to the text. In this case, pressing RETURN won'ttake you back to the prompt for inputmode. Like Insert mode,you can keep going until you enter a null line.

A word about null lines and blank lines. A null line,

which has nothing on it, is never written. If you want ablank line to be written, you must put at least one spacethere. A blank line - containing one or more spaces - isused by the program to detect the end of a paragraph.

To review: a null line is not written; it's a good wayof deleting a line entirely from a file. A blank line, withone or more spaces, will be written and mark the end of aparagraph.

For your convenience,repeat feature buil tin.Delete are ignored.

the Delete key has an automaticCursor control keys other than

As mentioned before, you can switch modes during inputjust by tapping a key. Input timing is rather brief,however, during Character mode or word mode. In this caseit's easier to force the input-mode prompt with a "dummy"insertion: tap SPACE, then DELETE. You will have changednothing, but the input-mode prompt will appear when you pressRETURN.

9



NOTE : 'CL' IN SQUAFE BRACKETS BEANS CURSOR-LEFT

100 PRINT"TEXT EDITOR JIM BUTTERFIELD"110 INPUT"INPUT FILE NAME N[CLCLCL] n;N$12 0 IF N$<>"N"THEN M=2 :0PEN1, 8, 3, N$130 INPUT"OUTPUT FILE TYPE (DISK OR PRINTER) P[CLCLCL] ";T$140 IF ASC(T$)<>68 GOTO 200150 INPUT"OUTPUT FILE NAME";F$160 O PEN 2, 8, 4,"0:"+F$+",S, W":GOTO 2 102 00 O PEN 2 ,4 :U$=CHR$(17)210 B$=CHR$(32)+CHR$(20)+CHR$(20)

220 P$=CHR$(175)+CHR$(157)2 30 R $= CH R$( 13 )2 4 0 S $= CH R$ (3 2)250 J$=CHR$(168)+CHR$(157)260 POKE 59468,14270 D$=R$:GOSUB820280 IF N$=nN"GOTO 480300 REM TEST KEYBOARD FOR MODE310 GET M$:GOSUB860400 REM GET INPUT STUFF410 GET#l,D$:SW=ST420 IF D$=R$ OR (D$=K$ AND S=l) THEN GOSUB500430 L$=L$+D$:IF D$<>S$ THEN S=l

440 PRINT D$;:IF M=6 THEN GOSUB500450 IF D$=G$ THEN IF LEN(L$»=H THEN IF RIGHT$(L$,H)=H$ THEN K=1:GOSUB500460 IF SW=O GOTO 300470 CLOSE 14 80 M =0 :G OS UB 50 04 90 CL OS E2 :E ND500 F=O:S=O:REM PAUSE FOR CHANGE/RETURN KEY EXITS510 L=LEN (L$)520 IF M=2 GOT0700530 IF (M=3 OR M=7) AND K=O GOT0700540 PRINT p$;550 R=R+1: P=PEEK (151):GETC$: IFC$< >''''THENR=O:C=ASC (C$):GOT05 80560 IF P=255 OR C<>20 THEN C=0:GOT0550570 IF R<20 GOT05505 80 IF C=20 AND L>O THEN F=1:L$=LEFT$(L$, L-1):PRINTB$;590 IF C=13 GOT0700600 IF C=34 THEN PRINT CHR$(34);CHR$(20);610 IF (C AND 127»31 THEN F=l:PRINT C$;:L$=L$+C$62 0 GO T05 10700 REM RETURN - TEST FOR EXIT710 IF D$<>R$ AND M>l GOT0810720 IF L=O GOT0750730 IF K=O AND M=3 THEN FOR J=l TO L:IF MID$(L$,J,l)=S$ THEN NEXT J:K=l740 PRINT" ":PRINT#2,U$;L$;R$;:L$="":IF M<3 OR K=l GOT0510750 D$=""

800 REM CHECK FORMAT KEYS810 IF F=O GOT0920820 IF M=O GOT0920830 PRINT J$;840 GET M$: I F M$=" "GOT084085 0 IF M$="I" THEN M=1:K $="":G$="":GO T05 l0860 I FM $="S " T HE N M=7:K $="":G OS UB 93 0870 IF M$="C" THEN M=6:K $='''':G$="AA"880 IF M$="W" THEN M=5:K$=S$:G$="AA"890 IF M$="L" THEN M=4:K$=''''G$="AA"900 IF M$="P" THEN M=3:K$='''':G$=''AAn

910 IF M$="T" THEN M=2 :K $=''''G$="AA"92 0 K =O :RE TU RN

930 PRINT:INPUT"SEARCH FO R";H$94 0 H =L EN (H $) :G $=R IG HT $( H$, l) : RE TU RN



Commercial Salvaging of Information from 2040 Diskettes

Diskette salvaging should be seldom needed by theaverage PET user. If backup copies are made, and due care isexercised, there is little chance of losing information.Even so, there are occurences where vital information is lostand urgently needs to be retrieved, if possible.

Of course there are cases where diskettes are too badlydamaged to recover. Such cases would include exposure to a

strong magnetic field, physically corrupted disks (torn,folded, coffee stained, etc.), or even re-formatteddiskettes. However, some forms of diskette damage can beovercome. For example, a disk that can be initialized buthas an unreadable directory stands an excellent chance ofbeing totally reclaimed. Even diskettes that can't beinitialized can often be recovered.

There are now, in Toronto, 3 diskette repair stationsprepared to offer this service on a commercial basis to thePET community.

Syntax Logic Design32 Ecclesfield DriveAgincourt, OntarioMIW 3J6416 498 1093416 447 1750

Technical Data Services19 Wagon TrailwayWillowdale, OntarioM2J 4V4416 497 0595

Bret Butler17 Astor ia Ave.Toronto, OntarioM6N 2V5416 763 6758

Fees

Standard charges have been set up for all 3 stations.Anyone wishing diskette repair should send the diskette toone of the above addresses, amply protected for transit, andinclude a cheque or m/o for $25.00. Any pertinentinformation about the diskette would also be helpful(directory listings, WordPro files?).

Diskettes that cannot be repaired will be returned witha written report and a refund of $15.00.

Information that is recovered will be transfered to anew diskette and returned with the original and a writtenreport.

The above applies to sequential type data only (i.e. PRGfiles, SEQ files or USR files). Direct access informationwill require custom work at an extra $25.00 or more.

It is suggested that customers call before sending anymaterial.

11



OTTAWAVISIBLE MEMORYUSERS GROUP

HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS FOR THE PET Don White47 Ariel CourtNEPEAN, OntarioK2H 8Jl

The Commodore PET computer is supplied with a verycomplete set of graphics characters which, with a littleimagination, can be utilized to present extremely interestinggraphics displays. The maximum resolution available forplotting is 80x50 however, and this is somewhat limiting.Fortunately, there is a readily available solution for PETusers interested in high resolution graphics - the IntegratedVisible Memory Board (K-1008-6) manufactured by MicroTechnology Unlimited, P.O. Box 12106, Raleigh, N.C. 27605.

The features provided by this board are 1) 8K of memoryfor high resolution graphics and memory expansion, 2) 5 ROMsockets for preprograrnmed ROM's (2332's), 3) provision for a

light pen register, and 4) a KIM expansion bus for systemexpansion using other MTU boards. The Integrated VisibleMemory considers the on-board features to be 8 devices whichcan be accessed by POKEing a value into the enable controlregister at 48895 ($BEFF). The 8 devices and the controlregister values required to enable them are listed in Table1. If a number of devices are to be enabled simultaneously,the POKE value is the sum of the requisite control registervalues. For example, to enable the external KIM bus and boththe lower and upper half of Visible Memory and disable the 5ROM sockets you would execute POKE 48895,7. The boardincorporates a bank switching feature that allows more thanone device to share the same address space and thus, theenable control register allows the user to select whichdevice is enabled to respond to common addresses at aparticular time.

The board contains circuitry to display the contents ofthe 8K memory as 64,000 dots (320 wide by 200 high) on thePET monitor. By POKEing different values into the videocontrol register at address 49151 ($BFFF) it is possible toselect regular PET video, Visible Memory video, an overlaidimage of both PET video and Visible Memory Video, or a blankscreen. Table 2 lists the required POKE statements.

Installation of the Integrated Visible Memory board on anold style PET requires the K-1007-2 connector board. Thisboard plugs onto the PET memory expansion port and provides a60-wire ribbon cable connector that mates with the K-1008-6ribbon cable. It also connects to the PET's video output andits monitor video input. Actual hook-up of the system isextremely simple and can be carried out in a matter of 15minutes (after carefully reading the instructions). TheK-1007-2 is plugged onto the PET memory expansion fingers,three wi res are soldered to the power diodes on the mainlogic board, the 60-wire ribbon cable from the K-1008-6 isattached to the pins on the K-1007-2, the PET video connectoris disconnected and a connector from the K-1007-2 is plugged

12



onto the video pins on the main logic board, and the PETvideo connector is then plugged onto pins on the K-l007-2.At this point the system should be operational and it can betested by running a short diagnostic routine listed in themanual. If you have a new PET, installation is essentiallythe same except that some of the PET's internal jumpers mayhave to be cut and a different connector board, K-l007-3, isrequired.

The dimensions of the K-l008-6 are 279 rom wide by 216 rnm

deep by 25 rom thick (11"x8.5"xl") exclusive of edge fingers.It can be installed inside the PET on brackets or externallyin a card file, both items being available from MTU. If youintend to purchase other MTU products such as their 16Kmemory board (K-IOI6), floppy disk controller (K-1013),PROM-I/O board (K-IOI2), or prototyping board (K-I020) Iwould suggest obtaining the card file (K-I005-P) which willhold up to 5 boards.

The board is shipped configured for a new style 32K PET.The addressing of the board as shipped is as indicated inTable 3. There are three classes of jumpers on the board andthey can be readily changed to meet the requirements of theuser. Each of the 8 devices has its own set of addressselection jumpers, allowing each device to be independentlyaddressed on 4K boundaries. If more than one device occupiesthe same address space, it is important to ensure that onlyone device at a given address is enabled at a time. There isa second set of jumpers used to define the default enablewhich on power-up or reset writes the default configuration,previously set by the user, into the enable control registerin order to return the system to the user def ined standardconfiguration. An installed jumper will disable a device onpower-up or reset and an ommitted jumper will enable thedevice. The effect of these jumpers can be overridden by

POKEing the control register values (Table 1) into the enablecontrol register, as previously mentioned. The remalnlngjumpers are used to enable the light pen register and tooptimize the overlay of Visible Memory and PET videodepending on the type of PET, old or new.

Graphics programming of the Visible Memory can be easilyperformed using the X-Y method (Cartesian co-ordinates) ofidentifying a particular dot position. If the origin of theco-ordinate system is assumed to be in the lower left handcorner of the screen then all the displayable points are inthe first quadrant and X and Yare always positve.Converting from X-Y co-ordinates to a byte address and a bit

number can be done as follows:

BYTE ADDR = VM BASE ADDR + INT«199-Y)*40)) + INT(X/8))BIT# = X - 8*INT(X/8)

The dot can then be turned on by

POKE BYTE ADDR, PEEK(BYTE ADDR) OR BIT#

13



or off with

POKE BYTE ADDR, PEEK(BYTE ADDR) AND BIT#

A simple example of plotting sines and cosines is givenin Program 2.

You will notice in Program 2 the inclusion of some SYScommands. These call two machine language subroutines: oneto clear the screen and the other to flip all the bits on thescreen. The routines can be loaded using Program 1 and theyare stored in the second cassette buffer.

Although it is possible to do all your plotting in BASICit is much quicker to utilize machine language routines. Ifyou prefer not to develop your own, two different softwarepackages are available from MTU. The PET Graphics/TextSoftware (K-I008-3) is a set of utility routines written inmachine language but callable from BASIC. The routinesinclude high speed screen clear, point plotting, lineplotting given X and Y endpoints, and text plotting up to 22lines of 53 characters each. To facilitate running this

package with the K-I008-6 two lines in the 'BASIC INTERFACE'require changes:

114 POKE 49151,2:RETURN:REM DISPLAY VM VIDEO116 POKE 49151,1:RETURN:REM DISPLAY PET VIDEO

and two new lines should be added:

115 POKE 49151,3:RETURN:REM DISPLAY VM & PET VIDEO117 POKE 49151,0:RETURN:REM BLANK SCREEN

These modifications are required because the K-I008-3package was originally written for use with an older version

of the Visible Memory.

If you acquire this package, the bit flipping routine canbe added to it by including the following lines in theprogram 'MTU GRAPHICS':

1115 DATA = G138,* VMHI, 401160 DATA = H035,* FLIP VECT, 4ClFGl1800 DATA = GIIF,* FLIP1810 DATA AEOOHO, AOOO, 84JO, 86Jl, BIJO, 49FF1820 DATA 91JO, C8, DOF7, E8, EC38Gl, DOEF, 60

To adapt this to any size PET the value of VMHI in line 1115must be changed to the value of the top of the VisibleMemory. For examaple, if your Visible Memory is addressedfrom $4000 to $5FFF then the value of VMHI is 60. To callthe bit flipping routine the following line is added to the'BASIC INTERFACE':

127 GOSUB 100:SYS(GL%+53) :RETURN:REM FLIP BITS

One caution: If text is to be placed on the Visible Memorythe bit flipping routine should be called only after the textis in place.

14



For VM users with 'new ROM' PETs and 16K or more ofmemory (excluding the Visible Memory) there is the 'KeywordGraphics Package' (KGP). This software requires 7K of memoryand is assembled at three different locations: $2400-3FFF,$4400-5FFF and $6400-7FFF. When loaded, the program islinked to PET BASIC with a SYS command and it makes 47 newgraphics related commands available to the user. The newcommands are briefly described in Table 4. A simple exampleof using the KGP is included in Program 3.

Overall, I have found the MTU high resolution graphicssystem for the PET (I.E. hardware, software anddocumentation) to be of the highest quality. The IntegratedVisible Memory board is solidly constructed and has given noproblems after months of use, the software is easy to use andthe documentation provided is exceptionally well written.Most important of all: Micro Technology Unlimited providescontinuing support for their products. This is borne out bythe fact that I have received two update sheets descr ibingminor modifications that could be made to two of theirproducts to prevent potential problems and advising the userthat he could return the products to be modified in the plantif he did not feel comfortable in performing the workhimself.

The MTU products are currently available in Canadathrough the following dealers:

Batteries Included71 McCaul StreetTORONTO, OntarioM5T 2Xl

Conti Electronics5656 Fraser StreetVANCOUVER, B.C.V5W 2Z4

Kobetek Systems Ltd.R.R.#l

WOLFVILLE, N.S.V5W 2Z4

FUTUR BYTE INC.1189 Phillips Place

MONTREAL, Que.

15



Table 1 . Enable Control Register

CONTROL REG DEVICE VALUE BIT NO.

External KIM Bus 1 0Lower half of Visible Memory(top half of screen) 2 1Upper half of Visible Memory(lower half of screen) 4 2ROM socket 1 8 3

ROM socket 2 16 4ROM socket 3 32 5

ROM socket 4 64 6ROM socket 5 128 7

Table 2 ; Video Control Register

POKE 49151,0POKE 49151,1POKE 49151,2POKE 49151,3

Blank the screen without erasing itSelect regular PET videoSelect Visible Memory videoSelect combined image of PET and VM video

Table 3 ; 'Standard' Jumper Configuration

DEVICE

Visible Memory Low AddressVisible Memory High AddressROM socket 1ROM socket 2ROM socket 3ROM socket 4ROM socket 5External KIM Bus

ADDRESSSTATUS ONPOWER-UP

disableddisabledenabledenabledenableddisableddisableddisabled

9000-9FFFAOOO-AFFF9000-9FFFAOOO-AFFFBOOO-BFFF9000-9FFFAOOO-AFFF

a) 0000-5 FFF permanently

assigned to PETa dd re ss es 2 00 0-7F FF

b) PET AOOO-AFFF = K IM 6000-6FFFPET BO OO -BFFF = K IM 7000-7FFF

16



Table 4 KEYWORD GRAPHICS PACKAGE (KGP) COmmands

COMMAND PARAMETERS DESCRIPTION

Display Control Commands

PETMEMVISMEMPVMEM

NOMEMNRMDSP

RVSDSPFLPDSPGMODE

RDGM

val(O,l or 2)

var

Displays PET video.Displays VM videoDisplays combined PET and VM video

Blanks screenNormal display mode. Turning on pointdisplays white dot. Turning off pointdisplays black dot.Reverse display mode. Reverse of NRMDSPFlips display modeI-drawing turns dots on2-drawing turns dots offO-drawing flips dotsReads current GMODE into variable 'var'

Screen Clearing Commands

CLEARSCLEARWCLEARSCFLIP

Xl,Yl,X2,Y2

Xl,Yl,X2,Y2

Clear VMClears specified region of VMPerforms 'HOME-CLEAR' on current windowFlips specified region of VM

Boundary & Window Commands

SETWIN I,Xmin,YminXmax,Ymax

(1=0,1,2 or 3)WINDOW 1(0,1,2 or 3)

BNDCHKNOCHK

Graphics Commands

WRPIXRDPIXLINEMOVEDRAWDOTLXFFLGOFFSET

SCALE

varXl,Yl,X2,Y2X,YX,Ybvall,bva121(0 or 1)X,Y

Xval,Yval

Text Commands

CHAR bval or str(0 to 255)

AUTEXT bval or str(0 to 255)

CHSCALE val(-128 to +127)

CHROT val(0,1,2 or 3)

Creates new Window I boundary values in Memory

Makes window I the current window and turnson boundary checking

Turns on boundary checkingTurns off Boundary Checking

Write pixel at the drawing cursor co-ordinatesReads state of pixel at drawing cursor co-ordsDraws line from Xl,Y1 to X2,Y2Sets drawing cursor to X,YDraws line from drawing cursor co-ords to X,YSets parameters for dotted linesEnables or disables co-ord transformationSets Xshift to X and Yshift to Y

Sets Xscale to Xval and Ysca1e to Yval

Displays character whose value is bvalor characters in string 'str'As for CHAR except that it performs CR-LFand vertical scrolling as requiredScales characters

Rotates characters in steps of 90 degrees

17



SCROLL Xt,Yt,Xl,Yl,X2,Y2 Move the Xl,Yl corner of the regionXl,Yl,X2,Y2 to xt,Yt

Cu rso r Com ma nds

GRACSR

TEXCSRRDCSR

RDXY

Xvar,Yvar

Xvar,Yvar

Mi sc ell an eou s Com ma nd s

GRSHRT]XVMPAGE

GKILL

bval(0 to 255)

Shape Def inition Commands

CHDLOCCHTLOCRDDLOCRDTLOCCHINITCHDFCCHBLDCSETUPCHRESET

valvalvarvar

bval(O to 255}bval(O to 255}

Draws cross-hairs graphics cursor atdrawing cursor co-ordsDraws underline text cursorReads the transformed values of thedrawing cursor co-ords into variables

Reads drawing cursor co-ords into variables

Enables short form command modeDisables short form command modeSets starting page of VM at bval

Unlinks KGP from PET BASIC

These are a set of commands that allowthe user to define up to 255 shapesor characters of his own choosing.These shapes may then be recalled anddrawn anywhere on the screen.

10 REM *******************************15 REM * *20 REM * PROGRAM 1 *25 REM * *30 REM * LOADER FOR MACHINE LANGUAGE *35 REM * ROUTINES TO CLEAR VISIBLE *

40 REM * MEMORY AND FLIP ALL BITSIN

*45 REM * VISIBLE MEMO RY. *50 REM * *55 REM * CLEAR SCREEN - SYS826 *60 REM * FLIP BITS - SYS829 *65 REM * *70 REM *******************************7580

18



85 REM90 :95 IF PEEK(50000)100105 REM110115120125

130135140145150155 :160 REM165170175180185190195200205210215220 REM225230235240245250

255260265270 REM275280285290295300305310315

320 REM325 REM330 REM335 REM340 REM345 REM350 REM355 REM360 REM365 REM370 REM375 REM380 REM385 REM390 REM

THEN 150

*** NEW OR OLD ROM ***

***LOAD FOR OLD ROMS***.PRINT"[CS)CLEAR AND FLIP FOR [RVS)OLD ROMS"PRINTn[HM DN DN DN DN)"TAB(16) "[RVS)LOADING"FOR I = 826 TO 880

READ APOKE I,ANEXTEND

***LOAD FOR NEW ROMS***

PRINT" [CS)CLEAR AND FLIP FOR [RVS)NEW ROMS"PRINT"[HM DN DN DN DN) "TAB(16) "[RVS)LOADING"FOR I = 1 TO 55 : READ A : NEXTFOR I = 826 TO 880READ APOKE I,ANEXTEND

DATADATADATADATADATA

DATA

DATADATADATADATADATADATA

76,3,

208,174,177,

232,

76,3,

208,174,177,232,

***DATA FOR OLD ROMS***

64,168,251,Ill,176,

236,

3,

133,232,3,

73,

112,

76,176,236,160,255,

3,

86,134,112,0,

145,

208,

3,

177,3,

132,176,

239,

169,145,208,176,200,

96,

***DATA FOR NEW ROMS***

64,168,251,Ill,94,

236,

3,

133,232,3,

73,112,

76,94,

236,160,255,3,

86,134,112,0,

145,208,

3,95,3,

132,94,

239,

169,145,208,94,

200,96,

0,

176,243,134,208,

96,

0,

94,243,134,208,96,

******************************* ** THE LAST TWO BYTES IN EACH ** SET OF DATA MUST BE THE ** HIGH BYTE OF THE START AND ** END ADDRESSES OF THE VM. *

** START ADDR

* ----------* $2000* $4000* $6000* $9000

*

DATA

32,6464,9696,128144,176

******************************

174,20096

177247

128

174,2009695

247128

********

III

III



100105110115120125130135140145

150155160165170175180185190195200205210215220225230235240245250255260265270

275280285290295300305310315320325330335

340345350355360365370375380385390395

400405

REMREMREMREMREMREMREMREMREMREM

REMREMREM

******************************

* ***

PROGRAM 2 **

* EXAMPLE OF HIGH RESOLUTION ** PLOTTING USING MTU VISIBLE ** MEMORY. *

* ***

**

* PROGRAM USES CLR AND FLIP* ML ROUTINES AT SYS826 AND

* SYS829, RESPECTIVELY.*******************************

REM **INITIALIZE**

VLO = 6 * 4096AN = 2 * ii/320

:REM Vf.iLOW ADDRESS:REM ANGLE CONSTANT

SYS 826POKE 49151, 2

:REM CLEAR VM:REM DISPLAY VM

REM **DRAW AXES**

YS = VLO :REM **********YE = YS + 199*40 :REM * DRAW *FOR I = YS TO YE STEP40 :REM * *POKE I, 128 :REM * Y-AXIS *NEXT :REM **********

.XS = VLO + 99*40 :REM **********XE = XS + 39 :REM * DRAW *FOR I = XS TO XE :REM * *

POKE I, 255 :REM * X-AXIS *NEXT :REM **********

REM **PLOT SINE CURVE**

FOR X = 0 TO 319 STEP2Y = 99 * SIN(AN*X) + 99GOSUB 500NEXT

FOR I = 1 TO 1000 : NEXT

REM **PLOT COSINE CURVE**

FOR X = 0 TO 319 STEP3Y = 99 * COS(AN*X) + 99GOSUB 500NEXT

FOR I = 1 TO 1000 : NEXT

REM **FLIP BITS**

SYS 829

20



410 ·415 FOR I = 1 TO 5000 : NEXT420425 REM **FLIP AGAIN**430435 SYS 829440445 GET ZZ$ . IF ZZ$ = nn THEN 445

450 ··55 REM **RESTORE PET VIDEO**

460465 PRINT n[CS]n

470 ·47!)POKE 49151, 1480485 END490495500 REM **PLOT POINT AT (X,Y)**505510 AD = 40 * INT(199-Y) + INT(X/8) + VLO515 BT = 2....7-(X AND 7»520 POKE AD, (PEEK(AD) OR BT)525 RETURN

100105110115120125130135

140145150155160165170175180185190195200

205210215220225230235240245250255260270

REMREMREMREMREMREMREMREM

REM

****************************

* ***

PROGRAM 3 **

* PLOTTING A SINE WAVE ** UTILIZING THE MTU ** KEYWORD GRAPHICS PACKAGE *

* *****************************

REM ***INITIALIZATION***

AN = 2 * 1i/320CLEARVISMEMNRMDSPGMODE1

:REM ANGLE CONST:REM CLEAR VM VIDEO:REM DISPLAY VM:REM NORMAL DISPLAY:REM DRAWING TURNS POINTS ON

REM ***DRAW AXES***

DOT L2, 3

LINE 0, 0, 0, 199LINE 0, 100, 319, 100

:REM DOTTED LINE

:REM DRAW Y-AXIS:REM DRAW X-AXIS

REM ***PLOT SINE CURVE***

FOR X = 1 TO 319 STEP2MOVEX,(99 * SIN(AN*X) + 100)WRPIXNEXT

:REM MOVE CURSOR:REM PLOT POINT

.GET ZZ$ IF ZZ$ = nn THEN 255

PETMEM :REM RETURN TO PET VIDEO

21



CARD PRINTING UTILITY D. Hook58 Steele St.Barrie, OntarioL4M 2E9

There are some occasions when you may wish to program acard game. By addition of a subroutine that gives goodgraphics (for the card symbols), most would be improved.Since this would represent too much work, the finished

version fails to take advantage of the Pet's forte.

This program attempts to remove the drudgery from thetask. By understanding its mechanics, I hope that you canadd the feature. See me at the next TPUG meeting if youcan't be bothered typing it all in.

I have included a variables cross-reference (thanks toJim Butterfield) and a separate chart to make the graphicsmore easily entered.

Consult the listing as we work through the flow:

Line 10-80:Data statements used in the initialization.

Subroutine 40000:First seeds the random number generator. Creates the

D%( array forD% decks of cards. The card values are:

0-1213-2526-3839-51

A23 45 •••KA2345 •••K

A2345 •••KA2345 •••K

clubsdiamondsheartsspades

These values are very important identifiers to recoverthe suit and value of the card in question.

Since D% is no longer needed, it is redef ined to thetotal number of cards in the game (minus 1).

The I$( array is simply the index value to be printed inthe corner of each card. These are read from Data Line 10.

The S$( array is two-dimensional. The first has 0,1,2suit symbols read from blanks, Sl$ and S2$. The seconddimension refers to the suits: 0-3 in the same order asabove.

The S% ( array is for spot cards 1 through 10, and forrows 1 to 7 of each card to be printed. Line 20 provides thedata. Note the lack of "0" entries, as the comma issufficient.

The entries in the array indicate the NUMBER OF SUITSYMBOLS that belong in each row. Since we are not concerned

22



with the actual suit at this time, all the spot cards of agiven value will be the same.

For the face cards, the F$(I,J) array is defined:

I = 1,2,3 for J,Q,KJ = 1-7 for rows 1-7

The data in Lines 40-80 give the strings for the cardpictures. To facilitate entry of these graphics, the tablebelow is provided:

GRAPHICS DATA LINES 40 - 80

Jack1. " la RO b Rv b b "2. " b RO < Rv b Rv b b "3. " b RO ) Rv ) RO la Rv b b "4. " b & ) V RO ) Rv & b "5. " b b la RO ) Rv ) RO Rv b "6. " b b P b RO . Rv b "7. " b b RO ) b la "

Queen8. " ) P b b b "9. " b RO ) Rv B * b b b "

10. " b RO b b b b Rv . b "11. " b & V V V & b "12. " b < RO b b b b Rv b "13. " b b b 4 ] ) b "14. " b b b L ) "

King15. " la RO b b Rv ) b "16. " b b b & B b "17. " b RO b b b < Rv b "18. " b & ? ? ? & b "19. " b RO . b b b Rv b "

20. " b ] & b % b b "21. " b RO ) b b l a "

Code:

" = quoteb = blankRv = reverse onRO = reverse off

la = shifted left arrow

All other keys are their "shifted" equivalents (i.e.g ra ph ic s) •

We now return to the main-line program.

23



Three subroutines are offered in the menu:

The DISPLAY CARDS is simply for use in de-bugging, andneed not be part of any program that you may use.

The SHUFFLE is an integral part of any game program, andis both compact and fast.

The SUBROUTINE FOR GAMES allows the many options thatare essential to the utility of this program.

DISPLAY CARDS--SUBRO UTINE 4 2000

Virtually all of this is duplicated in Subroutine 43000,where the main discussion will take place.

The purpose is to print (on the sceen) the pictures forall the cards used in the game. Line 42020 def ines thestarting line, L%=7, sets up to print, A%=5, cards across thescreen, and will start printing at tab, TB=O.

Variable L is the loop counter to print from card C%=Oto C%=D%, the last card of the last deck. Since no shuffling

takes place, you may see the deck (s) flash by. Starting atthe A of clubs, the K of spades will be the last, regardlessof the number of decks selected.

S HU FF LE --SU BR OU TI NE 4 10 00

Some sort routines require an extra array to store theintermediate values. Others require a pointer array to flagthe cards already taken.

No such precautions need be taken here. The array issorted in place. A card already chosen will not be shuffled

again, so the process takes only N-l passes for N cards. Ifyou haven't seen this before, follow the logic below:

The loop variable is I, for the D% cards. Variable J%provides a random number from 0 to D% on the first pass.Thus all cards are available to be selected.

Assume we have one deck, so D% is 51. Assume the randomnumber, or J%, is 14. Let's say that card number 14 is the Aof clubs. In our deck, the card value is 0 (see above).

Define K%=D%(l4), which means K%=O this time.

Now comes the exchange, where we take the last value,D%(5l), and put it into D%(l4). ( We haven't lost D%(l4),since it is stored in K% ).

Put K% into the last position, or D%(5l), and the firstpass is complete.

24



If you have observed that the loop counter, variable I,appears throughout, you may see what happens next.

As NEXT I is reached for the next pass, the upperboundary shrinks by one. The (former) last entry cannot bechosen for J%, nor be part of the subsequent exchange.

Eachshuffled.

pass gets another card,A pretty tidy routine!

and the deck(s) get

SUBROUTINE FOR GAMES--SUBROUTINE 43000

Initially you are asked to respond to a series ofquestions which will establish the various variables to beused in your game. These prompts are only to provide a cuefor your usage, so lines 43000 to 43040 can be dropped. Beadvised that you will have to provide for these to be definedin your program.

P% is the total number of cards to be printed. Make ita large number if you plan to play your game for a while.

L% is the screen lineprinted. The cards are 9start. You may definesubroutine call.

number where the card is to berows high, so watch where youthis differently before each

A% is the number of cards across the screen. The tabvalues are reset based on this value. Since the cards are 7spaces wide, only 5 cards may fit across the screen. Thistoo may be changed before calling.

TB% is the tab position for the first card on the line.Note that if 5 cards are pr inted, you must start at TB% =0.Whenever A% is checked, the tab position advances by 8positions (Line 43150). Change this line if you want widerspacing between the cards.

M% is the variable to detect when to reshuffle the wholedeck(s). Line 43040 sets this to the whole deck(s), so keepthis if it suits you. Otherwise redefine it to a convenientnumber, based on the number of decks in play.

Note that this routine does not give an automatic firstshuffle when the "game" begins. Do this yourself with a callto SBR 41000.

On to the meat of the routine:

Line 43100:

Initializes the card counter, C%, to select the nextcard from the deck. This is an index to the actual cardarray, D%(. The next check is to see whether it is time toshuffle--if it is, then the shuffle is done.

Please observe that I have included the "L" loop as part

25



of the subroutine. In your game this would undoubtedly bepart of the main code. It has been done this way to allow

printing as part of this program.

Line 43130:You will recall that our deck consists of coded (0-51)

values to represent the cards. Here we extract the suit intovariable S%=0,1,2,3 and the card value into variable V%=1-13

(A23 •••K) •

Since you will want to employ these values in your game,

you have them on return to your main routine.

Line 43140:Checks to see if it is time to print back in the "first"

location again. Depends on the afore-mentioned values forA%, TB%, L%. Recall that variable "L" simply is the counterfor the total number of cards printed.

Line 43150:Tabs ahead 8 spaces hor izontally and moves the cursor

up. Only used where several cards are to appear on the samescreen line. Change as described above, if you wish.

Line 43160:The top line of every card has its "index" name (upper

left corner) and is filled out with blanks. We then enterthe loop to print the next seven rows down.

Line 43170:If the card is a face card, branch around to Line 43500.

Line 43250:This part gets tricky •••use the value of the card, V%

and the row number,J as an index into the S%( array. Thatarray will give you the number of suit symbols (0,1,2) to be

printed on a given line for the card.

Then combine that with the suit variable, S% todetermine which symbols to put on that line. The array, S$(gets the right ones to print.

For spot cards, this is repeated for each of the sevenrows.

L in es 4 35 00 ,4 35 10 :For face cards, we need to print the proper suit symbol

near the upper left and the lower right. If J=l or J=7 then

this is done at the start of each of these lines.Then we look at array F$( to get the card value, V%-10and the row number, J.

Line 43520:If J<>l or J<>7 then we just do the second half of the

above.

26



We loop 7 times then print the bottom line of the card.The lower right corner also contains our "index" name.

Line 43800:Since we are printing "L" cards, we cannot forget this

loop. This, like the FOR in Line 43100 should be in yourmain program.

CROSS REFERENCE - PROGRAM CARD UTILITY

A% 42020 42030 43020 43140C% 42000 42010 43100 43130D% 40000 40010 40020 41000 41010 42000 43040D%{ 40020 41000 41010 42010 43130E9 40000F${ 40080 42500 42510 42520 43500 43510 43520I 40000 40020 40030 40050 40060 40070 40080 41000 41010I${ 40030 42050 42750 43160 43750

J 40000 40020 40070 40080 42050 42070 42500 42510 42520 42750 4316043250 43500 43510 43520 43750J% 40000 41000 41010K% 40000 41000 41010L 42000 42030 42800 43100 43140 43800L% 42020 42030 43010 43140M% 43040 43100P% 43000 43100S${ 40050 40060 42070 43250S% 42010 42070 42500 42510 43130 43250 43500 43510S% { 40070 42070 43250Sl$ 40040 40050S2$ 40040 40060

T% 42030 42040 42050 42070 42500 42510 42520 42750 43140 43150 4316043250 43500 43510 43520 43750TB% 42020 42030 43030 43140TI 40000V% 42010 42050 42060 42070 42500 42510 42520 42750 43130 43160 43170

43250 43500 43510 43520 43750Z 130 140 150 15010 43000 43010 43020 43030 43040Z$ 120 130 160 15000 15010

27



Simple 8010 Modem Programs Jim ButterfieldToronto

The programs that come with the Commodore 8010 modem maynot quite fit your needs. For one thing, a NULL characterfrom the line will cause the program to stop, since the inputarrives as a null string and the ASC function won't work. Ifyou communicate with computers that send parity - an extrabit intended to safeguard transmission - you'll get some

funny looking things on your PET screen.

Speed is of the essence in this kind of Basic program:waste a few moments and you may lose an incoming character.As a result, the programs are no-frills. Watch carefully fortiming if you try dressing them up with your own features.

PET TO ASCII

We need to translate PET's internal code to ASCII, andvice versa; and we need to do it fast. Result: an array forquick translation each way. F (x) translates incomingcharacters from the line; T(x) translates to the line.

Most non-printing characters are dropped; I've preservedonly the carriage return, CHR$(13), and the Delete, CHR$(20)to PET and CHR$ (8) to the line. If your favor ite computerneeds other special characters, you may put them in thetable: for example, if the computer recognizes Data LinkEscape (DLE, sometimes called Control-P), you could code itas shifted-zero on the PET keyboard with: 250 T(176)=16.

The POKE 1020,0 on line 280 is needed for the new 4.0systems to ensure that IEEE timeout works properly.

PET to PET

Much simpler, of course, since no translation is needed.Delete the POKE 59468, 14 (or change it to POKE 59468, 12) ifyou want to stay in graphics. This way, you can drawpictures on the other PET's screen.

All of the cursor controls and graphics work, of course.You can even clear the opposite screen remotely, if you wish.

28



For communications to an ASCII system:

100 REM 8010 INTERFACE JIM BUTTERFIELD110 REM FOR ASCII LINES120 REM SET SWITCH TO HD200 DIM F(255}, T(255}210 FOR J=32 TO 64 : T(J}=J : NEXT J : T(13)=13 : T(20)=8220 FOR J=65 TO 90 : K=J+32 : T(J)=K : NEXT J230 FOR J=91 TO 95 : T(J}=J : NEXT J240 FOR J=193 TO 218 : K=J-128 : T(J)=K : NEXT J

250 REM ADD EXTRA FUNCTIONS HERE260 FOR J=O TO 255 K=T(J): IF K THEN F(K)=J F(K+128)=J270 NEXT J280 POKE 1020, 0 : POKE 59468,14290 OPEN 5,5 : PRINT "ASCII I/O READY"300 GET A$ : IF A$ < > " " THEN PRINTi5, CHR$(T(ASC(A$»);310 GETi5, A$ : IF ST=O AND A$ < > " " THEN PRINT CHR$(F(ASC(A$»);320 GOTO 300

For Communications to Another PET:

100 REM 8010 INTERFACE JIM BUTTERFIELD

110 REM FOR PET INTERCOMMUNICATION120 REM SET SWITCH TO HD280 POKE 1020, 0 : POKE 59468,14 If text mode desired290 OPEN 5,5 : PRINT "PET I/O READY"300 GET A$ : IF A$ < > " " THEN PRINTi5, A$;310 GETi5, A$ : IF ST=O THEN PRINT A$;320 GOTO 300

Editor's Note

We're looking into the possibil ity of downloading PET programsusing a simple BASIC driver. Attempts thus far have failed,mostly due to the faul t of the driver. The task may require alittle machine language, but we'll keep you posted.

29



An Incomplete PET/CBM Bibliography

Hands On Basic with A PET Herbert D. PeckhamMcGraw-Hill Ryerson 330 Progress Ave., Toronto Ont., MIP 2Z5

Some Common Basic Programs PET/CBM Edition ed. L. PooleOsborne/McGraw-Hill 630 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, Ca. 94710

Practical Basic ProgramsOsborne/McGraw-Hill 630 Bancroft Way,

ed. L. PooleBerkeley, Ca. 94710

6502 Assembly Language ProgrammingOsborne/McGraw-Hill 630 Bancroft Way,

Lance A. LeventhalBerkeley, Ca. 94710

Pet and the IEEE 488 Bus (GPIB) Eugene Fisher / C.W. JensenOsborne/McGraw-Hill 630 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, Ca. 94710

PET/CBM Personal Computer Guide *Osborne/McGraw-Hill 630 Bancroft Way,

C.S. Donahue & J.K. EngerBerkeley, Ca. 94710

Care and Feeding of The Commodore PETElcomp Publishing 3873-L Schaefer Ave. Chino Ca. 91710

8K Microsoft BASIC Reference ManualElcomp Publishing 3873-L Schaefer Ave. Chino Ca. 91710

The Pet Subroutine Library * Nick HampshireComputabits Ltd. P.O. Box 13, Yeovil, Somerset, UK

The Pet Revealed 2nd ed * Nick HampshireComputabits Ltd. P.O. Box 13, Yeovil, Somerset, UK

6502 Software Design Leo J. ScanlonHoward W. Sams 4300 West 62nd st., Indianapolis, Indiana 46206

Programming & Interfacing the 6502, With Experiments Dr. De JongHoward W. Sams 4300 West 62nd St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46206

Programming the 6502Sybex 2344 6th St.

Rodney ZaksBerkeley, Ca.

6502 GamesSybex 2344 6th St.


6502 Applications BookSybex 2344 6th St.


Microprocessor Systems Engineering R.C.Kemp/T.A.Smay/C.J.Triska

Matrix Publishers 30 N.W. 23rd Place Portland, Oregon 97210

Practical Microcomputer Programming: The 6502 W. J. WellerNorthern ,Technology Books Evanston, II.

Programming a Microcomputer: 6502 Caxton C. FosterAddison-Wesley Publishing 36 Prince Andrew Pl. Don Mills Ont.

PIMSScelbi Publishing Co. P.O. Box 133 PP Stn Milford, Ct. 06460

Pet Machine Language GuideAbacus Software P.O. Box 7211

Arnie LeeGrand Rapids Mich. 49510

30



Understanding Your PET/CBM Vol. 1TIS Workbooks: Getting Started with Your PET

PET String and Array HandlingPET GraphicsPET Cassette I/OMiscellaneous PET FeaturesPET Control and Logic

TIS P.O. Box 921 Los Alamos, Ca.

PERIODICALS

The TransactorCommodore Bus. Mach. 3370 Pharmacy Ave. Agincourt, Onto Canada

CPUCN Newsletter (UK)Commodore Systems Ltd. Slough Trading Estate 818 Leigh Rd.Slough Berkshire, England SL1 6BB

Commodore U.S. NewsletterCommodore Systems Ltd. 3330 Scott Blvd. Santa Clara, Ca. 95051

Compute, The Journal of Progressive ComputingP.O.Box 5406 Greensboro, NC 27403

CursorThe Code Works Box 550 Goleta, Ca 93017

The PAPERP.O. Box 524 East Setauket, New York 11733

PET Prime c/o Guy LegerMetro Separate School Board 146 Laird Dr. Toronto, Onto M4G 3V8

Kilobaud MICROCOMPUTING 1001001 Inc.Peterborough, NH 27403

Micro: The 6502 JournalP.O. Box 6502 Chelmsford, Ma 01824

Creative ComputingP.o. Box 789 Morristown, NJ 07960

Practical ComputingIPC Business Press Oakfield House, Perrymount Rd.,Hayward Heath, Sussex RH16 3DH, UK

PrintoutGreenacre, North ST. , Sussex RH16 3DH, UK

PET Benelux Exchange (Dutch text)Burgemeester Van Such Telenstraat 46Deventer, Holland

7413 XP

NOTES

The above books and periodicals cover a wide rangeinformation and topics. The PET masochist reader will wantalready has them all) to include them in his or her library.novice will find several elementary books. * AvailableCommodore dealers.

of{orThe

from

The periodicals are directly related to the PET (or havesignificant monthly columns). The British magazines are usuallyavailable in large Metropolitan areas.



D O E S S C H O O L r ~ T H E M A T I C S L E A V E Y O U

( O R M E M B E R S O F Y O U R F A M I L Y ) S T R U N G O U T ?

I F S O l G E T O N - L I N E ! !

S e n e c a C o l l e g e i s i n i t i a t i n g a p i l o t p r o j e c t t o a s s e s s t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f o f f e r i n go n - l i n e C o m p u t e r A s s i s t e d I n s t r u c t i o n t o o w n e r s o f p e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r s . I f y o u h a v e( 1 ) a c c e s s t o a c o m p a t i b l e a c o u s t i c c o u p l e r , ( 2 ) a t e l e p h o n e l i n e t h a t c a n b e d e d i -

c a t e d t o C A l f o r s i g n i f i c a n t p e r i o d s o f t i m e , a n d ( 3 ) a m e m b e r o f y o u r f a m i l y w h ow o u l d l i k e t o u p g r a d e h i s / h e r m a t h s k i l l s , w e c a n t a l k t u r k e y .

W h e t h e r y o u ( o r m e m b e r s o f y o u r f a m i l y ) n e e d d e v e l o p m e n t a l w o r k i n s e c o n d a r y - l e v e lm a t h , r e m e d i a l w o r k , o r j u s t a l i t t l e b r u s h - u p o f p r e v i o u s l y - a t t a i n e d s k i l l s , S e n e c a ' sC e n t r e f o r I n d e p e n d e n t L e a r n i n g c a n p r o b a b l y b e o f h e l p . W e o f f e r t h r e e d i f f e r e n tc o u r s e s i n m a t h e m a t i c s s p a n n i n g t h e r a n g e f r o m I n t e r m e d i a t e g r a d e l e v e l t o G r a d e 1 2a s f o l l o w s :

I n t e r m e d i a t e A r i t h m e t i c - A d d i t i o n , s u b t r a c t i o n , m u l t i p l i c a t i o n a n d d i v i s i o n o f w h o l en u m b e r s , f a c t o r i n g , r o o t s o f p e r f e c t s q u a r e s , e x p o n e n t s , o r d e r o f o p e r a t i o n s , a d d i t i o n ,s u b t r a c t i o n , m u l t i p l i c a t i o n a n d d i v i s i o n o f d e c i m a l n u m b e r s ; a d d i t i o n , s u b t r a c t i o n ,m u l t i p l i c a t i o n a n d d i v i s i o n o f f r a c t i o n s ; i n t e r c o n v e r s i o n o f d e c i m a l f r a c t i o n s a n dc o m m o n f r a c t i o n s ; t w o - t e r m r a t i o s a n d p e r c e n t .

I n t e g e r s a n d R a t i o n a l s - A d d i t i o n , s u b t r a c t i o n , m u l t i p l i c a t i o n a n d d i v i s i o n o f i n -

t e g e r s ; a d d i t i o n , s u b t r a c t i o n , m u l t i p l i c a t i o n a n d d i v i s i o n o f r a t i o n a l n u m b e r s i nf r a c t i o n f o r m ; a d d i t i o n , s u b t r a c t i o n , m u l t i p l i c a t i o n a n d d i v i s i o n o f r a t i o n a l n u m b e r s

i n d e c i m a l f o r m . T h i s c o u r s e a s s u m e s c o m p e t e n c y i n t h e s k i l l s c o v e r e d b y I n t e r m e d i -a t e A r i t h m e t i c .

P r e r e q u i s i t e M a t h e m a t i c s - O p e r a t i o n s w i t h s i g n e d i n t e g e r s ; s i g n s a n d c o m m o nf r a c t i o n s ; c o m p l e x f r a c t i o n s ; d e c i m a l n o t a t i o n a n d o p e r a t i o n s ; p e r c e n t a g e ; l a w s o fe x p o n e n t s ; a l g e b r a i c s u b s t i t u t i o n ; o p e r a t i o n s w i t h : m o n o m i a l s a n d p o l y n o m i a l s ; r a t i o ,p r o p o r t i o n a n d v a r i a t i o n ; l i n e a r e q u a t i o n s ; q u a d r a t i c e q u a t i o n s ; s c i e n t i f i c n o t a t i o n ;

s i g n i f i c a n t d i g i t s ; l o g a r i t h m s ; f o r m u l a m a n i p u l a t i o n . T h i s c o u r s e a s s u m e s t h ea b i l i t y t o p e r f o r m b a s i c o p e r a t i o n s w i t h w h o l e n u m b e r s a n d i s t h e m o s t a d v a n c e do f t h e t h r e e c o u r s e s l i s t e d h e r e ( i n s p i t e o f i t s n a m e . )

W h a t a r e t h e f e e s ? Z i l c h , n i l , z e r o - - b u t t h e r e i s a t r a d e - o f f ( s e e n e x tp a r a g r a p h . )

W h a t i s r e q u i r e d o f p a r t i c i p a n t s ? I n e x c h a n g e f o r f r e e a c c e s s t o t h e c o u r s e s l i s t e da b o v e , w e e x p e c t y o u r a s s i s t a n c e i n e v a l u a t i n g t h i s p i l o t p r o j e c t . T h e r e w i l l b e

q u e s t i o n n a i r e s t o f i l l o u t a n d p e r h a p s a g r o u p m e e t i n g t o a t t e n d ( t o e n s u r e t h a t w el e a r n w h a t w e n e e d t o l e a r n i n o r d e r t o m a k e a d e c i s i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e l a t e r e x p a n -s i o n o f t h i s s e r v i c e . )

W h a t i s t h e t i m e - f r a m e ? A s s u m i n g t i m e l y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s n e w s l e t t e r a n d a t i m e l yr e s p o n s e f r o m y o u , t h e S e n e c a H o m e C A I p i l o t p r o j e c t c a n b e g i n i n e a r l y D e c e m b e r a n di s e x p e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e f o r a t l e a s t t w o m o n t h s , g i v i n g a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s t i m e e n o u g ht o c o m p l e t e t h e i r c o u r s e s a n d e v a l u a t e o u r s e r v i c e s .

I f y o u a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n p a r t i c i p a t i n g a c t i v e l y i n S e n e c a ' s p i l o t p r o j e c t , p l e a s e c o m -

p l e t e a n d r e t u r n t h e F o r m o n t h e o p p o s i t e s i d e o f t h i s p a g e . ( N o t e : I n t h e c a s e o f

a n o v e r w h e l m i n g r e s p o n s e t o t h i s o f f e r , w e r e s e r v e t h e r i g h t t o l i m i t t h e n u m b e r o f

p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e S e n e c a H o m e C A I p i l o t p r o j e c t . )

The Transactor V2 11

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