THE TISSUES & INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (LABORATORY MANUAL) BY: ROMER, PINO,...
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Transcript of THE TISSUES & INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (LABORATORY MANUAL) BY: ROMER, PINO,...
THE TISSUES & INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMTHE TISSUES & INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (LABORATORY MANUAL) HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (LABORATORY MANUAL) BY: ROMER, PINO, POPE, CHAPTER # 2BY: ROMER, PINO, POPE, CHAPTER # 2
FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY BY MARTINI, FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY BY MARTINI, 77THTH EDITION, CHAPTERS # 4 & 5 EDITION, CHAPTERS # 4 & 5
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
PRESENTATION CREATED BY:PRESENTATION CREATED BY:
ALFONSO A. PINO, MD.ALFONSO A. PINO, MD.
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
BASEBASE
It contains:It contains: Off on switchOff on switch Voltage regulatorVoltage regulator illuminatorilluminator
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
STAGESTAGE
It supports the It supports the microscope slides microscope slides and contains and contains slide clips and slide clips and mechanical stagemechanical stage
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
MECHANICAL STAGEMECHANICAL STAGE
It has 2 knobs for It has 2 knobs for movement of the movement of the slides from left to slides from left to right and front to right and front to backback
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
SUBSTANCE CONDENSORSUBSTANCE CONDENSOR
It has 3 parts:It has 3 parts: blue filterblue filter iris diaphragmiris diaphragm condenser lenscondenser lens
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
Blue filter:Blue filter: the short wavelength the short wavelength
of the blue light provides of the blue light provides maximum resolutionmaximum resolution
Iris diaphragm:Iris diaphragm: controls the amount of controls the amount of
light passing from the light passing from the slide sourceslide source
Condenser lens:Condenser lens: collets and focuses collets and focuses
the light from the the light from the illuminator onto the slideilluminator onto the slide
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
LENSESLENSES They magnify the imageThey magnify the image Objectives: they have 3 Objectives: they have 3
or 4 objectives or 4 objectives 4X scanner4X scanner 10X low power10X low power 40X high dry40X high dry 100 X oil emersion lens100 X oil emersion lens Ocular lens or eyepiece:Ocular lens or eyepiece: it is 10X and it can have it is 10X and it can have
a scalea scale
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
ADJUSTMENT KNOBSADJUSTMENT KNOBS
They are for focusingThey are for focusing Coarse adjustment Coarse adjustment
knob:knob: for locating and for locating and
focusing objects (DO focusing objects (DO NOT USE for high NOT USE for high magnification)magnification)
Fine adjustment knob: Fine adjustment knob: (small)(small)
for focusing on higher for focusing on higher powerspowersknobs
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
ARMARM
Supports the Supports the objective lens objective lens
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
CARES OF THE MICROSCOPECARES OF THE MICROSCOPE
When moving the microscope, carry it with When moving the microscope, carry it with 2 hands (one hand to grip the arm and the 2 hands (one hand to grip the arm and the other under the baseother under the base
Lenses have to be clean with lens paper Lenses have to be clean with lens paper (to keep them free of oil and dust). (to keep them free of oil and dust).
Do not use the coarse adjustment when Do not use the coarse adjustment when focusing with the higher power objectivesfocusing with the higher power objectives
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
PROCEDURESPROCEDURES
1- Turn on the illuminator using the on/off switch1- Turn on the illuminator using the on/off switch 2- Turn the nosepiece to bring the 4X objective (scanner) into 2- Turn the nosepiece to bring the 4X objective (scanner) into
positionposition 3- Raise the stage into its highest position3- Raise the stage into its highest position 4- Place a slide of the letter “e” in the slide clamp on the stage4- Place a slide of the letter “e” in the slide clamp on the stage 5- Turn the coarse adjustment knob to bring the “e” into focus5- Turn the coarse adjustment knob to bring the “e” into focus 6- Measure the field (the brightly lighted circle that you see 6- Measure the field (the brightly lighted circle that you see
when you look through the ocular lens)when you look through the ocular lens) 7- Center the ”e” in your field of view and then rotate the 7- Center the ”e” in your field of view and then rotate the
nosepiece to 10Xnosepiece to 10X 8- Use the fine adjustment knob to focus until the image is 8- Use the fine adjustment knob to focus until the image is
sharp. Draw the image. Do not use the coarse adjustmentsharp. Draw the image. Do not use the coarse adjustment 10- Rotate the nosepiece until the 40X. Draw the image 10- Rotate the nosepiece until the 40X. Draw the image
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
CUBOIDAL CELLSCUBOIDAL CELLS
Simple cuboidal kidneySimple cuboidal kidney
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
COLUMNAR CELLSCOLUMNAR CELLS Simple columnar small intestineSimple columnar small intestine
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
TISSUETISSUE
CONCEPTCONCEPT- IT IS A COLLECTION OF SPECIALIZED CELLS & - IT IS A COLLECTION OF SPECIALIZED CELLS & CELLS PRODUCTS THAT ARE ORGANIZED CELLS PRODUCTS THAT ARE ORGANIZED TO PERFORM FUNCTIONSTO PERFORM FUNCTIONS
4 TYPES :4 TYPES : EPITHELIAL TISSUEEPITHELIAL TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUECONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCLE TISSUEMUSCLE TISSUE NEURAL TISSUENEURAL TISSUE
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
EPITHELIAL TISSUEEPITHELIAL TISSUE- IT COVERS EXPOSED SURFACES (SKIN), - IT COVERS EXPOSED SURFACES (SKIN), LINES INTERNAL PASSAGES & CHAMBERSLINES INTERNAL PASSAGES & CHAMBERS (DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY, REPRODUCTIVE AND , (DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY, REPRODUCTIVE AND , URINARY SYSTEMS )URINARY SYSTEMS ) IT FORMS GLANDSIT FORMS GLANDS
CONNECTIVE TISSUECONNECTIVE TISSUE- IT FILLS INTERNAL SPACES,- IT FILLS INTERNAL SPACES, PROVIDES STRUCTURE SUPPORT ,PROVIDES STRUCTURE SUPPORT , TRANSPORTS MATERIAL WITHIN THE BODY &TRANSPORTS MATERIAL WITHIN THE BODY & STORES ENERGYSTORES ENERGY
MUSCLE TISSUEMUSCLE TISSUE- IT CONTRACTS TO PERFORM MOVEMENT. - IT CONTRACTS TO PERFORM MOVEMENT.
IT GENERATES HEAT THAT WARMS THE BODYIT GENERATES HEAT THAT WARMS THE BODY
NEURAL TISSUE-NEURAL TISSUE- IT CARRIES INFORMATION FROM ONE PART OF IT CARRIES INFORMATION FROM ONE PART OF THE BODY TO ANOTHER BY ELECTRICAL IMPULSES THE BODY TO ANOTHER BY ELECTRICAL IMPULSES
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
FUNCTIONS OF THE EPITHELIAFUNCTIONS OF THE EPITHELIA
PHYSICAL PROTECTIONPHYSICAL PROTECTION-- FROM ABRASION, FROM ABRASION, DEHYDRATION, CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL AGENTSDEHYDRATION, CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL AGENTS CONTROL PERMEABILITYCONTROL PERMEABILITY-- REGULATED BY REGULATED BY HORMONES, TRANSPORT IONS & NUTRIENTSHORMONES, TRANSPORT IONS & NUTRIENTS PROVIDES SENSATIONSPROVIDES SENSATIONS-- TOUCH RECEPTORS, TOUCH RECEPTORS, NEUROEPITHELIUM CONTEINS SENSORY CELLS NEUROEPITHELIUM CONTEINS SENSORY CELLS THATPRODUCE SENSATIONS OF SMELL, TASTE, THATPRODUCE SENSATIONS OF SMELL, TASTE, SIGTH, EQUILLIBRIUM OR HEARINGSIGTH, EQUILLIBRIUM OR HEARING PROVIDES SECRETIONSPROVIDES SECRETIONS-- GLANDS CELLS PRODECE GLANDS CELLS PRODECE SECRETIONS FOR PHYSICAL PROTECTION, CHEMICAL SECRETIONS FOR PHYSICAL PROTECTION, CHEMICAL
MENSSAGERS IN INTERSTITIAL FLUID & BLOODMENSSAGERS IN INTERSTITIAL FLUID & BLOOD
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE EPITHELIACLASSIFICATION OF THE EPITHELIA
SHAPESHAPE- SQUAMOUS- THIN & FLAT- SQUAMOUS- THIN & FLAT CUBOIDAL- LIKE LITTLE HEXAGONAL BOXESCUBOIDAL- LIKE LITTLE HEXAGONAL BOXES COLUMNAR- TALLER & MORE SLENDERCOLUMNAR- TALLER & MORE SLENDER
NUMBER OF CELLSNUMBER OF CELLS SIMPLE- SINGLE LAYER OF CELLSSIMPLE- SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS STRATIFIED- SEVERAL LAYERS OF CELLSSTRATIFIED- SEVERAL LAYERS OF CELLS
COMBINATIONS OF SHAPE & NUMBERCOMBINATIONS OF SHAPE & NUMBER
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
TYPES OF EPITHELIA TISSUES WITH EXAMPLESTYPES OF EPITHELIA TISSUES WITH EXAMPLES
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS- Lung, serous membranes, lining heartSIMPLE SQUAMOUS- Lung, serous membranes, lining heart STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS- epidermis, mouth, throat, vaginaSTRATIFIED SQUAMOUS- epidermis, mouth, throat, vagina
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL- glands, ducts, kidney tubulesSIMPLE CUBOIDAL- glands, ducts, kidney tubules STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL- linings some ductsSTRATIFIED CUBOIDAL- linings some ducts
TRANSITIONAL- urinary bladder, ureters TRANSITIONAL- urinary bladder, ureters
SIMPLE COLUMNAR- stomach, gallbladder, uterine tubesSIMPLE COLUMNAR- stomach, gallbladder, uterine tubes PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM- PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM- respiratory tract respiratory tract
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM- salivary glands ductsSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM- salivary glands ducts
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium(Martini pg 115)
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
FUNCTIONS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUEFUNCTIONS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
IT FORMS AN STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORKIT FORMS AN STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK IT TRANSPORTS FLUID & MATERIALSIT TRANSPORTS FLUID & MATERIALS IT PROTECTS DELICATES ORGANSIT PROTECTS DELICATES ORGANS IT SUPPORTS, SURROUNDS & INTERCONNECTS IT SUPPORTS, SURROUNDS & INTERCONNECTS
TISSUESTISSUES IT STORAGES ENERGY IT STORAGES ENERGY IT CONTAINS CELLS THAT DEFEND THE BODY FROM IT CONTAINS CELLS THAT DEFEND THE BODY FROM
MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUECHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
COLLAGEN FIBERSCOLLAGEN FIBERS THEY ARE LONG, STRAIGTH & UNBRANCHEDTHEY ARE LONG, STRAIGTH & UNBRANCHED THEY ARE A BUNDLE OF FIBROUS PROTEIN SUBUNITS THEY ARE A BUNDLE OF FIBROUS PROTEIN SUBUNITS WOUND TOGETHERWOUND TOGETHER THEY HAVE LITTLE STRETCH, BUT GREAT TENSILE STRENGHTHEY HAVE LITTLE STRETCH, BUT GREAT TENSILE STRENGH THEY FORM TENDONS AND LIGAMENTSTHEY FORM TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS
RETICULAR FIBERSRETICULAR FIBERS THEY HAVE SAME SUBUNITS THAN COLLAGEN FIBERS THEY HAVE SAME SUBUNITS THAN COLLAGEN FIBERS BUT WITH A DIFFERENT PHYSICAL ARRNGEMENTARRANGEMMENTBUT WITH A DIFFERENT PHYSICAL ARRNGEMENTARRANGEMMENT THEY FORM A NETWORK THAT RESISTS FORCES APPLY THEY FORM A NETWORK THAT RESISTS FORCES APPLY FROM MANY DIRECTIONS ANDFROM MANY DIRECTIONS AND THEY STABILIZE RELATIVE POSITION OF CELLS, ORGANS, BLOOD THEY STABILIZE RELATIVE POSITION OF CELLS, ORGANS, BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES & OTHER STRUCTURESVESSELS, NERVES & OTHER STRUCTURES
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
ELASTIC FIBERSELASTIC FIBERS
THEY CONTEIN PROTEIN ELASTINTHEY CONTEIN PROTEIN ELASTIN THEY ARE BRANCHED & WAVYTHEY ARE BRANCHED & WAVY AFTER STRECHING, THEY CAN RETURN TO THEIR ORIGINAL LENGTHAFTER STRECHING, THEY CAN RETURN TO THEIR ORIGINAL LENGTH THEY LACK THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF COLLAGEN THEY LACK THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF COLLAGEN THEY DOMINATE IN ELASTIC LIGAMENTS THEY DOMINATE IN ELASTIC LIGAMENTS
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUESTYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES
AREOLARAREOLAR ADIPOSEADIPOSE RETICULARRETICULAR DENSE REGULARDENSE REGULAR DENSE IRREGULARDENSE IRREGULAR ELASTICELASTIC CARTILAGECARTILAGE BONEBONE BLOODBLOOD LYMPHLYMPH
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
Reticular tissueReticular tissue(Martini pg 122)(Martini pg 122)
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
Dense regular connective tissueDense regular connective tissue(Martini pg 124)(Martini pg 124)
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
Dense irregular connective tissueDense irregular connective tissue(Martini pg 124)(Martini pg 124)
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
Hyaline cartilageHyaline cartilage(Martini pg 127)(Martini pg 127)
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMINTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM(Martini, chapter 5; pg 154)(Martini, chapter 5; pg 154)
LAYERS OF THE SKINLAYERS OF THE SKIN FROM EXTERNAL TO INTERNAL:FROM EXTERNAL TO INTERNAL:
1- EPIDERMIS1- EPIDERMIS 2- DERMIS2- DERMIS 3- HYPODERMIS3- HYPODERMIS
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
EPIDERMISEPIDERMIS
Function- protection from chemical, physical & Function- protection from chemical, physical & biological agentsbiological agents
5 strata (from external to internal)5 strata (from external to internal) Stratum corneumStratum corneum Stratum lucidumStratum lucidum Stratum granulosumStratum granulosum Stratum spinosumStratum spinosum Stratum germinativum (basale)Stratum germinativum (basale)
Stratum corneumStratum corneum- 15-30 layers of keratinized cells. Water - 15-30 layers of keratinized cells. Water resistant resistant
F- allows F- allows insensible perspirationinsensible perspiration More or less 500 ml of water every dayMore or less 500 ml of water every day Stratum lucidumStratum lucidum- clear layer only in thick skin (palms & soles). - clear layer only in thick skin (palms & soles).
F-contains flattered & packed cells filled with the F-contains flattered & packed cells filled with the proteinprotein
keratinkeratin Stratum granulosumStratum granulosum- grainy layer- grainy layer F- to produce F- to produce protein keratinprotein keratin & & keratohyalinkeratohyalin basic basic structural component of hair & nails structural component of hair & nails
Stratum spinosumStratum spinosum (8 to 10 layers) (8 to 10 layers) F- it contains F- it contains Langerhands cellsLangerhands cells for Immune response for Immune response against microorganisms & Cancer cells against microorganisms & Cancer cells Stratum germinativumStratum germinativum or basaleor basale(The innermost) (The innermost) F- cells divide to replace superficial cells F- cells divide to replace superficial cells
it contains it contains MelanocytesMelanocytes –to produce melanin –to produce melanin For protection against For protection against uv radiationuv radiation
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
DERMISDERMIS
FunctionFunction- thermoregulation & protection- thermoregulation & protection 2 mayor components- 2 mayor components- papillary & reticular layerspapillary & reticular layers
Papillary lPapillary l- contains capillary & lymphatic - contains capillary & lymphatic vessels & sensory neurons vessels & sensory neurons function- support & nourishment of the function- support & nourishment of the overlaying epidermisoverlaying epidermis
Reticular lReticular l- deep to papillary layer- deep to papillary layer function- to resist tension in the skinfunction- to resist tension in the skin
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
HYPODERMISHYPODERMIS
FUNCTION- ENERGY STOREFUNCTION- ENERGY STORE
CUSHIONINGCUSHIONING
INSULATIONINSULATION
ACCESSORY STRUCTURESACCESSORY STRUCTURES Meissner’s corpusclesMeissner’s corpuscles (white in models) (white in models) F- light touch & tactile receptorsF- light touch & tactile receptors Pacinian corpusclesPacinian corpuscles (olive in models) (olive in models) F- deep pressure & vibration receptorsF- deep pressure & vibration receptors Sebaceous glandsSebaceous glands- discharges waxy sebum into the hair - discharges waxy sebum into the hair follicle follicle
F- lubricationF- lubrication Hair: Hair: for protection, insulation, and tactile reception. for protection, insulation, and tactile reception. It is divided into:It is divided into: ShaftShaft: exposed hair and first part under skin: exposed hair and first part under skin RootRoot- surrounded by hair follicle. Contains hair - surrounded by hair follicle. Contains hair papillapapilla- at the base- at the base Hair bulbHair bulb- surrounds the papilla- surrounds the papilla Arrector piliArrector pili- smooth muscle that erects the hair- smooth muscle that erects the hair Sweat glandsSweat glands- Apocrine- Apocrine MerocrineMerocrine
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
Apocrine sweat glandApocrine sweat gland Secrets its products into the hair follicleSecrets its products into the hair follicle Begins its function at pubertyBegins its function at puberty Bacteria can intensify its odor Bacteria can intensify its odor Present only under armpits, around the nipples and groinPresent only under armpits, around the nipples and groin
Merocrine sweat glandMerocrine sweat gland- Discharge its contends directly on the - Discharge its contends directly on the skin surface skin surface
Sensible perspiration and thermoregulation by cooling Sensible perspiration and thermoregulation by cooling surface of skin to reduce body temperature. surface of skin to reduce body temperature. It also acts to excrete water and electrolytes and reduces It also acts to excrete water and electrolytes and reduces growth of microorganisms. growth of microorganisms.