THE THIRTEEN COLONIES

COLONIES

Land owned & operated by another country, usually referred to as the mother country

16th & 17th century, competition amongst European nations to discover & own the most land Portugal, Spain England, France

REASONS FOR EUROPEAN REASONS FOR EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS TO THE AMERICASMIGRATIONS TO THE AMERICAS

JOINT STOCK COMPANY (Charter Colony)

Several investors who pooled their wealth in support of a colony

Business venture for profit Received a charter from the King

an official permit to start a colony from the English monarch who was entitled to a portion of the profits

JOINT STOCK COMPANY (Charter Colony)

Advantages: Mother Country: her colony is

developed & protected at no cost to her

Company: receives all the profits

JOINT STOCK COMPANY (Charter Colony)

Proprietorship Colony: Type of charter

colony, but the charter is granted to an individual or family, eg. William Penn

ROYAL COLONY

Colony is owned & operated by the Mother Country.

Monarch appoints a Governor manage the colony in his name

Mother Country provides: Supplies Capital Settlers Military support & protection A form of government & officials

Colony provides: Natural resources Market for manufactured goods

WHY ENGLAND BECAME A COLONIAL POWER?

Roanoke Colony, 1585The Lost Colony

Sir Walter Raleigh 1585-founded the Virginia

Company 1587- lead an expedition with 100

people Planted the first English Colony on Roanoke Island (off the coast of what is now North Carolina)

named the land in North America he claimed for England Virginia

Returned in 1590--Mystery

COLONY # 1

VIRGINIA

The Charter of the Virginia CompanyThe Charter of the Virginia Company:: A joint-stock company that guaranteed to A joint-stock company that guaranteed to

colonists the same colonists the same rights as Englishmen rights as Englishmen as if they had stayed as if they had stayed in England.in England.

This provision was This provision was incorporated into incorporated into future colonists’ future colonists’ documents.documents.

Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had the rights of Englishmen!they had the rights of Englishmen!

VIRGINIA, 1608VIRGINIA, 1608

VIRGINIA

Spring 1607 Spring 1607 about 144 colonists [all about 144 colonists [all men] sailed on the men] sailed on the Susan B. ConstantSusan B. Constant landed at mouth of Chesapeake Bay& landed at mouth of Chesapeake Bay& named it Jamestownnamed it Jamestown

May 24, 1607 May 24, 1607 land at Jamestown, along land at Jamestown, along banks of James River, after King James Ibanks of James River, after King James I Easily defended, but swarming with disease-Easily defended, but swarming with disease-

causing mosquitoes.causing mosquitoes.

Chesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

VIRGINIA

Problems:Problems: 1606-1607 1606-1607 40 people died on the voyage to 40 people died on the voyage to

the New World.the New World. 1609 1609 another ship from England lost its another ship from England lost its

leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda. Settlers died by the dozens! 1608, another ship Settlers died by the dozens! 1608, another ship

arrived & found only 38 people still alivearrived & found only 38 people still alive

““Gentlemen” colonists would not Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves.work themselves. Game in forests & fish in river uncaughtGame in forests & fish in river uncaught..

Settlers wasted time looking for gold Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farming.instead of hunting or farming.

John Smith,1580-1631

Became a leader of the Jamestown colony its first winter at age 28

“If any would not work, neither should he eat.”

Developed a relationship with the Powhatan tribe able to survive

daughter of Chief Powhatan

defends the life of John Smith

marries John Rolfe

Pocahontas “saves” Captain John SmithPocahontas “saves” Captain John Smith

A 1616 engravingA 1616 engraving

Pocohantas

1608-1618, Over 200 new settlers are

transported Only 400 survive 1618, colony reorganized .granted

100 acres of free land to all free men Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years Death of children before age 5: 80%Death of children before age 5: 80%

THE STARVING TIME

TOBACCO

What finally made the What finally made the colony prosperous??colony prosperous??

John Rolfe developed a John Rolfe developed a new strain of tobacconew strain of tobacco

Tobacco PlantTobacco Plant

Virginia’s Virginia’s gold gold and and silversilver..

-- John Rolfe, 1612-- John Rolfe, 1612

Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco

16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Tobacco Economy required a labour force

HEADRIGHT SYSTEM, (1618) Each Virginian got 50

acres for each person whose passage they paid.

INDENTURED SERVANTS

(Indenture Contract) 5-7 years. Promised “freedom

dues” [land, £] Forbidden to marry. 1610-1614: only 1

in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

SLAVERY (1619)First Africans arrived First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619.in Jamestown in 1619. Their status was not Their status was not

clear clear perhaps perhaps slaves, perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.indentured servants.

Slavery not that Slavery not that important until the important until the end of the 17c.end of the 17c.

First Africans arrived First Africans arrived in Jamestown in in Jamestown in 16191619..

Their status was not Their status was not clear clear perhaps perhaps slaves, perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.indentured servants.

Slavery not that Slavery not that important until the important until the end of the 17end of the 17cc..

Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:

Vital role in putting Virginia on a firm Vital role in putting Virginia on a firm economic footing.economic footing.

Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.

Chained Virginia’s economy to a single Chained Virginia’s economy to a single crop.crop.

Tobacco promoted the use of the Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.plantation system.

Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.

VirginiaVirginia

Relations between Indians & Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse.settlers grew worse.

General mistrust because of different General mistrust because of different cultures & languages.cultures & languages.

English raided Indian food supplies during English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times.the starving times.

1614-1622 1614-1622 peace between Powhatans peace between Powhatans and the English because of the marriage of and the English because of the marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.

Problems with the NativesProblems with the NativesProblems with the NativesProblems with the Natives

1622-1644 1622-1644 periodic attacks periodic attacks between Indians and settlers.between Indians and settlers.

1622 1622 Indians attacked the English, Indians attacked the English, killing 347 [including John Rolfe].killing 347 [including John Rolfe].

Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” against the Native Americans.war” against the Native Americans.

Raids reduced native population and Raids reduced native population and drove them further westward.drove them further westward.

Powhatan Uprising of 1622Powhatan Uprising of 1622

James I grew hostile to VirginiaJames I grew hostile to Virginia

He hated tobacco.He hated tobacco.

He distrusted the House of He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a Burgesses which he called a seminary of seditionseminary of sedition..

1624 1624 he revoked the charter of he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company.the bankrupt VA Company.

Thus, VA became a royal colony, Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!under the king’s direct control!

Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony

Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony

Rebels attacked Indians, whether they Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites.were friendly or not to whites.

Governor Berkeley driven from Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.Jamestown.

They burned the capital.They burned the capital.

Rebels went on a rampage of Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.plundering.

Bacon suddenly died of fever.Bacon suddenly died of fever.

Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.and hanged 20 rebels.

Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel BaconNathaniel Bacon

GovernorGovernorWilliam BerkeleyWilliam Berkeley

COLONY # 2

MASSACHUSETTS

English Reformation

16th century movement for religious reform

Led to the founding of churches that rejected the Pope’s authority

Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church and formed the Church of England (Anglican Church)

Puritans

A group in England who wanted to purify or reform the Church of England

Wanted to eliminate all traces of Roman Catholicism

2 Groups of Puritans:

Separatists: Puritans who wanted to reform the

Church of England and form their own separate congregations

Reformers: Puritans who did not want to leave

the Church of England just reform it & believed that reform was possible

Separatists in England felt they were being persecuted in went to Holland

1620,a group of 102 Separatists, lead by Captain Myles Standish negotiated with the Virginia Company to settle in its jurisdiction.

Set sail on the Mayflower from Plymouth,England

PLYMOUTH COLONY, 1620

Mayflower Compact

Written & signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship on November 11, 1620

Considered the first written constitution in North America

Radical idea Government depends on

the consent of the governed

Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

PLYMOUTH COLONY, 1620

Landed at Plymouth Rock on December 25, 1620

Winter of 1620-1621

Only 44 out of the original 102 survived.

Fall of 1621 First “Thanksgiving.”

Colony survived because of the help of the local native tribe, lead by Squanto with fur [especially beaver], fish, and lumber.

1626-they bought out their backers, and formed Plymouth Colony, based on puritan principles

But, Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant.

1691 only 7,000 people

Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.

PLYMOUTH COLONY, 1620

Plymouth Plantation

Massachusetts Bay Company, 1630

Joint Stock company funded by Reformer Puritans that received a charter in 1629 to form the Massachusetts Bay

1630 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships Established a colony with Boston as its

hub

Great Puritan Migration, 1629-1642

Over 14,000 settlers , mainly Puritans , arrived brought over by the Massachusetts Bay Company fleeing religious persecution against Puritans under King Charles I Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] Plymouth Colony incorporated into the Massachusetts Bay Colony

John WinthropJohn Winthrop

..we shall be as a ..we shall be as a City on a hill. The eyes City on a hill. The eyes of all people are upon of all people are upon

us.us.

Wealthy attorney and manor lord in England.

A Model of Christian Charity.

Became 1st governor of Massachusetts.

Believed that he had a “calling” from God to lead

Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years.

Puritanism Beliefs:

Part of the Church of England Churuch was the centre of the community Controlled by the Elect or Visible Saints

Education: Harvard, 1626

Government: Democracy-the Elect

Salem Witchcraft Trials,

Witchcraft: Beliefs: Trials:

COLONY # 3

NEW HAMPSHIRE 1623

NEW HAMPSHIRE

FIRST SETTLEMENT Exeter

FOUNDED 1623

LEADER John Wheelwright

COLONY # 4

CONNECTICUT1636

CONNECTICUT

FIRST SETTLEMENT Hartford

FOUNDED 1636

LEADER Thomas Hooker

Fundamental Orders

1639 A constitution governing colonial

Connecticut Establishing a democratic state

controlled by “substantial” citizens

COLONY # 5

MARYLAND1632

MARYLAND

FIRST SETTLEMENT St. Mary’s

FOUNDED 1632

LEADER George Calvert –the first Lord Baltimore

Lord Baltimore

Catholic Englishman Founded the Maryland colony on the

idea of religious freedom where Protestants and Catholics could live together in peace

Maryland Act of Toleration

Landmark act passed by the Maryland assembly

Guaranteed freedom of religion ( but only for Christians ) Radical idea at this time

The penalty for anyone who did not believe in Christ was to be hanged No toleration for Jews, atheists,

muslims, etc…

COLONY # 6

RHODE ISLAND1636

RHODE ISLAND

FIRST SETTLEMENT Providence

FOUNDED 1636

LEADER Roger Williams

Roger Williams

Puritan who was tolerant of other religions Did not believe in killing or punishing

people in the name of Christianity Did not believe in a tax supported

church Supported separation of church and state

Indian land should be paid for Banished from MBC for his beliefs

Roger Williams

Started a colony called Providence which would become RI

Bought land from the Native Americans to start the colony Narranganset Indians helped him when he

was banished Based on “freedom of conscience”

Attracted Quakers, Catholics, Jews

Roger Williams" We may praise him .. for his defense of

religious liberty and the separation of church and state . He deserves the tribute … but it falls short of the man. His greatness was simpler. He dared to think. " - Edmund Morgan who wrote a book about

Roger Williams

Ann Hutchinson

Religious dissenter (like Roger Williams)

Put on trial for her beliefs Banished from the MBC Fled to RI and later to NY

Chronological Order

Protestant Reformation Founding of the Plymouth Colony The Great Puritan Migration Founding of Rhode Island

COLONY # 7

DELEWARE1638

DELEWARE

FIRST SETTLEMENT Wilmington

FOUNDED 1638

LEADER Peter Minuit

COLONY # 8

NORTH CAROLINA1663

NORTH CAROLINA

FIRST SETTLEMENT Albemarie County

FOUNDED 1663

LEADER Group of eight proprietors

COLONY # 9

SOUTH CAROLINA1663

SOUTHCAROLINA

FIRST SETTLEMENT Charles Town (later Charleston)

FOUNDED 1663

LEADER Group of eight proprietors

COLONY # 10

NEW YORK1664

NEW YORK

FIRST SETTLEMENT New York

FOUNDED 1664

LEADER Peter Minuit

Henry Hudson

Dutch explorer searching for the Northwest Passage

Land in North America he claimed for Holland called New Netherlands

Dutch West India Company

The business that owned most of Holland’s colonies Fur trading More interested in its colonies in India

Peter Stuyvesant

Dutch governor of New Netherlands

1664 –British take New Netherlands

from Holland without firing a shot Given to the Duke of York by the

King of England (his brother) renamed it New York

Proprietor

Owners of colonies who expected the people who lived on their land to pay them a tax called a “quit rent”.

COLONY # 11

NEW JERSEY1664

NEW JERSEY

FIRST SETTLEMENT East Jersey – Carteret West Jersey – Salem

FOUNDED 1664

LEADER Lord Berkeley Sir Carteret

COLONY # 12

PENNSYLVANIA1681

PENNSYLVANIA

FIRST SETTLEMENT Philadelphia

FOUNDED 1681

LEADER William Penn

William Penn

Quakers

COLONY # 13

GEORGIA1732

GEORGIA

FIRST SETTLEMENT Savannah

FOUNDED 1732

LEADER James Oglethorpe

James Ogelthorpe

Wanted to create a colony where debtors could go instead of going to jail Debtors ended up being only a small

percentage of the actual settlers The buffer colony

from Spanish colonies south (Florida) From French claims west (Louisiana)