Project of Project of Vehicle Emission reduction Vehicle Emission reduction

in Thailandin Thailand

Presented byPresented byMs.MingquanMs.Mingquan

WichayarangsaridhWichayarangsaridh

Deputy Director General of Pollution Control DepartmentDeputy Director General of Pollution Control DepartmentMinistry of Natural Resources and EnvironmentMinistry of Natural Resources and Environment

The Third Regional ForumThe Third Regional Forum1717--1919

March 2008, in SingaporeMarch 2008, in Singapore

CContentsontents

IntroductionIntroductionEmission Reduction from New VehicleEmission Reduction from New VehicleEmission Reduction from InEmission Reduction from In--Use VehicleUse VehicleDeveloping Integrated Emission Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land Transport Strategies for Existing Land Transport ProjectProjectEffectiveness of engines tune up and Effectiveness of engines tune up and maintenance of Bangkokmaintenance of Bangkok’’s public buses s public buses run by private operators for emission run by private operators for emission reduction and energy savingreduction and energy savingPublic Transportation in BangkokPublic Transportation in BangkokNGV Road MapNGV Road MapUpUp--coming policiescoming policies

Statistic of Vehicle and Motorcycle in Statistic of Vehicle and Motorcycle in ThailandThailand

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

productsaleexport

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

productsaleexport

Number of Car Number of Car Product, Sale Product, Sale and Exportand Export

Number of Number of Motorcycle Motorcycle Product, Sale Product, Sale and Exportand Export

SourceSource: : Thailand Automotive InstituteThailand Automotive Institute

Number of vehicle Registered in Number of vehicle Registered in BangkokBangkok

Total Numbers of Total Numbers of Vehicles Vehicles

Registered in Registered in BKK in 2007BKK in 2007

5,715,0785,715,0780.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

No.

of

Veh

icle

s (m

illi

ons)

Bangkok Air Pollution is Bangkok Air Pollution is Associated with MotorizationAssociated with Motorization

Mode Split Comparison from selected CitiesMode Split Comparison from selected Cities

Current Urban Transport Systems

55

3

20

15

7

4

31

4

30

31

66

410

200

72

103

123

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

NewYork

Bangkok Tokyo London

จักรยาน/จักรยานยนต อื่นๆ

รถสวนตัว

Taxi

รถเมล

ระบบราง

Motorcycle

Private Vehicle

Taxi

Bus

Urban Rail

Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and PlanningOffice of Transport and Traffic Policy and PlanningMinistry of TransportMinistry of Transport

Country 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 European Union Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5

Bangladesh Euro 2 (under discussion) Hong Kong, China Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4

Indiaa Euro 1 Euro 2 E3

Indiab E1 Euro 2 Euro 3

Indonesia Euro 2 Malaysia Euro 1 Euro 2 Nepal Euro 1 Philippines Euro 1 PRCa Euro 1 Euro 2 PRCc Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Singapore Euro 1 Euro 2 Sri Lanka Euro 1 Taipei,China US Tier 1 US Tier 2 for dieseld Thailand Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro4 Viet Name Euro 1 Euro 4 (under consideration) Viet Namf Euro 1 Euro 2 E3 E4

Vehicle Emission (and fuel standards)

in Asia

Emission ReductionEmission Reduction from New Vehiclefrom New VehiclePassenger Vehicle (Gasoline Vehicle)Passenger Vehicle (Gasoline Vehicle)

Current Standard : EURO III

Future Standard : EURO IV (Year 2012)

Light Duty Diesel VehicleLight Duty Diesel VehicleCurrent Standard : EURO III

Future Standard : EURO IV (Year 2012)

Maximum Mass ≤2.5 tons 2.5 tons < Maximum Mass ≤

3.5 tonsCO

(g/km)

HC

(g/km)

HC+NOx

(g/km)

NOx

(g/km)

RW

(kg) CO

(g/km)

HC

(g/km)

HC+NOx

(g/km)

NOx

(g/km)

2.3 0.2 - 0.15 ≤1305 2.30 0.20 0.15 -

1305<R ≤1760 4.17 0.25 0.18 -

≥1760 5.22 0.29 0.21 -

Maximum Mass ≤2.5 tons 2.5 tons < Maximum Mass ≤

3.5 tonsCO

(g/km)HC

(g/km)HC+NOx

(g/km)

NOx

(g/km)

PM (g/km)

RW (kg) CO (g/km)

HC (g/km)

HC+NOx

(g/km)

NOx

(g/km)

PM (g/km)

0.6 - 0.56 0.5 0.05 ≤1305 2.30 0.2 0.15 - 0.05

1305<R ≤1760

4.17 0.25 0.18 - 0.07

≥1760 5.22 0.29 0.21 - 0.1

Emission ReductionEmission Reduction from New Vehiclefrom New Vehicle

CO (g/km)

HC+NOx(g/km)

White Smoke (%)

Evaporative (g/test)

3.5(3.5)

2.0(1.8)

15 2.0(2>Evap≤6)

HC(g/kWh)

NOx(g/kWh)

CO(g/kWh)

PM(g/kWh)

1.1 7.0 4.0 0.15

Heavy Duty Diesel VehicleHeavy Duty Diesel Vehicle

•• Current Standard : EURO II

•Future standard : EURO III

(Year 2008)

MotorcycleMotorcycle•• Current Standard : TISI Level

5

•Future Standard : TISI Level 6 equivalent EURO III std. (Year 2008)

Emission Reduction from InEmission Reduction from In--Use VehicleUse VehiclePollutantsPollutants Type of VehicleType of Vehicle StandardStandard Measuring Measuring

DeviceDeviceTest ProcedureTest Procedure

Black Smoke Diesel Vehicle 50%45%40%35%

FilterOpacityFilter

Opacity

Snap acceleration on testSnap acceleration on test

Full load testFull load test

CO -Gasoline vehicle registered before Nov. 1,1993

-Gasoline vehicle registered from Nov. 1,1993

-Gasoline vehicle registered from Jan. 1,2007

4.5%

1.5%

0.5%

NDIR

NDIR

NDIR

Idle Test

Idle Test

Idle Test

HC -Gasoline vehicle registered before Nov. 1,1993

-Gasoline vehicle registered from Nov. 1,1993

-Gasoline vehicle registered from Jan. 1,2007

600 ppm

200 ppm

100 ppm

NDIR

NDIR

NDIR

Idle Test

Idle Test

Idle Test

Emission Reduction from InEmission Reduction from In--Use VehicleUse Vehicle

COCO(%)(%)

HCHC((ppmppm))

White Smoke (%)White Smoke (%)

Registered before Jul 1, 06 4.5 10,000 30

Registered from Jul 1, 06 3.5 2,000 30

Registered from Jan 1, 09 2.5 1,000 30

MotorcycleMotorcycle

TukTuk TukTuk

COCO(%)(%)

HCHC((ppmppm))

White Smoke White Smoke (%)(%)

4.5 10,000 30

The DIESEL Project has selected 4 potential options to reduce diesel pollution in Bangkok which are:

1)

Retrofit

2)

Inspection/Maintenance

3)

Alternative fuels

4)

Transportation Management

DDeveloping eveloping IIntegrated ntegrated EEmission mission SStrategies for trategies for EExisting xisting LLand and Transport ProjectTransport Project(DIESEL Project)(DIESEL Project)

1. Development of Bangkok 1. Development of Bangkok driving cycle and emission driving cycle and emission factor factor

0 1000 20000

50

100

0 1000 20000

50

100

Bus Cycle01( + + )Average Speed：12.9km/hTotal Time：2489sec

B1 B4 B5

Bus Cycle02( + + )Average Speed：26.7km/hTotal Time：2443sec

B2 B3 B6

Testing on Testing on Chassis DynamometerChassis Dynamometer

Potential Options to Reduce Vehicle Emissions

Emission Testing Results from Retrofit VehicleEmission Testing Results from Retrofit Vehicle(Vehicle with DOC and DPF & 12 months operation)

Selection Criteria for Retrofitted VehiclesSelection Criteria for Retrofitted VehiclesCondition of retrofitted vehicles should

be fitted with manufacturer requirement and USEPA standard

Vehicle must be well-maintenance, or follow normal manufacturer recommended maintenance schedule.

Fuel selection, must consider sulfur content which may cause emissions and device damage

Effectiveness ofEffectiveness of EnginesEngines TuneTune upup andand MaintenanceMaintenance of Bangkokof Bangkok’’s public s public buses run by private operators for emission reduction buses run by private operators for emission reduction

and energy savingand energy saving

CO : CO : 15 15 –– 90 90 % Reduction% ReductionHC : HC : 20 20 -- 54 54 % Reduction % Reduction NOxNOx : : 15 15 -- 65 65 % Reduction% ReductionPM : PM : 28 28 -- 89 89 % Reduction% ReductionBlack Smoke : Black Smoke : 15 15 -- 95 95 %% ReductionReduction

EnvironmentalEnvironmentalAfter

OVERHAUL and Tune up for Group 2

Fuel ConsumptionAfter

OVERHAUL and Tune up for Group 2

7 7 –– 9 9 %% ReductionReduction

Inspection and Maintenance ProgrammeAll vehicles are required to pass the in-use vehicle standards prior to the renewal of license.

Air Pollution Control Strategies

Country Specific Data

10%4%

8%

24%

16%

36%

2%

Car driver Car passenger TaxiBus (aircon) Bus (others) New tripsOthers

LEGENDExpress wayMain RoadRailChaophaya River

ROAD NETWORK

Bangkok Public Transportation

The System Map of Bangkok Rail The System Map of Bangkok Rail Transit NetworkTransit Network