Reflexiones Sobre La Ambivalencia Del Progreso Tecnico de Jacques Ellul
The Technological System [Le Système Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
-
Upload
impellotyrannis -
Category
Documents
-
view
272 -
download
0
Transcript of The Technological System [Le Système Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
1/185
Jacques Ellul
TheTechnological
System
Translated from the Frenchby Joachim Neugroschel
1980The Continuum Publishing Corporation
815 Second Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017
Originally published as Le Sytme technicien by Calmann-LvyCopyright Calmann-Lvy 1977
English translation copyright 1980 by The Continuum PublishingCorporation. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without thewritten permission of The Continuum Publishing Corporation. Printed in the
United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Ellul, Jacques. Thetechnological system. Translation ofLe systme technicien. Bibliography. 1.Technology and civilization. 1. Title.
HM221.E4313 303.4'83 80-15344
ISBN 0-8264-9007-4
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
2/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
3/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
4/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
5/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
6/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
7/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
8/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
9/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
10/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
11/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
12/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
13/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
14/185
PART ONE
What Is Technology?
1
TECHNOLOGY
AS A CONCEPT
In my early studies on technology, I employed this term as a conceptwithout explaining it, thereby giving rise to countless misunderstandings.The technologies used in all possible domains, so I felt, had enoughcommon features for us to deduce a general concept. It is commonknowledge that, while nobody has ever seen "the dog," we can still findenough common traits in a spaniel, boxer, great dane, pekinese,
pincher-despite all the differences to understand one another perfectlywhen we use the word "dog. I certainly do not want to get into thequarrel of the universals. Nor will I claim that in some empyrean there isa concrete idea per se of absolute technology. But I do claim that,scientifically, I can construct a phenomenon from the features of, and theinterrelations between, the phenomena generally known as"technological" in our society. For this society, in which technology hasbecome dominant, is the first to have the concept of technology. Certainpeople now declare that "technology" does not exist, and that they know
only plural technologies. Such a notion, however, comes from a shallowsense of realism and is obviously unsystematic.Technology as a concept allows us to understand a set of
phenomena that remain invisible even where technologies are perceptiblymanifest. But while the concept may be indispensable forcomprehension, it is by no means clear and simple in itself. Nor does itimply the existence of a technological system. We will not recur to theproblem of defining technology. But we are going to examine the genesisof this concept in reference to modern reality.
* * *
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
15/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
16/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
17/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
18/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
19/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
20/185
discussion of these definitions in John Boli-Bennett's remarkable studyTechnization, 1973.2
See A. Sauvy's excellent critique of the model mania, Croissance zro? (1973).3
See Hamon,Acteurs et donnes de l'Histoire, vols. 1 and 2.4
Report by the Church and Society Department of the World Council of Churches,prepatory for a study of the future of man and society in a technological world,October 1969.5
In any event, to understand the concept of technology and the technologicalsystem, we cannot start with technology's effects on man or society. Sociologicalor psychological considerations will not lead us back to the concept of technology.We have to focus on the technological object itself and its interrelations, as hasbeen admirably done by Simondon, Du Mode d'existence des objets techniques(1956). The countless studies on alienation, the impact of television, workorganization, the effects of mass media on voting, urbanization, etc. can be usefulafterwards. They can then help us understand certain aspects of the technologicalsystem. But we cannot take off from them to work out the concept of technology.
We have to begin on the highest level of abstraction and then proceed to thereality. constituted by technology's relationship to man or society.
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
21/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
22/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
23/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
24/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
25/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
26/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
27/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
28/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
29/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
30/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
31/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
32/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
33/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
34/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
35/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
36/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
37/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
38/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
39/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
40/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
41/185
TECHNOLOGY AS A DETERMINING FACTOR 75
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
42/185
TECHNOLOGY AS A DETERMINING FACTOR 75
truth, to the direct experience, the more one hunts down reality withcolor, relief, etc., the more the real absence of the world looms fromtechnological perfection to technological perfection."
Technology, as a mediator and as the new environment, makesevery reality other than itself abstract, remote, and devoid of content. Inthis gigantic transformation, how can we help but attribute once again therole of determining factor to technology?
1This corresponds fairly to what Habermas calls the "preponderance" in a
society (Technik und Wissenschaft als Ideologie, 1968).2
De Lauwe's study, published in 1966, coincides quite remarkably with RaymondAron's study published in Progress and Disillusion (1969). Aron shows that thetechnological phenomenon is definitely the determining factor for thedevelopment of contradictory situations: on the one hand, the formation of newhierarchies, ruling categories; and on the other hand, the ideology of equality; onthe one hand, the socialization of the individual consciousness (with the fear that
the individual may vanish in the mass); and on the other hand, the ideology ofpersonal autonomy (with the fear that the individual may lose his identity insolitude). One could truly multiply the examples of these contradictoryphenomena resulting from technology, which Aron traces back to the dialectics ofequality, of socialization, and of universality.
Furthermore, one of the clearest and most demonstrative works about theprimacy of the technological factor over all other factors, including economicones, is P. Ferraro's, Progresso tecnico contro suiluppo economico? (1968).3
Recent studies go so far as to doubt the growth of the central government'spower, which has been dispersed to powers outside the state's jurisdiction. See,
for example, Gremion, Les Pouvoirs priphriques.
4Sec Hamon,Acteurs et donnes de l'histoire, vol. 1 (1970).
5M. de Montmollin, Les Psychopitres (1972).
6Hartung, Les Enfants de la promesse (1972).
7John Boli-Bennet, Technization (1973).
8Seymour, quoted by Montmollin.
9See also the collective work, Civilisation et humanisme (1969).
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
43/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
44/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
45/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
46/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
47/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
48/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
49/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
50/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
51/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
52/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
53/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
54/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
55/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
56/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
57/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
58/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
59/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
60/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
61/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
62/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
63/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
64/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
65/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
66/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
67/185
5
AUTONOMY
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
68/185
PART TWO
The Characteristics ofThe Technological
Phenomenon
AUTONOMY
SIMONDON has strikingly demonstrated the autonomous character oftechnology with what he calls "concretization," i.e., the existence of aconcrete schema of organizational invention that remains underlying andstable through all the ups and downs and changes of the technologicalobject. Hence, "concretization-adaptation is a process conditioning thebirth of a milieu instead of being conditioned by an already given milieu: itis conditioned by a milieu that exists only virtually before the invention. . . .But this concretizing invention produces a technogeographic milieu, whichis a condition for the functioning of the technological object: thus, the
technological object is its own condition as well as the condition for theexistence of this mixed technological and geographic milieu. Theautonomy of the technological object itself could not be betterdemonstrated than by the highly concrete examples he offers.1
The most elementary form of this autonomy is that of the machine inregard to the environment. As Ben B. Seligman (A Most NotoriousVictory, 1966) notes, the machine seems to acquire a certainindependence and function in itself. And he promptly generalizes: To besure, one may speak of an interdependence between technology and its
environment, but it is nevertheless technology that now dominates itsenvironment.An autonomous technology. This means that technology ultimately
depends only on itself, it maps its own route, it is a prime and not asecondary factor, it must be regarded as an "organism tending towardclosure and self-determination: it is an end in itself. Autonomy is the verycondition of technological development. This autonomy correspondsprecisely to what J. Baudrillard (Le Systme des objets) sees under thename offunctionalitywhen he says that
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
69/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
70/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
71/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
72/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
73/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
74/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
75/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
76/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
77/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
78/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
79/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
80/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
81/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
82/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
83/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
84/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
85/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
86/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
87/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
88/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
89/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
90/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
91/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
92/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
93/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
94/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
95/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
96/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
97/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
98/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
99/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
100/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
101/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
102/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
103/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
104/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
105/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
106/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
107/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
108/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
109/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
110/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
111/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
112/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
113/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
114/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
115/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
116/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
117/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
118/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
119/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
120/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
121/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
122/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
123/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
124/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
125/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
126/185
1 Nonetheless, certain authors feel that there is no longer any such thing asinnovation in the precise sense of the term, i.e., the appearance of a newand unexpected element; they hold that all technological progress resides ina combination of economic factors and scientific factors, with the result thatinnovation as a distinct entity is tending to vanish.2 On all these questions, see the remarkable study by Daumas, "L'Histoiredes techniques" in Documents pour l'histoire des techniques, VII. Incontrast, Tessier du Cros's general and "philosophical" considerations in hisL'Innovation (1971) do not help us zero in on the problem.3 See B. Levadoux, Les Nouvelles Techniques et l'limination desinstruments de travail, quoted by Beaune.4 Daumas, Histoire des techniques, vol. 1 (1962), p. x; against E. F.Schumacher, Small is Beautiful(1973).5
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
127/185
5 See B. de Jouvenel's studies on R and D in Sedeis and Arcadie. 6 See "Human Problems," in Spicer (ed.), Technological Change (1952).7 Good examples of peak technologies in the war in Vietnam can be found inD. Verguese, "Le Banc de'essai des guerres futures," Le Monde, October1972.8 See the section on "Self-augmentation" in Jacques Ellul, The Techno-logical Society (1964). See also Georges Friedmann, La Puissance et laSagesse (1970), chap. 1.9 George A. W. Boehm, "Des Matriaux qui n'existent pas," Analyse et
prvision (1968); Dennis Gabor, "Prevision technologique et responsabilitsociale,"Analyse et prvisi on (1968).10 M. Rodes in Cahiers du Boucau.11 See B. Charbonneau's wonderful description of refuse in the urbanizedworld (Le Jardin de Babylone). For technological studies, see M.Neiburger, "La Lutte contre la pollution de l'air," Analyse et prvi sion
(1967); and H. Rousseau, "Les Dtritus urbains," Analyse et prvi sion(1966).12 See the excellent demonstration in S. Wickham, Concentration etdimension (1966).
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
128/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
129/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
130/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
131/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
132/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
133/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
134/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
135/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
136/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
137/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
138/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
139/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
140/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
141/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
142/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
143/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
144/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
145/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
146/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
147/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
148/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
149/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
150/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
151/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
152/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
153/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
154/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
155/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
156/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
157/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
158/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
159/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
160/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
161/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
162/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
163/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
164/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
165/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
166/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
167/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
168/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
169/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
170/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
171/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
172/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
173/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
174/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
175/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
176/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
177/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
178/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
179/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
180/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
181/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
182/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
183/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
184/185
-
7/31/2019 The Technological System [Le Systme Technicien] - Jacques Ellul
185/185