THE SYMMETRY IN KINEMATIC BETWEEN...THE SYMMETRY IN KINEMATICS BETWEEN THE DOMINANT AND NON-DOMINANT...
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THE SYMMETRY IN KINEMATICS BETWEEN
THE DOMINANT AND NON-DOMINANT LEGS IN TAEKWONDO
TURNING KICK
SIAU JUN XIONG
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree of
Bachelor of Science and Education (Sport Science)
Faculty of Education
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
APRIL 2009
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DEDICATION
To my beloved mother, father and my family.
For their love, patience and support.
They would be very proud of me.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank a lot of people who have contributed towards finishing
this thesis.
First and foremost, I am very grateful to my dearest Supervisor, Hjh Hafizah
Harun for her guidance and patience given to me throughout my entire thesis
preparation. Pn. Hafizah has been a wise lecturer and an excellent mentor to me. This
thesis would not have been completed without her.
Secondly, I would like to thank my Taekwondo friends; Mr. Lee Poh Hau
who let me used his studio for free, Mr. Jaysuman and my subjects. I would like to
express my sincere gratitude to Ms. Woo Mei Teng, my senior who shared her
knowledge in using the SiliconCoach software. To all my course mates who have
been a great support and helping me in these 4 years. We are just like family.
Last but not least, I want to acknowledge the contribution of many people
who, directly or indirectly assisted me through out the preparation of my thesis.
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ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to determine the differences between
dominant and non-dominant leg in Taekwondo Turning Kick. There were 5 subjects
who are Johor state national level black belt Taekwondo players with the mean age
21.71 ± 2.58 years old, mean weight 55.87 ± 6.76 kg and mean height 170.22 ± 5.41
cm. This research was carried out in the XF Dance and Martial Arts Studio, located
in Bandar Putra, Kulai, Johor. A Sony DCR-HC38 digital video camera with 25
frames per second (fps) was used for the sagittal view recording. Movements
analysis software - SiliconCoach 7 were used in the digitizing process, which were
done manually with a reference point marked at the tarsal bone. The results were
focused, firstly, on the comparison of the dominant and non-dominant kicking speeds
and secondly, the relationship between the vertical kicking angle and the maximum
height at the target spot. The results showed that mean peak velocity for the
dominant and non-dominant kick were 12.93 m/s and 12.27 m/s respectively. T-test
showed that there were no significant differences in velocity between dominant and
non-dominant legs in Taekwondo turning kick. Therefore the null hypothesis of this
research was achieved. The mean dominant vertical angle was lower than the mean
non-dominant angle which were 70.62° and 72.68° respectively, whereas the mean
height of the kick by dominant leg was higher than mean height of the kick by non-
dominant leg (1.23m and 1.20m respectively). In conclusion, the expert Taekwondo
players were equally fast and efficient during the turning kick when using both
dominant and non-dominant legs.
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ABSTRAK
Kajian ini adalah bertujuan menyelidik perbezaan di antara kaki dominant
dengan kaki bukan dominant dalam Taekwando Turning Kick. Subjek terdiri
daripada 5 orang atlit negeri Johor yang berperingkat kebangasaan dengan min umur
21.71 ± 2.58 tahun, min berat badan 55.87 ± 6.76 kg serta min ketinggian 170.22 ±
5.41 cm. Kajian ini dijalankan di XF Dance and Martial Arts Studio yang terletak di
Bandar Putra, Kulai,Johor. Kamera video digital Sony DCR-HC38 yang mempunyai
25 frames per second (fps) digunakan untuk rakaman sagittal. Perisian analisis
pergerakan- SiliconCoach 7 digunakan dalam proses digitasi. Proses digitasi
dilakukan secara manual dengan melibatkan satu titik rujukan pada atas tulang tarsal
kaki. Dapatan kajian ini menumpu pada 2 bahagian. Pertama, perbandingan kelajuan
tendangan antara kaki dominant dengan kaki tidak dominant. Kedua, hubungan
antara sudut tendangan menjajar dengan ketinggian maxima pada sasaran. Dapatan
kajian ini menunjukkan min halaju maxima bagi kaki dominant dan kaki bukan
dominant adalah 12.93 m/s dan 12.27 m/s masing-masing. Dapatan T-test
menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan di antara halaju kaki
dominant dengan halaju kaki bukan dominant dalam Taekwando turning kick
walaupun halaju kaki dominant lebih tinggi daripada halaju kaki tidak dominant.
Hipotesis nol untuk kajian ini dicapai. Min sudut menjajar untuk kaki dominant
adalah lebih rendah daripada min sudut menjajar kaki bukan dominant iaitu 70.62°
dan 72.68° masing-masing. Walaubagaimana pun, min ketinggian maxima tendangan
kaki dominant adalah lebih tinggi daripada min ketinggian maxima kaki bukan
dominant iaitu 1.23 m dan 1.20 m masing-masing. Kesimpulan, pakar pemain
Taekwando mempunyai kelajuan dan keberkesanan semasa turning kick semasa
menggunakan kaki dominant dan kaki bukan dominant.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
1
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF APPENDICES
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
1.2 Background of Problem
1.3 Statement of Problem
1.4 Objectives
1.5 Scope
1.6 Significance of Study
1.7 Hypothesis
1.8 Limitations
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1.9 Conclusion
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Taekwondo Kicks
2.3 Dominant and Non-dominant Limbs
2.4 The Turning Kick
2.4.1 Anatomy of the Turning Kick
2.4.2 Mechanical of the Turning Kick
2.5 Conclusion
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Subject Selection
3.4 Venue
3.5 Instrument
3.6 Measurement Equipment
3.7 Research Procedures
3.7.1 Subject Selection Procedures
3.7.2 Research Protocol
3.7.3 Data Collection Procedures
3.7.4 Data Analyse Procedures
3.8 Conclusion
DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Average for All the Subjects
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4.2.1 Comparison of All Subjects’ Dominant and
Non-dominant Kicking Velocity
4.2.2 The Relationships Between the Vertical
Kicking Angle and the Maximum Height
of Kicks at the Target Area
4.3 Subject A
4.3.1 Comparison of Subject A’s Dominant and Non-
dominant Kicking Velocity
4.4 Subject B
4.4.1 Comparison of Subject B’s Dominant and Non-
dominant Kicking Velocity
4.5 Subject C
4.5.1 Comparison of Subject C’s Dominant and Non-
dominant Kicking Velocity
4.6 Subject D
4.6.1 Comparison of Subject D’s Dominant and Non-
dominant Kicking Velocity
4.7 Subject E
4.7.1 Comparison of Subject E’s Dominant and Non-
dominant Kicking Velocity
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Discussion
5.2.1 Dominant Vs Non-Dominant leg
5.2.2 Quantitative Analysis
5.2.3 Qualitative Analysis
5.2.4 Suggestion to Improve the Symmetry of
Dominant and Non-dominant Leg Kicking
Speed
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5.2.5 The Relationship Between The Vertical Angle
and The Height of The Kick on The Target
Spot
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
5.4.1 Subject Selection
5.4.2 Video Recording
5.4.3 Location Setup
5.4.4 Digitizing
5.5 Summary
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
The t-test of kinematics characteristics of preferred leg
and non-preferred leg during turning kick (mean ± SD)
Details of all the subjects
Average D and ND leg kicking velocity for all subjects
(n=5)
The average of the vertical kicking angle and the
maximum height of kicks at the target area
A’s D and ND leg kicking velocity
B’s D and ND leg kicking velocity
C’s D and ND leg kicking velocity
D’s D and ND leg kicking velocity
E’s D and ND leg kicking velocity
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1
2.2
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
The mean joint velocity patterns of preferred leg during
turning kick from the moment of toe lift off to target
contact. (n=6)
The mean joint velocity patterns of non- preferred leg
during turning kick from the moment of toe lift off to
target contact. (n=6)
Average D and ND leg kicking velocity from all subjects
(n=5)
The average of the vertical kicking angle
The average maximum height of kicks at the target spot
A’s D and ND leg kicking velocity
B’s D and ND leg kicking velocity
C’s D and ND Leg Kicking Velocity
D’s D and ND leg kicking velocity
E’s D and ND leg kicking velocity
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A
B
C
D
E
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Personal Details Form for Subject
T- test For the Dominant and Non-Dominant Kicking
Velocity
Digitizing Interface From The Software SiliconCoach
Result Showed in Software SiliconCoach (Speed)
Result Showed in Software SiliconCoach (Angle)
Result Showed in Software SiliconCoach (Height)
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Taekwondo is not merely a form of Korean martial arts for self-defence
against assailants and wild animals. It is also a form of physical exercise to develop
ones strength and agility as well as to maintain both physical and mental health.
Taekwondo is distinct from Chinese Kung Fu and Japanese Karate. “Tae”
(Hangul: 태, hanja: 跆) means to kick, attack or defend with the feet. “Kwon”
(Hangul: 권, hanja: 拳) means to punch, strike, or smash with the hand or fist to
defend and attack. “Do” (Hangul: 도, hanja: 道) means the art and the way, the
methodology of application of our human body parts.
Taekwondo is known as one of the combat-oriented sport. This sport uses
only hands and feet without any weapons. Due to the unique variety of kicking
techniques practiced in Taekwondo, many people have come to call it the “Kicking
Martial Arts” although it also practices a fair amount of hand and fist techniques.
Taekwondo is famed for its use of kicking techniques, which distinguishes it
from others martial arts. Under the latest World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) rules
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and regulations, sparring takes place between two competitors in an area measuring
10 meters square. Each match or bout consists of three non-stop rounds of contact.
Breaks are given between rounds. Points are awarded for permitted, accurate and
powerful techniques to the legal scoring areas. Light contact or insufficient impact of
kicking to the scoring area does not merit any points. Unlike soccer which
determines its’ winners easily by the total number of goals, Taekwondo is “a very
subjective sport” when it comes to scoring. “Even if you have one of the best fights of
your life, you can still lose based on the scoring.”(Cogan, 2008).
Among the main kicking technique in Taekwondo, turning kick is the most
preferred technique. Lee (1998) showed 50% of the kicks made by males are turning
kick. Of all the kicks used to score, 89% are turning kicks. Moreover, 79% of the
kicks made by females are turning kicks. These data shows that both male and
female use turning kick as the main kicking technique to score the point ( Kim &
Kim, 1997).
In Taekwondo, one has to move all the muscles and joints of the human body.
Therefore, it involves the dominant and non-dominant limbs in the kicking
techniques. Taekwondo athletes may be filled with anxiety having to anticipate the
opponents’ techniques, and over scoring instead of worrying about the training
conditions. Therefore, the turning kick relationship between the dominant and non-
dominant leg plays an important part in the training program.
The main aspect of the turning kick is the speed of lifting the knee. According
to the biomechanical definition, the purpose for this movement is to decrease the
Moment of Inertia (MoI) of the segment and decrease the distance between segment
from the axis of rotation to a point (the radius of rotation, r). All of these refer to the
segment against the rotation while doing the kick and the rotation is predominant by
the waist. Therefore, the lack of the MoI will produce a faster rotation against the
joint. This basic movement provides an advantage because it increases the potential
to produce a variety of kicks using the same mechanical movement.
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1.2 Background of Problem
The main biomechanical principle in Taekwondo is the sequential motions,
which refers to the coordination of the body segment to achieve a high speed motion
at the end of movement. Fast unloaded movement (attacking, throwing and kicking)
are performed typically in a proximal to distal fashion (the nearest segment to the
body - thigh, to the segment that furthest away from the body – leg.) The purpose of
this movement is to achieve a high speed at the end of the sequential movement in
order to produce a powerful strike.
Most instructors and coaches emphasize on the turning kick technique. They
want to know the best method for the turning kick so their athletes could perform the
fastest and most powerful kick. The combination factors such as psychology,
physiology and the biomechanics movement contributes to the speed and power of
the turning kick.
The turning kick, which was designed by General Choi, is designed to be
used while wearing combat boots, so the toes does not have to be curled backwards
but in competitions, kicking is done barefooted. There were a lot of complaints on
the “slower speed” of the turning kick and toe injuries resulted from kicking training
bags with the ball of the foot, so a different type of turning kick was developed.
The use of instep kicking and a knee whip motion with an impact that pushes
beyond the target is introduced. Taekwondo sport athletes’ uses the instep kicking
technique because it has better range while sparring. Besides that, Taekwondo
athletes need to constantly anticipate the movement of their opponent in order to
counter with the most effective counter-attack techniques. Hence, both mental and
physical speeds are the key factors to win in the competition-oriented Taekwondo
style for the Olympics.
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The height of the kick which a Taekwondo athlete is able to reach is an
important issue in the sparring training as any attack below the waist is not permitted
in the rule and regulations of WTF.
Everyone has dominant and non-dominant limbs. For example, right-handed
people would prefer to use their right limbs more frequently than the left, and vice
versa. Therefore, a lot of athletes especially the beginners prefer to train their
dominant limb as compared to the non-dominant. This is because they feel more
comfortable using their dominant hand and leg which also boost their confidence
level in their kick.
1.3 Statement of Problem
Instructors should know of the difference between the kicking
movement of the dominant and non-dominant limbs so they can assist their
athletes on ways of improving their performance. Furthermore, they can also
create tailor-make training programs according to each athlete’s abilities
based on this research. This research should benefit all Taekwondo
instructors and players alike.
1.4 Objectives
The objectives of the present study are to analyse:
1.4.1 The differences in speed between the dominant and non-dominant leg during
the turning kick.
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1.4.2 The differences of the kicking angle between the dominant and non-dominant
leg during the turning kick.
1.4.3 The differences height at the target spot between dominant and non-dominant
leg while using turning kick.
1.5 Scope
This research focuses on 5 male national level Taekwondo athletes. These
subjects have been black-belt holders for at least 2 years and have won several
medals in the national level tournament in 2008.
1.6 Significance of Study
Turning kick has been known as the most popular kicking technique in the
tournament. According to Lee (1998), it is also the most common technique used to
score points compared to other kicking techniques available in Taekwondo
competition. Turning kick is by far the fastest kicking technique compared with other
kicks.
This research also aims to identify the kinematics parameter between the
dominant and non-dominant leg during turning kick. This study will help the subject
and coaches to know the ability about oneself. The coach can help the subjects to
improve their performance in the turning kick based on this research.