The Sustainability of the Present Ethanol Production and Future Expansion in Northeast Brazil:...
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Transcript of The Sustainability of the Present Ethanol Production and Future Expansion in Northeast Brazil:...
THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PRESENT ETHANOL PRODUCTION AND FUTURE EXPANSION IN NORTHEAST BRAZIL: SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS AND WATER USE.
History of the Sugarcane Crop in the Brazilian Northeast
2007 1999-01 1989-01 Brazil 6.712 4.901 4.092 Índia 4.830 4.197 3.699 China 1.225 1.171 1.230 NE-Brazil* 1.189 1.076 1.440 Thailand 1.010 903 897 Pakistan 1.029 1.042 888 Mexico 680 628 556 Colômbia 450 400 344 USA 358 412 374 Cuba 400 1.015 1.372
Table 1. Sugarcane harvested area (million hectares) in some of the major producing countries 1989-2007
Source: Adapted - ,FAOSTAT, online database at http://www.fao.org. accessed July 2008; In Sugarcane Ethanol – Contributions to climate change mitiagtion and enviroment, 2008, e, * IBGE 2009.
Table 2. Sugarcane production (million tons) in the major producing countries. 1989-2007.
2007 1999-01 1989-01 Brazil 514.1 335.8 258.6 Índia 322.9 297.0 223.2 China 105.7 85.1 63.9 NE-Brazil* 68.8 57.4 70.2 Thailand 64.4 51.3 37.0 Pakistan 54.8 48.4 36.2 Mexico 50.7 46.1 40.8 Colômbia 40.0 33.1 27.4 USA 27.8 32.1 26.6 Cuba 11.1 34.2 80.8
Source: Adapted - FAOSTAT. online database at http://www.fao.org. accessed July 2008; In Sugarcane Ethanol – Contributions to climate change mitiagtion and enviroment. 2008 * IBGE 2009.
Leaf roller (Mahanarva posticata) METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE
Sugarcane Root Spittlebug - Mahanarva fimbriolata METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE
Sugarcane Borer - Diatraea saccharalis Cotesia flavipes
Sugarcane Giant Borer - Telchin licus licus No chemical control available
Use of pesticides in the main crops in Brazil (in kg of active ingredient per hectare)
Source: Arrigoni & Almeida e Ricci Jr. In: Bioetanol de cana. 2008- CGEE
Leaf scald, caused by Xanthomonas albilineans
Sugarcane mosaic virus
Sugar cane rust - Leifsonia xyli subsp. Xyli (tratamento termico
Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (ScYLV)
DISEASE
Percentage of sugar cane harvested in Alagoas according with the acronym of the varieties
Harvest 2007/2008
Harvest 2008/2009
REDUCED TILLAGE
Foto Usina Coruripe
Foto – Usina Coruripe
Foto – Usina Coruripe
y = 77.703e-0.006x R² = 0.975 y = 82.253e-0.007x
R² = 0.948
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Res
idue
mas
s an
d ni
trog
en (
%)
Days after harvest
residue mass N
39,8 kg
19,1 kg
10 kg
Sugarcaneroots(0,65m)
0
5
10
15
20
N P K Ca Mg S
Teor
de
nutri
ente
s (g
Kg-
1)
Nutrientes
Com leg Sem leg ab
A B
Tratamentos % de palhada decomposta
Lucca(2002): Crua 5 anos 94
Crua 3 anos LV 89
Crua 3 anos NQ 91
Ball-Coelho (1993): Crua 74
Walane Ivo (2004) Crua 64 (58, 60 e 75)
Walane Ivo(2004) (sacos de decomposição)
Crua 64 (69, 58 e 66)
CRONOSEQUENCEFOR13CANDCARBONSTOCKSANALYSIS:
FOREST SUGARCANE:5,15E30YEARS
SUSTAINABILITY AND USE OF WATER
Period IrrigatedArea(x1000ha)
Volumeofstoredwater(x106m3)
Before1993 26 17.9
1993to1998 61 67.2
1998to2004 89 136.0
2004to2009 198 401.4
Adapted from Rosenfeld (2005) and Sampaio (2009)
Evolution of the irrigated area and volume of stored water in Alagoas State
Low pressure, 4-inch gun type sprinkler
SUSTAINABILITY AND VINASSE USE
1. Fertirrigation – ( 200 kg ha-1 of K)
2. Fertilization using trucks
3. Ipojuca River - G. Gunkel*, M. Sobral**, J. Kosmol*, H. Rohn*, S. Montenegro**, & J. Aureliano
HARVEST
SUSTAINABILITY AND CO GENERATION
SUSTAINABILITY AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
Temporary - Fixed – 31,200 jobs Mechanical harvesting - 60% of temporary Actions -
Encourage other cultures Training employees
Employment in the Sugarcane Production
31%
51%
7%
58%
Employment Quality Index
EQI (Educational level of the employees; Formality level of the employment; Main employment salary; Employment
helps)
AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF SUGARCANE CUTTER HARVEST 07/08 x 08/09
Socialimpacts
Supportprograms
Employments Lifequality
“Artesãs do Pontal de Coruripe” project – Usina
Coruripe support
“Barriga Cheia” project – Usina Seresta support
Increase in the human condictons - harvest
SUSTAINABILITYX
LANDUSECHANGESINNORTHEAST
Based on sugarcane Agroecological Zone:
STATE OF PIAUÍ
ÁREA FOR SUGARCANE: 294.375 ha
STATE OF MARANHÃO
ÁREA FOR SUGARCANE: 789.547 ha
STATE OF BAHIA
ÁREA FOR SUGARCANE: 2.937.982 ha
LAND USE
1.Soilandclimate 2.Landuseplanning 3.CompeXXonforfood.
AGRI‐ENVIRONMENTALTHEMES
NATURALRESOURCESQUALITY
1.Water 2.Soil 3.Atmosphere 4.FloraandFauna. 5.ManagementandconservaXonofsoil‐plantsystem
1.water
3.Straw 4.Bagasse 5.Filtercake
WASTEPRODUCTIONANDUSE
2.vinasse
ENERGY
1.EnergeXcbalance 2.Integratedethanol‐biodieselproducXon 3.EnergeXcplanning 4.Carbonmarket
DOMAIN AREA OF THE ATLANTIC FOREST
Estudos da UFPE – Mateus de Paula
Devastação e Proalcool
Em Alagoas – Tabuleiros
Grandes extensões Áreas planas Disponibilidade hídrica
Pernambuco
TermodeCompromisso:
Recuperaçãodemataciliar–6ha‐ano
2009:novasmetasdereflorestamentodematasciliares,nascenteseáreascomdeclividadesmaioresque45º
PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF BIOSPHERE RESERVE IN THE RAIN FOREST IN THE
NORTHEAST
RESTORATION OF PROTECTED AREAS
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAM environment and rainforest
INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAMS
About 85 species of rain Forest produced in 2005/2006
More than four million native seedlings planted in the last five years
Some of the 400,000 plants in 2006
SOME CHALENGES FOR SUSTENNABILITY IN NORTHEAST:
USE OF WATER IN INDUSTRIES: WE NEED REDUCTIONS
NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS: WE NEED TO MEASURE
CHEMICALS FOR NEMATODES AND “CUPINS” CONTROL: WE NEED REDUCTIONS
VINASSE USE
BURNED X UNBERNED: JOBS FOR THE SUGARCANE CUTTERS
Thank you for your attention
MUTUM‐DE‐ALAGOAS
Mitumitu