JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT

THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA

The Study on the Establishment of GIS Base Data

for

The Kingdom of Cambodia

Final Report

March 2003

PASCO CORPORATION

Table of Contents

................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION1.

1.1. ............................................................................................................ 1 Background1.2. ................................................................. 2 Phase2 Project Duration and Flowchart1.3. ............................................................................................... 4 Issues and Problems1.4. .................................................................................................. 4 Roles of the Study1.5. ............................................................................................................... 5 Objectives1.6. .................................................................................. 5 Implementing Organizations

2. ................................................................................................ 6 THE STUDY AREA

2.1. ............................................................................................ 7 Physical Environment2.2. ............................................................................. 9 Socio-economic Characteristics2.3. ........................................................................................................ 10 Infrastructure

3. ............................................................................................... 12 SPECIFICATIONS

3.1. ................................................................................................ 12 Topographic Maps3.2. ............................................................................................... 13 Aerial photographs3.3. .............................................................................................................. 13 Land Use3.4. ........................................... 14 Surface Geology and Geomorphology (Land Form)

........................................................................................................ 15 3.5. GIS database

4. ................................................................................ 16 REFERENCE MATERIALS

4.1. ........................................................... 17 Collection of existing reference materials

5. ........................................................... 19 EVALUATION OF COLLECTED DATA

5.1. ............................................................................................... 19 Scanned Map Data5.2. .................................................................. 20 MRC Contour and River Vector Data

6. ..................................................................................... 23 TECHNICAL APPROCH

6.1. ............................................................ 23 Aerial photographs and Satellite Imagery6.2. ........................................................................................................ 38 Interpretation6.3. ....................................... 44 Data transfer and Digitizing for Topographic map data6.4. ........................................................... 49 Data transfer and Digitizing for Land use6.5. ......... 52 Data transfer and Digitizing for Geology/Geomophology（Land Form）

6.6. .............................................................................................. 55 Map Symbolization

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6.7. ............................................................................. 57 Printing of Topographic Maps6.8. .................................................................................. 57 Plotting of Land Use Maps6.9. .................................. 58 Plotting of Surface Geology/Geomophology(Land Form)

7. ...................... 58 DATABASE INTEGRATION FOR THE WHOLE COUNTRY

7.1. ............................................................................ 58 Processing for Data Integration7.2. ................................................................................................. 59 Topographic Data7.3. ............................................................................................................... 61 Land use7.4. ................................................................ 65 Geology/Geomophology (Land Form)7.5. ............................................................................................................... 67 Metadata

................................................................................................ 69 FIELD ACTIVITY

............................................................................................................. 69 Objectives ................................................................................................. 69 Identified Objects ......................................................................................................... 70 Data sources ......................................................................................... 71 Field Verification Area ........................................................................................................ 71

8.

8.1.8.2.8.3.8.4.8.5. Methodology8.6. ..................................................................................................... 72 Materials Used8.7. ................................................................ 72 Example of Field Verification Results

9. 75 PREPARATION FOR GENERAL USE MAP AT THE SCALE OF 1/500,000

10. ........................................................................... 76 WEBSITE DEVELOPMENT

...................................................................................................... 77 11. WORKSHOP

11.1. .......................................................................................................... 77 Workshop-111.2. ......................................................................................................... 79 Workshop 2:11.3. .......................................................................................................... 80 Workshop 3

12. .......................................................................... 81 CONSULTATION MEETING

12.1. ........................................................................... 81 The First Consultation Meeting12.2. ....................................................................... 83 The Second Consultation Meeting12.3. .......................................................................... 84 The Third Consultation Meeting12.4. .......................................................................... 87 The Forth Consultation Meeting12.5. ........................................................................... 87 The Fifth Consultation Meeting

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13. .................................................................... 88 TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY

13.1. Annex of Report .................................................................................................... 92 ................................................................................................... 88

13.2. GIS application13.3. ................................................................... 98 Preparation of the operation manuals

14. GIS TRAINING FOR DATA DISSEMINATION

14.1. ...................................................................................... 99 14.2. .......................................................................................... 100 GIS Training Course

15. NEW FINDINGS

............................................................................................ 109 Limestone Deposits15.2. ...............................................................................................111 15.3. ............................................................................................111 Structural Dynamics15.4. Erosion Patterns

.......................................................................................................111 Deforestation15.6. .................................................................................111 15.7. ...........................................................................................111 Archaeological Sites15.8. Ancient patterns

.............................................................................................112 FINAL OUTPUTS

17. ..................................................................................................113

18. ..................................................................................115 RECOMMENDATIONS

18.1. .....................................................115 18.2. ...................119 Recommendations for the future plan of GIS activity in Cambodia

........................................... 99

Status of Phase 1 dataset

.............................................................................................. 109

15.1.Structural Patterns

..................................................................................................111 15.5.

Environmental Destruction

..................................................................................................111

16.

CONCLUSION

Recommendations for continuing operations

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List of Figures Figure 1: Study Work Flowchart .............................................................................. 3 Figure 2: Study Area Coverage ............................................................................... .6

Figure 4: Data Error on Raster Map....................................................................... 20 Figure 3: Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall............................................. 7

Table 21: Final Output...........................................................................................112 Table 20: List of Trainee at the Training Course.................................................. 104 Table 19: Number of the Participants................................................................... 103 Table 18: Training Schedule................................................................................. 103 Table 17:Phase 1 Data Distribution Status ............................................................. 99 Table 16: Appraisal of Technical Transfer.............................................................. 89 Table 15: Data Sources........................................................................................... 67 Table 14: Legend for Geology/Geomorphology Map of Cambodia ...................... 65 Table 13: Land Use Classes with Code .................................................................. 63 Table 12: Land Use Classes with Code .................................................................. 39 Table 11 List of Landsat Images ............................................................................ 31 Table 10: Projection................................................................................................ 29 Table 9: 52 Panchromatic SPOT Scenes 1998/2001 .............................................. 26 Table 8: GIS Database Specification...................................................................... 15 Table 7: Geology/Geomorphology (Land Form) Classes with Code..................... 14 Table 6: Land Use Classes with Code .................................................................... 13 Table 5: Specifications of the Aerial Photography................................................. 13 Table 4: Specifications of the Study....................................................................... 12 Table 3: Mobile Telephone Operator.......................................................................11 Table 2: Land Use in Cambodia ............................................................................... 8 Table 1: Team Members ........................................................................................... 5

List of Tables

Figure 5: TOPO Sheet 5733-II ............................................................................... 21 Figure 6: TOPO Sheet 6337-II ............................................................................... 22 Figure 7: Photo-index............................................................................................. 24

Figure 9: Workflow for SPOT Ortho Image Processing ........................................ 28 Figure 10: Sample of SPOT Ortho Image Print ..................................................... 30 Figure 11: 1/50,000 Topographic Map Raster Data ............................................... 32 Figure 12: GCP in the Road Junction..................................................................... 33

Figure 14: Band Combination R=4:G=5:B=3........................................................ 35 Figure 15: Landsat TM Image Photo Map ............................................................. 36 Figure 16: IRS Coverage........................................................................................ 37 Figure 17: Infrastructure Data by ArcView............................................................ 46

Figure 19: Converted Vector Data.......................................................................... 50 Figure 20: Attributed Data...................................................................................... 51 Figure 21: Methodology of Creation of Geology/Geomorphology Digital Data... 54 Figure 22: Methodology of Integration of Geology/Geomorphology Data........... 54

Figure 8: SPOT Coverage ...................................................................................... 25

Figure 13: GCP in the Meandering Point of River................................................. 33

Figure 18: Scanned Land Use Mylar...................................................................... 49

Figure 23: Map Symbolization............................................................................... 56 Figure 24: Integrated Seamless Infrastructure Dataset .......................................... 59 Figure 25: Integrated Seamless Topographic Dataset (Contour data and River) ... 60 Figure 26: Land Use Data ...................................................................................... 61 Figure 27: Land Use Data at the Borer of Phase 1 and Phase 2............................. 61 Figure 28: Seamless Land Use Data ...................................................................... 62 Figure 29: Integrated Seamless Land Use Dataset................................................. 63 Figure 30: Integrated Seamless Land Form Dataset .............................................. 66 Figure 31: Code Rd before Field Identification ..................................................... 74 Figure 32: Code Rd after Field Identification ........................................................ 74 Figure 33: Web Site Project Home Page ................................................................ 76 Figure 34: Agricultural Land Suitability Analysis ................................................. 92 Figure 35: Route Selection for National Road No. 6 ............................................. 93 Figure 36: Bridge Inventory................................................................................... 94 Figure 37: Retirement Soldier Status Maps ........................................................... 95 Figure 38: Land Use Change Map (1992/93-1996) ............................................... 96 Figure 39: Communes with Hungry People Affecting Protected Areas................. 97 Figure 40: Training Results-1............................................................................... 106

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Figure 41: Training Results-2............................................................................... 107 Figure 42: JICA Mission and Expert Participation and Activities of the Training Course ................................................................................... 108

List of Appendixes Appendix I: S/W and Minutes of meeting on 13 DECEMBER, 2000 th

Appendix II: Minutes of meeting on 25 MAY, 2001 Appendix III: Minutes of meeting on 23 NOVEMBER, 2001 rd

th

Appendix V: Minutes of meeting on 12 MARCH, 2003

List of ANNEX

Figure 43: Possible Limestone Area......................................................................110

th

Appendix IV: Minutes of meeting on 4 MARCH, 2002 th

Annex I……MAP SYMBOL

Annex II……DATABASE SCHEMA DEFINITION

Annex III……ArcView OPERATION MANUAL

Annex IV……ERDAS MNUAL

Annex V…….RASTER VECTOR CONVERSION

Annex VI……..MAP SYMBOLIZATION

Annex VII……LAND USE INTERPRETATION KEY

Annex VIII…..FIELD IDENTIFICATION REPORT

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1. Introduction

1.1. Background The current government of the Kingdom of Cambodia was formed in 1993 as a result of the general election, which was based on the peace agreement in Paris in 1991. Subsequently, in 1998, new elections were held, and Cambodia has since entered a politically-stable period and undergone rapid reconstruction and development throughout the country. In fact, with the aid of Japan, “The Reconnaissance Survey Project for the Establishment of An Emergency Rehabilitation and Reconstruction ,” so-called “Phase 1,” produced the 1996 to 1999 GIS database covering 80,000 km2 of the western half of Cambodia at scale of 1:100,000. Cambodia, however, is currently facing difficulties related to the development of plans for the area outside of Phase 1, especially in terms of infrastructure management for Mekong basin. Therefore, spatial data of the rest of the country (beyond the area of Phase 1) was required to develop master plans, including the development of the Mekong basin, resettlement programs for displaced persons, and other plans for the entire country. These factors were taken into consideration and the Government of Cambodia requested assistance from the Government of Japan to map the remaining 55% of the country. Consequently, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (hereinafter referred to as “JICA”) signed an agreement for the Scope of Work (S/W) in December 2000 for the study. “The Study on the Establishment of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) Base Data for the Kingdom of Cambodia” (hereinafter referred to as “Phase 2”) started in early March 2001. The JICA study team (hereinafter referred to as the “study team”) visited the Kingdom of Cambodia on May 16, 2001 in order to discuss the Inception Report (hereinafter referred to as “IC/R”) to the officials of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (hereinafter referred to as “MPWT”). As a result of this discussion, the IC/R was accepted by MPWT and, afterward, execution of the project began. The Draft Final Report (hereinafter referred to as “DF/R”) was originally scheduled for submission to MPWT in March 2003. Based on the comments from MPWT, A final report is being prepared for submission at the end of the study. The report

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includes the working items and results from March 2001 to February 2003. Conclusion and recommendation also mentioned in the Final Report.

1.2. Phase2 Project Duration and Flowchart The project of Phase 2 was implemented from March 2001 to March 2003 spending 36 month to follow the Project flowchart as shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1 Study Work Flowchart

1.3. Issues and Problems The GIS technology has been widely introduced in Cambodia, and there are at least one dozen agencies and departments that have hardware and software to use GIS. All, if not most, however, are using GIS as a small implementation tool for solving specific problems. Oftentimes, these agencies and departments do not understand how to fully maximize the capabilities of GIS, and this results in under-utilization of expensive equipment that will sit idle after the project terminates. In spite of large foreign-aid investment in Cambodia, there are continuous complaints that there is no progress to show for the investment. Also, there is a proliferation (wide-spread distribution) of projects that overlap in purpose and direction, including many GIS projects that have been introduced by donor countries with the expectation that it is the panacea (solution) to all development problems.

1.4. Roles of the Study The uses of Geographic Information Systems are only significant if it would be developed a digital database for a large area or ideally the country as a whole. The goal being that an inventory can then be made of availability and distribution of resources. The GIS can subsequently be utilized to identify areas of concern and further analyse the data to find solutions by using the GIS as a Decision Support System. Therefore, the development of the national spatial database is important to share information among all Government users and aid agencies using standard information. In this way, each individual project will be able to concentrate on gathering specific data particular to that project’s objectives, and the existing database will be kept up-to-date. This GIS was undertaken for the previously mentioned reasons under the JICA GIS Project, and its completion in covering the whole country and providing a broad database for national planning is now being considered. At present, development projects are undertaken on a piecemeal basis, and often depending on the individual expert’s opinion, resulting in an uncoordinated approach to regional planning. The database developed under the JICA GIS Project will provide the minimum basic information for the Cambodian Government to evaluate its land resources, locate

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missing infrastructure and the negative impact of population on its environment. It will also provide the Government with the capability to monitor project activities, to avoid overlap and to make proper use of limited human and financial resources.

1.5. Objectives The objectives of the study were as follows:

(1)

(2)

to prepare the database for GIS, which shall be widely used by government agencies and other related parties, and to pursue technology transfer in the course of the implementation of the study.

1.6. Implementing Organizations

1.6.1. Study Team

Qualified engineers who were familiar with the status of the Phase 1 study were organized for the project implementation of Phase 2. The members of the study team are shown as follows:

Table 1: Team Members

Team Leader Fujio ITO Technical Transfer of GIS Kei SATO and Interpretation of Infrastructure and Field work Kozo YAMAYA Interpretation of Land use Awadh Kishor SAH Interpretation of Geology/Geomorphology Hideaki UMEDA Aerial Photography Kozo YAMAYA

1.6.2. Host Agencies

According to the S/W agreement, the Ministry of Public Works and Transport initially acted as the main counterpart agency. After the second meeting, held in September 2001, the National Geographic Department (hereinafter referred as “NGD”) and the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (hereinafter referred as “LMUPC”) joined the project. As a cooperation agency, NGD was responsible for the topographic data preparation for the demarcation of boundaries, location of settlements, topographic names, small ground features and other information.

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2. The Study Area The study area covers 101,000 km2 along the Mekong River basin and the northern and western border of Thailand (Fig. 2).

Figure 2: Study Area Coverage

PHASE ２

PHASE ２

PHASE １

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2.1. Physical Environment

2.1.1. Climate

Temperature in Cambodia is high throughout the year, and the average temperature in the plains ranges from 27ºC to 28ºC. The difference in monthly average temperatures from April to December is about five degrees, showing little seasonal variation. On the other hand, rainfall has a distinct characteristic, since Cambodia is in the climate area of monsoon. Periods of northwestern wind and southeastern wind are observed throughout the year. The dry season starts in April and ends in November. The rainy season lasts from May through October. The distinct characteristics of dry and rainy seasons differ from region to region. The Thai Bay area, the coastal areas, and the Cardamomes Mountain areas have heavier rainfall of about 4,000 mm per year. The inland plain, such as in Phnom Penh, has an annual rainfall of about 1,400 mm. The change of the dry season and the rainy season is reflected in the water level of the Mekong River. The lowest level is observed in April. It gradually rises from May to June. In September or October the river reaches its highest level of the year. The difference between the lowest and highest ranges from eight to ten meters.

Figure 3: Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall

0

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100

150

200

250

300

350

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Rai

nfal

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vapo

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5

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15

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25

30

35

40

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(„a C

)

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Evaporation(mm)

Max. Temp (℃)

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r)10

5

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2.1.2. General Land Form and Land Use

The major characteristic of Cambodia is evident in the central plain, which is surrounded by mountainous areas. The Mekong River runs through from the north to the south in the eastern side of the country. The length of the S-shaped river is about 480 km. Tonlé Sap Lake is located in the western region of the country. Tonlé Sap Lake is connected to the Mekong River through the Tonlé Sap River. At the merging point of rivers, the capital, Phnom Penh, is located. The southern region from Phnom Penh is known as the Mekong Delta. The area of Tonlé Sap Lake is about 2,600 km2 throughout the dry season. During the rainy season, the flow of the Tonlé Sap River is reversed. At that time, the surface area of the Tonlé Sap Lake becomes about 11,000 km2. The forests around Tonlé Sap Lake are submerged, and the submerged areas create breeding and protection areas for fish species. Although Tonlé Sap Lake functions as a reservoir during the rainy season, the flood of the Mekong River cannot be prevented, and the overflow exceeds the natural levees. It reaches to Phnom Penh, 330 km away from the mouth of the river, and Kratié, which is located 220 km further upstream. The Cardamomes Mountains are covered with thick forests and elevations range from 1,000 m to 1,500 m above sea level, dividing the coastal areas from the inland areas. The sandstone Dangrek Mountains along the Thai border form an east-to-west border. Most areas of the mountains are barren fields with little vegetation. The western side of the Annam Mountains extends to the northwestern side. The areas of fertile soil, so-called “red soil,” originated in basalt and extend from Vietnam to the area. Out of 181 thousand square kilometers of land, about 60% of land cover is forest. Another major land use is paddy fields. The land use areas and their percentage to the total area is summarized in the following table.

Table 2: Land Use in Cambodia

Land Cover Type Area (km2) %

Forest 112,842 62.16

Paddy Fields 26,097 14.38

Other Vegetation 25,057 13.80

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Upland Crops 4,665 2.57

Water Surfaces 4,111 2.26

Swidden Agriculture 856 0.47

Plantation 746 0.41

Barren Lands 336 0.19

Field Crops 299 0.16

Receding Rice Fields

293 0.16

Orchards 188 0.10

Urban Areas 45 0.02

Others1/ 6,000 3.31

Total 181,535 100.00

Ref: Cambodia: “First State of the Environment Report, 1994”

1/ Added to make the total equal.

2.2. Socio-economic Characteristics

2.2.1. Population (settlements)

The total population in the year 2000 was 12,212,306. Forty-two percent of the population is under 15 years of age. The active labor population — from 15 years of age or older to sixty-four years or less — accounts for 55% of the population. The life expectancy at birth is 56.53 years on the average. The death rate is 10.79 and the birth rate is 33.48 per 1,000 persons. The infant mortality rate is 66.82 per 1,000 live births. About 90% of the population lives in rural areas. The population is ethnically and religiously homogeneous; 90% of the population are Khmer; 5% are Vietnamese; and 1% are Chinese. Ninety-five percent of the population are Theravada Buddhists..

2.2.2. Economy

Agriculture is dominant and accounts for approximately 40% of gross domestic product (GDP) and 80%of the labor force. Industry accounts for approximately 20% of the economy. The remaining, approximately 40%, is the service sector. The annual per capita income is about $290US. Cambodia's economy slowed in 1997–98 due to regional economic crisis, civil violence, and other political instability. In 2000, GDP grew by 4%, achieving about the same rate as the previous year. Major industries are garments, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, and textiles. Rice, rubber, corn, and vegetables are

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major commodities of agriculture. An estimate indicates that income from tourism, one of the growing sectors in the nation, was $87 million (US) in 2000.

2.3. Infrastructure

2.3.1. Power

The sources of power generation are fossil fuel (59.52%) and hydro (40.48%). The production in 1998 was 210 million kWh. The demand for electricity is relatively low, compared with neighboring countries. The total consumption in 1998 was 195 million kWh. The annual per capita consumption in 2000 was 50 kWh. Only about 15 to 20% of the population are connected to Eléctircité du Cambodge or other local systems. Eléctircité du Cambodge operates 22 systems supplying about 10% of all households. Most of such households are located in Phnom Penh. Outside of the major cities, about 600 private suppliers provide services.

2.3.2. Water and Sewerage

The government estimates approximately 29% of the rural population and about 48% of the urban population have access to safe water. Piped water is available to about 32% of the total population. Outside Phnom Penh, there is no organized sewage system. Even in Phnom Penh, sewage is untreated. Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority is the major supplier in Phnom Penh. It became a public enterprise in 1996. An estimate for the year 2000 shows that the number of connections reached 67,020, and the total production became 42 million cubic meters. The Authority is gradually expanding service areas. In rural areas, the Ministry of Industry, Mines, and Energy provides water supply. The Ministry of Rural Development is also responsible for supply and sanitation. Privately financed companies are in operation in Sisiphon, Kompong, Speu, Takeo, Kien Svay, Sre Ambel, and Udong.

2.3.3. Telecommunications

The number of telephone main lines was 21,800 in 1998. Mobile cellular connections are available in major provinces. Four mobile telephone companies are

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in operation. Two Internet service providers (ISPs) are available, even in provincial towns. In Phnom Penh and other provincial cities, there are adequate landline and cellular services. The Ministry of Post and Telecommunications (MPTC) provides fixed-line services. About 85% of MPTC’s lines are in Phnom Penh. 600 km of fiber optic cable link the Thai border at Poipet and the Vietnamese border at Phum Bavet. Camintel is another fixed operator owned by MPTC and Indosat of Indonesia. A Thai telecommunication company, Shinawatra, provides wireless services. Mobitel, Samart, Shinawatra, and Camtel provide mobile services.

Table 3: Mobil Telephone Operators, 2000

Operator Type of Network Coverage No. of subscribers Mobitel Digital 15 provinces 82,000 Samart Digital and Analog 14 provinces 27,000 Shnawatra Digital and Analog 9 provinces 24,100 Camtel Analog Phom Penh 3,000

(Original source: MPTC data)

2.3.4. Transport

The total road network is estimated at 35,769 km. Of this, 4,165 km are paved. About one third of the total roads are passable by motor vehicles. In the 1970s, roads and bridges were destroyed, and in the 1980s and early 1990s, rehabilitation work did not progress as much as was hoped. Natural disaster affected the road network as well. TA flood in 2000 affected the less-maintained road network. Royal Railways of Cambodia operates the nation’s railways. The total length of rail is 603 km. The 1.000 m gauge is used. Since 1993, the passenger service has been declining and is at 410 thousand passengers. The freight tonnage, on the other hand, has increased since 1995 and is at 300 thousand tons of freight. There are two major routes: the Phnom Penh-Kampong Saom Route is 260 kilometers long; and the Phnom PenhBatdambang-Sisophon Route is 352 kilometers long. Major ports are located at Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville), Kampot, Krong Kaoh Kong, and Phnom Penh. The nation’s port sector is under the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT). Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville) is the only deep

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seaport in Cambodia and is located at the Gulf of Thailand. It handles about 70% of all cargo in and out of the country. The second largest port facility is the river port at Phnom Penh. It has two international terminals and one domestic wharf. The ports’ share of dry cargo imports and exports is only 8%, but it handles about half of fuel shipments. The total lengths of inland waterways are 3,700 km for craft drawing 0.6 m or less; and 282 km craft drawing 1.8 m or less. There are 19 airports developed in Cambodia. Six airports have paved runways. Pochentong Airport in Phnom Penh was the only international airport in Cambodia, until another airport at Siem Reap, adjacent to Angkor Wat, opened for international operation in 1999. The major seven airports and other two airstrips are under the State Secretariat for Civil Aviation for their operation. Two airports at Phnom Penh and Siem Reap are under private management and operational arrangement. The Phnom Penh Airport can accommodate the Airbus A300, and the Siem Reap airport accommodates planes up to the size of Airbus A320. In 2000, about 830 thousand passengers and 11,600 tons of freight passed through the Phnom Penh Airport. The Siem Reap Airport handled about 310 thousand passengers and no freight. At both airports, demand has been increasing since 1999. The national airline is Air Kampuchea with an inventory of three Antonov-24s. It has scheduled flight service to Batdambang and Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam).

3. SPECIFICATIONS

3.1. Topographic Maps The specifications of the study are shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Specifications of the Study

Map symbols Same legend as Phase 1 Reference ellipsoid : Everest 1830

Projection: Scale:

Projection: UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) Topographic and land use maps 1:100,000 Geology/geomorphology (land form) maps 1:500,000 Maps for general use 1:500,000

Neat lines: Neat lines: 30' x 30' Contour lines: Contour lines: 40m principal contour lines; 20m intermediate contour lines Inspection The final results to be inspected by MPWT Special The following notations to be printed in the margin of each map

sheet. “This map was prepared by the Japan International Cooperation

Agency (JICA) under the Japanese Government Technical

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Cooperation Program and the Government of Cambodia.” “This map was compiled to meet the urgent need for recovery of

Cambodia based on Satellite Images and Aerial Photos without field survey.”

Map symbols Refer to Annex I

3.2. Aerial photographs The specifications of the aerial photography are shown in Table 5.

Table 5: Specifications of the Aerial Photography

Scale of Photography 1/40,000 Black and White

Focal length of the Camera 152mm

Format 23 cm x 23 cm

Photographed area Approx. 60,000 sq. km

Over lap 55 % to 65 %

Side lap 25% to 35%

Crab not to exceed 10 degrees

Tip and Tilt not to exceed 5 degrees.

Special requirements A Kinematics GPS for photo coordinate

3.3. Land Use The legend for Land Use Classification is shown in Table 6.

Table 6: Land Use Classes with Code

Lu_Code Classification Category Class Name

1 U Urban, Built-up Areas Settlement 2 I Urban, Built-up Areas Infrastructure (Airfield, factory, etc.) 3 Ar Agricultural lands Paddy field 4 Al Agricultural lands Receding and Floating rice fields 5 Au Agricultural lands Field crop 6 As Agricultural lands Swidden agriculture (Slash and burn) 7 Ao Agricultural lands Orchard 8 Ap Agricultural lands Plantation (Rubber plantation)

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9 Av Agricultural lands Village garden crop 10 Ag Agricultural lands Garden crop 11 Arv Agricultural lands Paddy field with villages 12 Fp Agricultural lands Forest plantation 13 G Grasslands Grassland (undifferentiated) 14 Ga Grasslands Abandoned field covered by grass 15 Gf Grasslands Flooded grassland 16 Gs Grasslands Grass savannah 17 Gm Grasslands Grass with termite mounds 18 Ms Grasslands Marsh and swamp 19 S Shrublands Shrubland (undifferentiated) 20 Sa Shrublands Abandoned field covered by shrub 21 Sf Shrublands Flooded shrub 22 St Shrublands Woodland and scattered trees (C < 10%) 23 Fe Forest covers Evergreen broad leafed forest 24 Fc Forest covers Coniferous forest 25 Fd Forest covers Deciduous (Dense) forest 26 Fdo Forest covers Deciduous (Open) forest

27 Fx Forest covers Mixed forest from evergreen and deciduous species

28 Fr Forest covers Riparian forest 29 Fs Forest covers Secondary forest and Bamboo forest 30 Ff Forest covers Flooded forest 31 Fm Forest covers Mangrove forest 32 Fmd Forest covers Degraded mangrove forest 33 Wl Water Features Lakes (>8 ha) 34 Wp Water Features Lakes (<8 ha) 35 Wr Water Features Reservoir 36 Ws Water Features Shrimp/Fish farming and Salt pan 37 Wo Water Features Others (Sea, Bay, etc.) 38 B Soils and Rocks Barren land 39 Bs Soils and Rocks Sand bank 40 Br Soils and Rocks Rock outcrop

3.4. Surface Geology and Geomorphology (Land Form) The legend for Land Form Classifications is shown in Table 7

Table 7: Geology/Geomorphology (Land Form) Classes with Code

Geo_Code Classification Category Class Name 1 W Land form Water 2 Fp Cenozoic Flood plain deposits 3 Af Cenozoic Alluvial fan deposits 4 Co Cenozoic Colluvial deposits (Tallus cones) 5 Pd Cenozoic Pediment deposits

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6 Lb Cenozoic Lake bed deposits 7 Db Cenozoic Deltaic deposits 8 Ft Cenozoic Tidal flats deposits 9 Br Cenozoic Beach ridge deposits, Natural Levee deposits 10 Sw Cenozoic Organic deposits (swamps) 12 Ap Cenozoic Alluvial plain deposits 14 Ta Cenozoic Terrace alluvial deposits

105 Jac Mesozoic Claystones 106 JCg Mesozoic Sandstones 107 JCcg Mesozoic Conglomerates 108 J Mesozoic Sandstones

109 J1-2 Mesozoic Red Terrace deposits (reddish brown sandstones, siltstones and marls )

111 Tg Mesozoic Formation (sandstones and micro-breccias) 112 Tx Mesozoic Formation (siltstones, schists and marls) 115 CP Paleozoic Limestones 116 DC Paleozoic Black schists, phtanites, sandstone 117 DHj Paleozoic Phtanites 118 DHx Paleozoic Schists and sandstones 123 CS2q Paleozoic Quartzites 124 Csq Paleozoic Quartzites 125 CSx Paleozoic Schists 126 CScg Paleozoic Metaconglomerates

201 C Unknown Geologic Era Hornfelds, meta-alkose sediments and mete-andesites

303 p2/p2b Volcanic Rocks Rhyolites and Dacites 305 b Volcanic Rocks Dacites 306 p1 Volcanic Rocks Rhyolites 307 p Volcanic Rocks Rhyolites 308 α1 Volcanic Rocks Trachyte, andesites, andesites and tuffs 309 α Volcanic Rocks Andesites, andesitic breccias and tuffs 310 r2t Volcanic Rocks Volcanic-sedimentary breccias and acidic tuffs311 r1t Volcanic Rocks Acid tuffs 401 g4 Plutonic Rocks High alumina granite 402 g3 Plutonic Rocks Granite or g3-4 coarse grained Granites 404 g3-2 Plutonic Rocks Fine grained Granites 407 g2 Plutonic Rocks Granite 409 gb Plutonic Rocks Granodiorite 999 NC No Classified Rocks No Classified Rocks

3.5. GIS database The specification for GIS database is shown in Table 8

Table 8: GIS Database Specification

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LIBRARY LAYER COVERAGE NAME FEATURE TYPE DESCRIPTION

road_lines rd_lin LINE Roads and road related line data road_points rd_pts POINT Roads and Related Point Data

road_carto rd_carto POINT Road related cartographic point data

rail_lines rr_lin LINE Railroads and rail line data

rail_points rr_pts POINT Railroad related point data

infra_polys pop_shp POLYGON

Polygons describing the extents of built-up areas, villages, cemeteries, airfields or other special man-made features.

infra_points pop_pts POINT

Infrastructure point features such as school, temple, hospital, mosque, Gov.office, etc

infra_carto pop_cart POINT Infrastructure cartographic point features Grounds/Playgrounds/Stadiums

hydrology_polys dn_pol POLYGON Water and water related polygon features hydrology_lines dn_lin LINE Water and water related line features

hydrology_points dn_pts POINT Water related point features topographic_pts topo_pts POINT Topographic features described as points

benchmarks cont_pts POINT Benchmarks, and Spot Elevations contours cont_lin LINE Contour Lines

landuse landuse POLYGON Land use data as interpreted from LandSAT TM imagery

Geology geology POLYGON Geology/Land Forms

Administration boundary khet50 POLYGON Khet political boundaries

srok50 POLYGON Srok political boundaries khum50 POLYGON Khum political boundaries

Anootation annotation POINT

Annotation Label Points

GPS point gps_points POINT GPS point data

4. Reference materials

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4.1. Collection of existing reference materials

4.1.1. Acquiring the Existing Aerial Photos

Existing aerial photos taken by MRC from 1992 to 1995 covering the various parts of Cambodia at the scale of 1:25,000 were collected for the photo-interpretation work.

Additional new photographs covering the northern parts of the Eastern Mekong basin area, which were taken by the World Bank project through FINNMAP in 2001, were also collected.

(1) Existing topographic maps (1:50,000)

Old topographic maps, compiled in the 1950s and covering the study area for Phase 2, were collected from the market.

(2) Acquiring the MRC Data:

Contour and river data (digitalized, based on the old 1/50,000 topographic maps by MRC for the Mekong watershed program) were collected from MRC. DTM of 50m spacing also was collected at the same time.

(3) Village and administrative data

Newest village data, digitized from national census village level data prepared by NGD and administrative boundary data were collected from NGD.

(4) Hydrographic Atlas

A hydrographic atlas map was collected from the Inner Waterway Section of MPWT. Some parts were already digitized.

(5) Raster Topographic map data

Raster topographic map data were collected from the Ministry of Forest and were already geo-referenced.

(6) Village and administrative boundaries

Village and administrative boundaries were acquired and plotted by the Geographic Department.

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(7) Geographical name

Geographical name were acquired from the National Gazetteer of the Geographic Department.

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5. Evaluation of Collected Data During the field trip (in May 2001) to Cambodia, various existing GIS data were collected. The quality of such data needed to be verified in order to judge their suitability as source data in the preparation of GIS base data for the Phase 2 study.

5.1. Scanned Map Data The scanned TOPO (1:50,000) data were collected from the Department of Forestry, Cambodia. According to concerned personnel, each sheet of TOPO data was produced by scanning six separate sections and geo-referencing individually, and then making a composite of the six sections into one sheet. Thus, the quality as pertains to accuracy of location, had to be checked in order to verify their possible uses as the data source. Out of 171 TOPO sheets covering the study area, nine TOPO sheets were selected considering different topographic conditions. The selected TOPO sheets were scanned using an A0-size color scanner, and werethen geo-referenced using Erdas Imagine Software with the same projection parameters as used for scanned TOPO data produced by Department of Forestry as follows:

Spheroid: Everest 1830

Semi-major axis: 6377276.345

Inverse flattening: 300.8017

Datum: Indian 1960

DX: +198

DY: +881

DZ: +317

While checking, special consideration was given to the locational accuracy at the UTM grid intersections and at the joint between two scanned pieces. The results indicated that the locational inaccuracy in these Scanned TOPO data varies approximately four meters to 20 meters. In the sheet where the accuracy is high, the lines where the original pieces were adjoined is almost imperceptible. On the other hand, where the locational inaccuracy is about 20 meters, some portions are distinctly missing. Some examples of wider locational inaccuracy are presented in Fig. 2.

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It is concluded that a locational inacurracy of 20 meters will not have a significant effect on the quality of TOPO maps prepared at 1:100,000. Figure 4: Data error on Raster map

5.2. MRC Contour and River Vector Data The contour and river vector data were obtained from the Mekong River Commission (MRC). These digital data have been scanned from 1:50,000 TOPO data. They were verified by overlaying on top of the scanned TOPO data of Department of Forestry. Moreover, the MRC data having projection parameter of datum Indian 1954; these were first converted to datum Indian 1960 to facilitate the overlaying.

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3

The overlay result indicated that the vector contour lines, in some of the TOPO sheets, are off more than 1mm with that of raster contour data, as in TOPO sheet 5733-II (as shown in Fig. 5). However, in cases where a TOPO sheet, such as 6337-II, has less discrepancy between vector contour data and raster contour data, the vector river data generally matches with the raster river data. It is concluded that in order to use the contour and river vector data for the preparation of 1:100,000 TOPO map, the data wherever locational discrepancy (error) is more than 0.7mm. should be edited in accordance with JICA specifications.

Figure 5 : TOPO sheet 5733-II

Figure 6 : TOPO sheet 6337-II

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