THE STUDY ON GROUNDWATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL IN … · Logar, Allaudin, Afshar, Nasaji,...

Ministry of Mines The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

THE STUDY

ON GROUNDWATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL

IN KABUL BASIN

IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN

SECTOR REPORT 2 WATER MEASUREMENT

March 2011

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)

SANYU CONSULTANTS INC.

GED

JR

11-077

SECTOR REPORT 2. WATER MEASUREMENT

Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................1

1.1. Background of the Study ...................................................................................................1

1.2. Objective of the Study .......................................................................................................1

1.3. The Study Area ..................................................................................................................2

Chapter 2. Water Measurement General ..................................................................................3

2.1 Outline ................................................................................................................................3

2.2. Well Inventory Survey .......................................................................................................3

2.2.1. Well Inventory and Traditional Water Survey ...........................................................3

2.2.2. Existing Facilities of City Water Supply ...................................................................9

2.2.3. Selection of Observation Wells ...............................................................................12

2.2.4. Conventional Elevation Survey ...............................................................................14

2.3. Water Measurement .........................................................................................................14

2.3.1. Groundwater Measurement .....................................................................................14

2.3.2. Surface Water Measurement ...................................................................................15

2.4. Work Schedule and Progress ...........................................................................................16

Chapter 3. Simultaneous Groundwater Measurement ..........................................................17

3.1. Outline .............................................................................................................................17

3.2. Groundwater Table ..........................................................................................................17

3.2.1. Groundwater Depth .................................................................................................17

3.2.2. Groundwater Contour .............................................................................................19

3.3. Temperature, pH, and EC ................................................................................................20

3.3.1. Groundwater Temperature .......................................................................................20

3.3.2. pH of Groundwater .................................................................................................22

3.3.3. EC values of Groundwater ......................................................................................23

3.4. Consideration ..................................................................................................................25

Chapter 4. Continuous Groundwater Measurement ..............................................................26

4.1. Outline .............................................................................................................................26

4.2. Groundwater Level of Production Wells .........................................................................27

4.3. Groundwater Level of Private Wells ...............................................................................28

4.4. Water Heads of Test Wells ...............................................................................................29

4.5. Consideration ..................................................................................................................31

Chapter 5. Water Quality Analysis ..........................................................................................32

5.1. Outline .............................................................................................................................32

5.2. Balance of Main Ions ....................................................................................................37

5.3. Values and Distribution of Water Quality Items ..............................................................41

5.3.1. Outline .....................................................................................................................41

5.3.2. Each Items ...............................................................................................................42

5.4.Consideration ...................................................................................................................49

Chapter 6. Surface Water Measurement .................................................................................51

6.1. Outline .............................................................................................................................51

6.2. Gauge Stations .................................................................................................................52

6.3. Measurement ...................................................................................................................59

6.4. Consideration ..................................................................................................................62

Chapter 7. Conclusions .............................................................................................................63

7.1. Well Inventory Survey .....................................................................................................63

7.2. Simultaneous Groundwater Measurement .......................................................................63

7.3. Continuous Groundwater Measurement ..........................................................................63

7.4. Water Quality Analysis ....................................................................................................64

7.5. Surface Water Measurement ............................................................................................64

7.6. Application of the data ....................................................................................................64

Appendixes

Appendix 2.2.1. Bench Mark Certificate

Appendix 2.2.2. Level Survey

Appendix 2.3.1. AWLR Installed Well Structure

Appendix 3.3.1. Groundwater Measurement Results (All)

Appendix 3.3.2. Results of Simultaneous GW Measurement (1) GW Table

Appendix 3.3.2. Results of Simultaneous GW Measurement (2) GW Elevation

Appendix 3.3.2. Results of Simultaneous GW Measurement (3) Temperature

Appendix 3.3.2. Results of Simultaneous GW Measurement (4) GW pH

Appendix 3.3.2. Results of Simultaneous GW Measurement (5) GW EC

Appendix 4.1.1. Results of Continuous GW Measurement (Elevation)

Appendix 4.1.2. Results of Continuous GW Measurement (GW Depth adjusted)

Appendix 4.1.3. Results of Continuous GW Measurement (TW-1 with Graph)

Appendix 5.3.1. Groundwater Quality (Shallow Aquifer)

Appendix 5.3.2. Groundwater Quality (PASSPORT Data)

Appendix 6.1 (1) Surface Water Measurement (by MEW) at Sang-i-Naweshta

Appendix 6.1 (2) Surface Water Measurement (by MEW) at Tang-i-Gharu

The Study on Groundwater Resources Potential in Kabul Basin in Afghanistan

Sector 2-1

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. Background of the Study

In the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (hereinafter referred to as Afghanistan), its religious, political and military conflict has been settled and the efforts towards its restoration have just been initiated. The population of the Capital, Kabul City, had been by far below two million during the conflict, but recently it might have already reached three million as a result of repatriation of refugees after the cease-fire. There exists very old pipe-borne water supply covering almost entire part of the old city in Kabul and some local water supply systems by city-quarter constructed by late Soviet Union. As a result of lingered conflict, the rate of water supply coverage currently remains at about 20%. Many of the citizens who are not equipped with proper tap water facility utilize insanitary shallow groundwater through more than 3,500 (reportedly) of hand-pump wells, natural springs, or standing water of Kabul River. However, not only because of insanitary water qualities of those but steadily lowering groundwater level caused by random and haphazard development, the water supply system of Kabul City is facing to a severe calamity of water resources shortage. Now a day, it is already worried about the diminishing of groundwater resources in the Kabul Basin, unless any proper counter measures to save groundwater resources immediately.

Under such circumstance, the newly born Government of Afghanistan has requested to the Japanese Government a technical support through Development Study, based on the concept that it is indispensable to investigate the volume of existing groundwater resources and to explore newly available aquifers, taking the current water supply condition and increasing water demand of Kabul City into an account.

1.2. Objective of the Study

The objectives of the Study include the following three purposes:

- to evaluate the potential of groundwater resources exploitable for drinking use in the Study area

- to collect information necessary to formulate groundwater resources development program for the Study area

- to transfer the techniques and methodologies of the Study on groundwater resources to the Counterparts of Ministry of Mines and relevant organization, during the course of Study.

The last objective was modified later, the target of technical transfer was enlarged to other governmental agencies concerned to groundwater development.


Sector 2-2

1) North Kabul Geohydrolic Area 2) Pole-Charkhy Geohydrolic Area 3) Darlaman－Chehilston Geohydrolic Area 4) Afshar Geohydrolic Area 5) Kabul Center Geohydrolic Area 6) Bagrami- Logar Geohydrolic Area 7) Neocene Plain Geohydrolic Area 8) Northeast Airport Geohydrolic Area 9) Logar River ~ Kabul River Geohydrolic Area

1.3. The Study Area

The Study area covers Kabul Basin in a narrow sense, in the center of which Kabul City is located. Further, the areas to survey deep groundwater resources were originally classified into nine (9) geo-hydraulic sub-zones as shown below.

However, the Study areas were re-classified into four (4) sub-basins by the Study Team through own review

on the existing data and information. These were as follows:

1) North Kabul, 2) Pol-e-Charkhy, 3) Logar, and 4) Darlaman.

A location map is shown in the head of the report, where the four sub-basins are roughly delineated.


Sector 2-3

Chapter 2. Water Measurement General

2.1. Outline As one of the major parts of hydrogeological study on the Kabul Basin, a series of a survey and observation work, totally called as “Water Measurements,” has been carried out since the early stage of the Study. Targets of the measurement were both ground and surface water, but a groundwater survey was precedent. These data are important hydrogeological information of the Kabul Basin themselves, but they are inevitable verification data for groundwater analysis with Synthetic Storage Model Analysis (refer to Sector Report 4, Groundwater Analysis).

Groundwater measurement includes water resources inventory survey, simultaneous groundwater level measurement, continuous groundwater level measurement, and water quality analysis. Surface water measurement means river or canal runoff measurement.

First of all, inventory surveys on existing water resources and water supply facilities were conducted to grasp a current status on a water supply and a groundwater use, then, some kinds of observation wells were selected out from the well inventory and their well-mouth elevations were surveyed to know an exact altitude of groundwater table.

Among 187 wells in the inventory around 110 wells were selected as the observation wells for simultaneous groundwater level measurement, then, 50 wells among the 110 wells were selected as the sampling wells for water quality analysis, and finally 10 wells (+ 2 wells as a spare wells) were selected as the targets on continuous groundwater level measurement. The simultaneous groundwater measurement was conducted in monthly basis, and the continuous measurement was done at one hour interval. Water quality analysis was carried out total five times in different seasons.

In the second Study year, the rivers flowing in and out the Kabul Basin were reconnoitered and total 12 points; three rivers nine points for flow-in, one river/two canals three points of flow-out, were selected as gauging stations to measure the runoff. Among them, two stations (Tangi Gharu in the lower Kabul and Sangi Naweshita in the upper Logar River) were the same with the gauging stations of MEW. Runoff measurement by the Team was performed in monthly basis but the measurement by MEW was daily basis.

2.2. Well Inventory Survey

2.2.1. Well Inventory and Traditional Water Survey

The study team conducted a survey on the state of water sources including existing wells, springs and Karez in Kabul Basin and compiled well inventory and traditional water source inventory as a basic data for the follow-on developing and utilizing groundwater resources.

(1) Classification of wells

Property of the surveyed wells is classified as following.


Sector 2-4

- Wells of Ministry of Mines and Industry - Wells of Ministry of Urban Development - (or the Central Authority for Water Supply and Sewerage (CAWSS)) - Wells of Ministry of Energy and Water (Ministry of Power and Water) - Wells in the public space (school, mosque, sidewalk of street) - Wells in private houses - Traditional water sources from hillside (Spring , Karez)

(2) Surveyed field

Surveyed fields are the following.

Logar, Allaudin, Afshar, Nasaji, Macro-Rayan, Elamofanhanga, Elmojel, Pluliartal, Khoshal, Khair Khana, Qargha Karez, Karez Kaian, Shohadi Salehen, Hazari Bagal (3) Type of well and lifting device

In Kabul Basin, people use 2 types of well. One is “Dug Well” or shallow well dug by hand. Another type is “Tube Well” or bore hole drilled by machine. Each well has pumping device to lift up water. And lifted water amount depends on the type of well and pump.

a. Dug well (Shallow well)

Structure: dug well type, which composed of piled circular concrete segments with the diameter of around 90cm for strengthening the wall in the hand dug well, is dominant. The depth of the well is approximately 20m at the maximum.

Lifting device: for a shallow well, a bucket made of an old tire with a rope through a pulley fixing on the wooden bracket or manual lifting device by a hand pump is mainly applied. Though there are some cases installing the engine pump or drainage pump for construction purpose at the bottom of a shallow well, discharge is comparatively less than that of deep well. It is recently observed at every place that the additional deep well equipped with a submerged pump is dug at the bottom of the shallow well due to lowering of the ground water level in the well and disablement of water intake.

Installed place: Many dug wells are located in the private house, mosque and roadside. Since the private wells are located inside the house lots surrounded by the high fences, it is difficult to survey the location and the number of wells actually utilized.

Figure 2.2.1. Dug well with pulley & bucket in Mosque


Sector 2-5

Figure 2.2.2. Dug well with hand pump on the roadside

b. Tube well (Borehole, Deep well)

Some types of pump, such as hand pump, engine pump, long shaft drive pump, motor pump set on the ground and submersible motor pump are installed in tube wells.

Structure: well with 200-400mm in diameter dug by percussion or rotary drilling machine installed a steel casing pipe (100-200mm in diameter) and a screen pipe with punched hole inside. Depth drilled is mostly up to 60m and water intake is estimated to be from the Quaternary aquifer.

Hand pump: The deep wells equipped with the hand pump are frequently observed at the roadside in Kabul. Hand pumps are mainly imported from India and Pakistan, and the low lift and simplified one is on sale at the store dealing in pumps and pipes. Although it is said that the number of hand pump is counted as much as 3,000 units in Kabul, there is no registration for all existing wells covered the whole area in Kabul because there exist the wells without no authorization and administrator for O & M in addition to the existence of many agencies who have concerned implementation of the water supply projects utilizing ground water such as CIDA, ICRC, DACCAR, CARE international and etc.

Although water pumping by hand pump is comparatively easy, surveyed number of well facilities in the present study are a few. The reason is that in case of the hand pump combined with the deep well, it is difficult to measure the ground water level from surface due to no existence of an opening to insert a water level gauge at the ground surface level of well.

Motor pump: There are facilities developed for the water supply source of Kabul in old time in the 1960s. Those have a structure installed the submerged pump in the deep well. Many of them are still working at present by exchanging the pump devices repeatedly. The facilities are commonly composed of a deep well, a submerged pump and a storage tank for the commercial facilities located in the compound of a hospital and a school where require much pure water. In addition, many of personal deep wells were constructed in the private garden due to the influence of the ground water level lowering.


Sector 2-6

While the submerged type multistage high lift motor pump is commonly installed in the deep well, motor driven upland pump (suction type pump) or borehole pump driven by an engine through a long vertical shaft is often utilized in case of the well with high ground water level. Water level measurement is made in the manner to insert the water level gauge to a clearance gap between a casing pipe and a raiser pipe in case of no coverage of well or to the opening for measurement if provided.

Figure 2.2.3. Tube well with motor pump set on the ground in public school.

Figure 2.2.4. Tube well and submersible motor pump used for city water

Well and pump on Fig. 1.2.4 is managed by CAWSS. White curved line on the left side of the picture is a small tube of chlorine infusion for sterilization.

(4) Lifted amount from wells Quantity of yield from the well equipped with the submerged pump is altered depend on the operation time of the pump in accordance with the water requirement of each administrator as well as facility capacity determined by the combination of the well and pump.


Sector 2-7

As the storage capacity of lifted water for the private user or a mosque is mostly around 1 to 10 m3, an operational time of pump is usually a few hours in a day. The storage tank with the capacity of 10 to 50m3 is normally installed for the use of school, hospital, courthouse and government office, and they operate the pump more than 12 hours per day. In Kabul basin, 54 wells are operated for a water supply source and daily average yield of one well is as much as 1,100m3 of water .

Number of user of private well, community well and well in public yard such as school or hospital is not so many. And lifted water amount is less than 100 cubic meter per day as showing on this sheet. On the other hand, wells for the water source of city water supply are used continuously.

Additionally, the drinking water factories have their own wells and pipeline for their exclusive use. There are private wells to sale water to the water trucks which covey water to the unsupplied area at the north Kabul basin near Kabul airport where is under developing. Suburbs farmland, where is cultivating wheat (barley), chili and so forth, and wells for irrigation are extending at the Bagrami area in the Logar river basin located at the northeast of Kabul city.

(5) Water Level and Water Quality

Water level: Although scarce surface water is flowing in the river generally, high level of ground water surface is observed in the group of the wells along a river. The ground water levels in the well groups of Logar, Nasaji in the Logar river basin and Allaudin in the Kabul river basin are observed at the depth less than 10m. Those of Allaudin well group in Pagman river basin appear comparatively low level as deep as about 30m. Furthermore, ground water levels of Khair Khana and Wazir Abad areas at the north in the Kabul city is around 20m in depth and those of other area are mostly less than 10m in depth.

Water quality: Water in the shallow well is mostly muddy. Further, there are wells unsuitable for drinking due to high salinity at the neighboring area of Ramman mena located at the southeast of Kabul city. Chlorination is infused for disinfection to the conduction main in the water supply system under the CAWSS management. And also, some pipelines from the wells of the water source equip the strainer for soil filtering.


Sector 2-8

Summary of Survey on the State of Water Use (September 2006)

Owner of well Private / Community / School / Mosque / Hospital / Public office CAWSS / MUD

Type of well and Pumping device

Unused well

Dug well with

Pulley & Bucket

Dug well with Hand pump

Tube well with Hand pump

Dug well with

Motor pump

Tube well with Motor pump

Number of surveyed wells (Aug-Sep, 2006)

7 12 10 1 * 4 60 54

Average of lifted water amount (m3/day)

- 0.5 - 5 1 – 6 1 – 6 1 - 20 5 - 100 1,100

Estimated number of well in Kabul basin - 500 -

2,000 500 - 2,000

500 - 3,000

200 - 1,000

200 - 1,000 54

Total amount of lifted water in Kabul (m3/day)

- 250 –

10, 000 500 – 12,000

500 – 18,000

200 - 20,000

1,000 - 100,000 61,000

* Though the type of tube well with hand pump is major in Kabul city and it is possible to sample water from pump easily, it is difficult to measure groundwater level because of no opening on the surface part of hand pump.

(6) Traditional Water Sources

Spring: Although there are several water tanks to store spring water at the mountain stream in the rocky mountain and utilize it for domestic water and holy water in the Muslim mosque (such as Shohadi Salehen), the amount of water is insufficient for public water supply. Kabul city belongs to an arid region having annual precipitation of around 300mm and being located at the highland at the altitude of about 1,800m, therefore, amount of water to be recharged for a spring may be scarce.

Karez: this is a conveyance system of ground water from the foot of a mountain to the vicinity of the village through a tunnel and conveyed water is utilized at the area near mountain since before widely use of a water supply works. Based on the preliminary report of the present study, the Karez is still utilized at present in the midstream basins of the Logar river and Pagman basin located at the south and the west of the Panjsir alluvial fan respectively. Furthermore, it is reported that although the open channel has been existed in Kabul city, water in it has dried up due to the recent drought and lowering of the ground water level.

There are several numbers of Karez at the Kargha region far from Kabul city toward west about 10km, from which the village canals are aligned utilizing the ground slope for water supply to villages. In this area, abundant water is available because of sufficient recharging to groundwater by the result of Kargha dam construction. At the downstream of the dam, water collecting tank


Sector 2-9

through underground infiltration gallery has been installed and utilized as the water source for the pipeline of water supply (Kargha Karez water source) by gravity flow.

Large scaled housing land development is promoted in the Khair Khana area at the northwest of Kabul city, and a quarry site for construction can be observed.

There is the hand dug mother well that is followed by lateral tunnels (traditional Karez) in the area, and it is utilized as public water supply facility as well.

Figure 2.2.5. Public water tap at the end point of Traditional Karez in Hazari Bagal

Summary of Survey on the Traditional Water Source (September 2006) Name of

Water Source Shohadi Salehen Hazari Bagal Kargha Karez

Structure Spring in rocky hill slope Mother well + Karez 200m Infiltration catchment chamber

Utilization Ablution in mosque Communal water supply Water source of city water

Estimated Amount of Water Use (m3/day) 0.1 – 1.0 5 – 50 5,000 – 15,000

2.2.2. Existing Facilities of City Water Supply

The study team conducted a survey on water supply facilities such as deep well, pump station, reservoir, pipeline and state of the distributing area, and compiled inventory file.

(1) Managing Authority of City Water

Water supply system in Kabul city is chiefly managed by KWSS, Kabul Water Supply and Sanitation under control of CAWSS, MUD. Microrayan is a special ward and water supply system in this area is managed by Protection of area office, Microrayan under control of MUD. (2) System of City Water

Public water in Kabul city is mostly distributed by gravity flow system. The lifted water from each well is collected into the chamber and pumped up to the reservoir on the slope of rocky hill. In some small system, the well pump lifts water up to the reservoir directly through transmission


Sector 2-10

pipelines. Then water is distributed to each house or public fountain (public tap) by gravity.

Figure 2.2.6. Pump facilities at the collecting chamber (Motor is removed for repair.)

Figure 2.2.7. Reservoir on the hillside

Public Water Tap: it is less common at the plain area in Kabul basin that people are waiting their turn in a queue in front of a draw well and hand pump well since there might be many available wells in the area. The other hand, at the public taps provided in a mountain slope and hoot hills where lower-income people are living, many people gather to draw water and convey water filled in a plastic tank to the up land by shouldering or a donkey.

Figure 2.2.8. Public Water Tap


Sector 2-11

Figure 2.2.9. Water carrying by Boys and Donkey

Water Tank Truck: water tank trucks, which have been granted by CARE international, are stationed in the Zone 1 Office (Nasaji Pump Station) and Zone 4 Office (Allaudin Pump Station) of KWSS, CAWSS, MUD. Each office delivers water to the up land and unsupplied area by water tank trucks being filled ground water from the well at the pump station. Fuel cost of the water tank trucks is borne by the CARE international. Water Supply to Houses: Water supply system in Kabul city covers only a limited area such as the old city. Registered number of a house receiving water supply is approximately 46,000 households and the coverage of water supply is reported at about 20% based on the KfW’s report.

Summary of Survey on Existing Water Supply Facilities (September 2006)

Name of Water Supply System Logar Nasaji

Allau din

Kabul Univ.

AfsharKhair Khana

Kargha

KosharPlu

arital Wazir abad

Parawan

Microrayan

Managing Office Logar, Zone 1 KWSS

Zone 4 KWSS

Afshar, Zone 5 KWSS

Zone 2KWSS

Zone 3 KWSS

Zone 6 KWSS

PAM,MUD

Number of Deep Well

10 2 +

1(unc.) 6 2

7 + 1(dry)

6 1Spring+2well

1 + 1(OOS)

3 1 11

Number of Pump Station

1 1 1 + 1

(backup)0 0 0 0

1 (BPS)

0 0 0

Amount of Reservoir (m3)

5,000 1,200 7,500 1,00010,000+5,000

500 1,200 1,200 180 180 3,000

Number of House Connection

6,000 5,000 16,000 3,900 3,000 3,000 9,000

Estimated Lifted Water (m3/day)

12,000 2,600 6,700 6,000 13,900 3,80010,000

+40 1,400 1,000 300 11,300

PAM, MUD : Protection of Area Office Microrayan, Ministry of Urban Development KWSS : Kabul Water Supply and Saniation, Central Authority of Water Suuply and Sanitation, MUD unc.: unconnected, OOS: Out of Service, BPS: Booster Pump Station


Sector 2-12

Managing Office Logar, Zone 1 KWSS

Zone 4 KWSS

Afshar, Zone 5 KWSS

Zone 2KWSS

Zone 3 KWSS

Zone 6 KWSS

PAO,MUD

Number of Well

10 2 6 2 8 6 Spring1+well2

1 + 1(OOS)

3 1 11

Number of Pump Station

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1(BPS) 0 0 0

Amount of Reservoir (m3)

5,000 1,200 7,500 1,00010,000+5,000

500 1,200 1,200 180 180 3,000

Number of HouseConnection

6,000 5,000 16,000 3,900 3,000 3,000 9,000

Estimated Lifted Water (m3/day)

12,000 2,600 6,700 6,000 13,500 3,80010,000

+40 1,400 1,000 300 11,300

PAO, MUD : Protection of Area Office Microrayan, Ministry of Urban Development BPS: Booster Pump Station KWSS : Kabul Water Supply and Saniation, Central Authority of Water Suuply and Sanitation, MUD OOS: Out of Service

Total numbers of wells and pump stations are 52 (including spring) and 3 (excluding booster pump station), total amount of the reservoir is 35,960 m3. 2.2.3. Selection of Observation Wells

(1) Observation wells for Simultaneous Groundwater Measurement (100 wells)

Through the “Well Inventory Survey,” total 148 wells were checked their current conditions by eyes, water level by water-meter, and locations by GPS. Then, another 39 wells were additionally sought out by the Team in the areas where the original wells were absent or scarce. Thus, total 187 wells were checked out in Kabul Basin. Location of all wells checked out is shown as Figure 2.2.1.


Sector 2-13

Figure 2.2.10. Location Map of All Wells checked out

Among them, some 120 wells were selected out as observation wells under the Study, including a few spare wells. And, all of those wells are the target of following well top elevation survey work.

Criteria on selecting observation wells are as follows:

1. Tube wells which have been ever used but not used now. 2. Tube wells which have not equipped any kind of pump. 3. Tube wells which have equipped by any pump but daily operation time are short. 4. Dud wells without handpump but full appropriately covered. 5. Dug wells with handpump but there is a space to measure water level. 6. Wells owned by official agencies (CAWSS, MUD, GWEH, AGS, MEW, etc.). 7. Wells owned by public organizations (mosque, school, park, market, town/village, etc.) 8. Private wells which are easy to measure water level, and the owner readily allow to measure.

(2) Observation wells for Continuous Groundwater Measurement (10 wells)

From the around 120 wells selected out as the observation wells, further 12 wells (including 2 spare wells) were selected out as the continuous observation wells, which are installed by an automatic water level recorder.

Criteria on selecting the recorder equipped wells are:

1. Wells owned by official agencies (CAWSS, MUD, GWEH, AGS, MEW, etc.). 2. Tube wells which have been ever used but not used now.


Sector 2-14

3. Wells owned by public organizations (mosque, school, park, market, town/village, etc.) 4. Private wells which are easy to measure water level and the owner readily allow to measure.

2.2.4. Conventional Elevation Survey

All of the observation wells mentioned above, including some of spare wells, are to be measured their elevations for following groundwater level measurement. For the leveling survey, total 4 official bench marks were referred in northwest (Khai-hana), east (Pole Charkhy), southwest (Darlaman), and central Kabul (Centre). They were as follows and their certifications are shown in Appendix 2.2.1:

- City Center; at AGCHO Headquater El. 1796.02372 m - Darlaman; at National Musium El. 1820.3035 m - Khai Khana at Quveiti Mosque El. 1809.6536 m - Pol-e-Charkhy at Hawa Shenacy Construction El. 1781.5991 m

Equipment for the level survey were provided by the Study Team and a survey technique was transferred to the C/P engineers of DGEH from the Study Team. Route map of the elevation survey is shown as Figure 2.2.2.

Figure 2.2.2. Route map of Elevation Survey

2.3. Water Measurement

2.3.1. Groundwater Measurement

Major portion of the water measurement is a groundwater measurement, because the groundwater hydrograph is very important as a verification data in the groundwater analysis.

Groundwater measurement is consisted of 1) Simultaneous Groundwater Measurement, 2) Continuous Groundwater Measurement, and 3) Water Quality Analysis, on shallow aquifer as a rule. Besides the measurement on observation wells, Test Wells drilled under the Study also included in the target of measurements for both simultaneous and continuous measurement after they had been completed.


Sector 2-15

Items of the simultaneous measurement for groundwater were; a) depth to the groundwater table, b) groundwater temperature, c) pH Value, and d) EC Value. Water level detector, portable pH meter, and portable EC meter were applied in the measurement.

A party for the measurement was consisted of an engineer and an assistant of DGEH, and three parties were organized for the measurement. All of the observation wells were measured by the three parties within three days, in the beginning of the month as a rule, and the fourth day was applied as a supplemental measurement or re-measurement on abnormal data. Three of 4-wheel drive car were mobilized for the measurement.

Water qualities such as temperature, pH or EC were measured using flowing water when the well equipped any kinds of pomp. If it had no pump available, a water sampler was adopted to take up water sample.

Continuous groundwater measurement was conducted by Automatic Water Level Recorder (AWLR). AWLR adopted in the Study was a pressure sensor type available to measure and record for 5 years, in 1 hour interval measurement, through 1mm of accuracy. Structures of the well in which AWLR was installed are shown in Appendix. All of the Test Wells drilled under the Study were also installed AWLR, immediately after the well had been completed. AWLR in each well was taken out from the well and the data were recovered periodically and at the end of May, 2009. A palmtop computer was used to recover the data.

Water quality analysis on the shallow aquifer was conducted total five (5) times during the Study period. Two times in both dry and wet seasons, and one time in May 2009, when the groundwater table is highest in a year. Target wells for groundwater quality analysis were 50, selected among all observation wells in the Kabul Basin. Water sample for the analysis was taken by the engineer and assistant of DGEH, in charge of water quality analysis. Analysis was carried out by the Team member and counterpart personnel at first to transfer technology. Later, the analysis was conducted by engineer and assistants of DGEH, under management of the Team member. Analysis kit was SR2300, provided by JICA in 2004 when a JICA expert was dispatched.

2.3.2. Surface Water Measurement

Situation of surface water in the Kabul Basin was checked by the Team through topo-map and satellite image interpretation, and actual reconnaissance survey. As the results, that tree rivers and four canals were flowing in to the Basin and a river and two canals were flow out from the Basin was revealed. Thus, total 12 sites; 9 stations for inflow and 3 stations of outflow, were selected by the Team and gauging stations were constructed except two sites where gauging station had been set by MEW.

After setting the gauging stations, river water level was measured every month, in the beginning of the month as a rule, asking to watchers living near the station.


Sector 2-16

2.4. Work Schedule and Progress

Well inventory survey was commenced immediately after the Study Team had entered in Kabul and the Inception Report on the Study was explained to DGEH. The survey party was consisted of a Japanese Team member, DGEH’s counterpart, and three assistants. Well inventory survey was completed till the end of August, 2006, then elevation survey on the well top was conducted till the end of October, 2006.

Selections of observation wells were carried out in October, and the first simultaneous groundwater measurement was conducted in the beginning of November, 2006.

Automatic water level recorder for continuous groundwater level measurement was installed in each target wells selected within November and December, 2006. Since the commencement, the water measurements, both simultaneous and continuous measurement, were continued until May, 2010.

Surface water measurement was commenced from September, 2007 (partly started from June), after gauging station was set and river proportional and cross section survey were completed. Surface water measurement was also continued till May, 2010.


Sector 2-17

Chapter 3. Simultaneous Groundwater Measurement

3.1. Outline

The simultaneous groundwater level measurements were carried out in monthly basis, usually in the beginning of every month, since November, 2006. Target observation wells were around 110 wells spreading in the Kabul Basin in almost equal density. In all of the observation wells a depth of groundwater table, temperature, pH and EC of the groundwater were measured. Observations of all wells were conducted within three days. Location Map of the observation wells is shown as Figure 3.1.1. All results of the measurements were shown as Appendix 3.3.1.

Depths to the groundwater table in all observation wells were converted to elevations. Based on the groundwater level a contour map of groundwater table, in every month, was figured out, and a groundwater hydrograph was also built out. Results of groundwater measurement, especially the data on groundwater table, were adopted as verification data in groundwater analysis.

Figure 3.1.1. Location Map of Observation Wells

3.2. Groundwater Table

3.2.1. Groundwater Depth

In the simultaneous groundwater measurement, the depth of groundwater table was measured at first, using water level detector with buzzer. Results of the measurement are attached in

Appendix 3.3.2 and shown in Figure 3.2.1. (1) ～(3). As shown in the figures, there are several abrupt changes in groundwater depths; these are deference of condition whether pump is operating or not.


Sector 2-18

Figure 3.2.1. Results of Simultaneous Groundwater Measurement (Groundwater Depth)

Pagman Basin

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Nov.06

Dec.06

Jan

.07

Feb.07

Mar

.07

April.0

7

May

.07

Jun.07

Jul.0

7

Aug.07

Sep.07

Oct

.07

Nov.07

Dec.07

Jan

.08

Feb.08

Mar

.08

Apr

.08

May

.08

Jun.08

Jul.0

8

Aug.08

Sep.08

Oct

.08

Nov.08

Dec.08

Jan

.09

Feb.09

Mar

.09

Apr

.09

May

.09

Month

Dep

th (m

)

W2 W3 W7 W12 W72 CR4 AF7 B81 W68 OY2

Upper Kabul

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

Nov.06

Dec

.06

Jan

.07

Feb

.07

Mar

.07

Apr

il.07

May

.07

Jun

.07

Jul.07

Aug

.07

Sep

.07

Oct.07

Nov.07

Dec

.07

Jan

.08

Feb

.08

Mar

.08

Apr.08

May

.08

Jun

.08

Jul.08

Aug

.08

Sep

.08

Oct.08

Nov.08

Dec

.08

Jan

.09

Feb

.09

Mar

.09

Apr.09

May

.09

Month

Dept

h (m)

W77 W78 W10 B54 W11 AL3 AL4 W12 OY2

Logar Basin

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Month

Dep

th (m)

系列1 系列2 系列3 系列4 系列5 系列7 系列8 系列9 系列6

(1) Pagman area

(2) Upper Kabul area

(3) Logar area


Sector 2-19

Then, some isobathic maps of groundwater table drawn by the results of simultaneous groundwater

measurement are shown in Figure 3.2.2. Remains are attached in Appendix.

Figure 3.2.2. Isobathic Maps of Groundwater Table (Middle of 2007)

Figure 3.2.2 (Groundwater hydrographs) indicates smooth seasonal fluctuations and the deference of

groundwater depths in rainy and dry seasons were from less than 1m to more than 6m. Seasonal

fluctuation is rather heavy in Logar sub-basin comparing to the other sub-basins. Groundwater table

became the highest level in May in general.

As the figure 3.2.3 shows, depths to the groundwater table were ranging from less than 1.0m to

around 37m from the ground surface, deeper in the west (Paghman river basin) and northwest (Khai

Khana area) Kabul.

3.2.2. Groundwater Contour

Depths of groundwater table in each observation well are converted to elevation using the well top

elevation. One of the groundwater contour map based on such conversion is shown as Figure 3.2.4.

Remains are attached in Appendix 3.3.2.(2). As the figure shows, the contour of groundwater table is,

as a general, according to the ground surface elevation flowing down from the west to east of the


Sector 2-20

Kabul Basin. A groundwater valley is recognized in the north to center of the North Kabul sub-basin

in E-W direction, supposedly along with the old Kabul river route.

Inclination of groundwater table is steep in Pagman sub-basin and upper Kabul sub-basin, and

becoming very flat in North Kabul, Pol-e-Charkhy, and Logal sun-basins.

Figure 3.2.3. A Sample of Contour Map of Groundwater Table

3.3. Temperature, pH, and EC

3.3.1. Groundwater Temperature

Groundwater temperature changes smoothly along with the air temperature; high in summer and

low in winter, but the fluctuation range is small as around 15°± 2.0℃ as shown in Figure 3.3.1. On the groundwater temperature there is no obvious spatial tendency but it is slightly higher in the northern part of the Kabul Basin and upstream of the Paghman. Figure 3.3.2 shows a sample of isohyets map of groundwater temperature of Kabul Basin.


Sector 2-21

Figure 3.3.1. Groundwater Temperature (Average of all measurement)

Figure 3.3.2. Isohyets Map of Groundwater Temperature (Apr. 2007)

Groundwater Temperature (Ave.)

10.011.012.013.014.015.016.017.018.019.0

Nov.0

6

Dec.0

6

Jan.0

7

Feb.0

7

Mar.07

April.0

7

May.0

7

Jun.0

7

Jul.0

7

Aug.0

7

Sep.0

7

Oct.07

Nov.0

7

Dec.0

7

Jan.0

8

Feb.0

8

Mar.08

Apr.08

May.0

8

Jun.0

8

Jul.0

8

Aug.0

8

Sep.0

8

Oct.08

Nov.0

8

Dec.0

8

Jan.0

9

Feb.0

9

Mar.09

Apr.09

May.0

9

Tem

prat

ure

(D

eg.

C)


Sector 2-22

3.3.2. pH of Groundwater

On pH of the groundwater there is no clear fluctuation in time series. Further, the pH value of water has no clear spatial tendency but a few well having an extreme value controls the isohyets map. Figure 3.3.3 shows pH values in time series and Figure 3.3.4 shows a sample of isohyets map of pH value in the Kabul Basin.

Figure 3.3.3. pH Value of Groundwater (Average) in Kabul Basin

pH Value of Groundwater (Average)

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

Nov.0

6

Dec.0

6

Jan.0

7

Feb.0

7

Mar.07

April.0

7

May.0

7

Jun.0

7

Jul.0

7

Aug.0

7

Sep.0

7

Oct.07

Nov.0

7

Dec.0

7

Jan.0

8

Feb.0

8

Mar.08

Apr.08

May.0

8

Jun.0

8

Jul.0

8

Aug.0

8

Sep.0

8

Oct.08

Nov.0

8

Dec.0

8

Jan.0

9

Feb.0

9

Mar.09

Apr.09

May.0

9

pH v

alue


Sector 2-23

Figure 3.3.4. Isohyets Map of pH Value of Groundwater (Apr. 2007)

3.3.3. EC values of Groundwater

EC value of groundwater also indicates no clear fluctuation in time series, showing usually rather low values from 100 to 500 μS/cm. The spatial tendency is also not clear but the upstream (western side of the Basin) shows slightly low value compared to the lower stream. As same with pH value, a few wells having extremely high EC value controls the isohyets contours. Figure 3.3.5 shows EC values in time series, and Figure 3.3.6 indicates a sample of isohyets map of EC value of groundwater in the Kabul basin.


Sector 2-24

Figure 3.3.5. EC Value of Groundwater (Average) in Kabul Basin

Figure 3.3.6. Isohyets Map of EC Value of Groundwater (Aug. 2007)

EC Value of Groundwater (Average)

10.0

100.0

1000.0

Nov.

06

Dec.0

6

Jan

.07

Feb.

07

Mar

.07

Apr

.07

May

.07

Jun.0

7

Jul.0

7

Aug.

07

Sep.

07

Oct.07

Nov.

07

Dec.0

7

Jan

.08

Feb.

08

Mar

.08

Apr

.08

May

.08

Jun.0

8

Jul.0

8

Aug.

08

Sep.

08

Oct.08

Nov.

08

Dec.0

8

Jan

.09

Feb.

09

Mar

.09

Apr

.09

May

.09

EC

(μ

S/cm

)


Sector 2-25

3.4. Consideration

Simultaneous groundwater measurement was conducted since June 2006 to may 2009 by the Study Team and DGEH. Target observation wells were around 110 wells selected from all wells checked through groundwater inventory survey. Contents of the measurement were 1) depth to the groundwater table, 2) groundwater temperature, 3) pH value, and 4) EC value of groundwater.

Depth to the groundwater table varies from nearly Gl-1.0m to more than 37m under the ground surface. Yearly fluctuation of groundwater depth is rather small from only 1.0m to maximum 6.0m, averagely around 3.0m. The highest groundwater table occurs in May and the lowest groundwater table occurs in November to January usually.

Depth to the groundwater table is converted to groundwater elevation using the well mouth elevation, and groundwater contour map was drawn. As shown in the figure, groundwater in the Kabul Basin flows from west to east, along with ground surface inclination. However, in the area from north Kabul to Pol-e-Charkhy main groundwater flow passes through somewhat northern part, supposedly following the old river route. Elevation of groundwater table, a groundwater hydrograph shall be applied as “Verification Data” later in the groundwater analysis.

Groundwater temperature of the Kabul basin was from 15.0 ± 2.0℃, fluctuating nearly along with the air temperature. There was no clear spatial tendency in groundwater temperature but it is slightly high in the northern part of the Basin.

The pH value of the groundwater in the Kabul basin was rather high as 7.4 to 7.9, averagely 7.65. It means the groundwater in the Basin is slightly in alkali condition. There was no clear tendency in both time series measurement and spatial distribution. Only some measurements indicating very high value controls isohyets contours.

EC value of the groundwater also shows no obvious tendency in both time series and spatial distribution. In EC also, some points showing quite high EC value controls the isohyets map.


Sector 2-26

Chapter 4. Continuous Groundwater Measurement

4.1. Outline

Continuous groundwater measurement was conducted through installing AWLR in the well, as explained above. Targets of continuous groundwater measurement were total 10 wells selected from all observation wells in the Kabul Basin, and additionally total 8 wells of Test Wells drilled under the Study. Location Map of the original target wells is shown as Figure 4.1.1.

Figure 4.1.1. Location map of AWLR installed Wells

The AWLR applied in the Study is the pressure-sensitive automatic recorder with 1.0mm accuracy, with recording life of 5 years through measuring the pressure every one hour. Measured data were stored in the memory in AWLR and recovered by a pocket computer through a special connecting cable.

Data on groundwater table measured by AWLR were on an hourly basis, so that there are more than 26,000 data (24 x 365 x 3 years) for each well. The hourly data are converted into the daily data by extracting a datum representing a day, usually the midnight measurement to avoid influence of pumping in the well and/or neighboring wells. Some wells in the production wells belonging to CAWSS cannot avoid the pumping effect completely because pumping in the well was done even at midnight.


Sector 2-27

The data measured by AWLR are thickness of water above the sensor together with an air pressure above the groundwater table. Therefore, the measured depth to groundwater should be modified by air pressure measured throughout the observation period by anther AWLR set in the office. Figure 4.1.2 shows the air pressure, and Figure 4.1.3 shows a sample of air pressure adjustment indicating original measured data and adjusted values.

Figure 4.1.2. Air Pressure

Figure 4.1.3. A Sample of Air Pressure Adjustment

The data are finally converted to an elevation with a depth of AWLR and well mouth elevation. Results of the observations by AWLRs are shown as Appendix 4.1.1.

4.2. Groundwater Level of Production Wells

Among 10 target wells for continuous groundwater measurement, 5 wells were production wells

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

03.12.2007

03.01.2008

03.02.2008

05.03.2008

05.04.2008

06.05.2008

06.06.2008

07.07.2008

07.08.2008

07.09.2008

08.10.2008

08.11.2008

09.12.2008

09.01.2009

09.02.2009

12.03.2009

12.04.2009

13.05.2009

13.06.2009

14.07.2009

14.08.2009

14.09.2009

15.10.2009

15.11.2009

16.12.2009

Air P

ressure

(m

)

-11

-10.8

-10.6

-10.4

-10.2

-10

-9.8

03.1

2.2

007

03.0

1.2

008

03.0

2.2

008

05.0

3.2

008

05.0

4.2

008

06.0

5.2

008

06.0

6.2

008

07.0

7.2

008

07.0

8.2

008

07.0

9.2

008

08.1

0.2

008

08.1

1.2

008

09.1

2.2

008

09.0

1.2

009

09.0

2.2

009

12.0

3.2

009

12.0

4.2

009

13.0

5.2

009

13.0

6.2

009

14.0

7.2

009

14.0

8.2

009

14.0

9.2

009

15.1

0.2

009

15.1

1.2

009

16.1

2.2

009

Gro

undw

ate

r D

epth

(m

)

Original Adjusted


Sector 2-28

operated by CAWSS; they were AF-7, NP-2, MR-6, OY-2, and WA-4.

In the case of production wells, most of the measurements of water depth were affected by pumping operation, even though the data at the midnight were extracted. Especially, in WA-4, water depth was heavily affected by pumping up, and AWLR in the well was lost at the end of 2007, supposedly stolen.

AWLR installed in AF-7 was malfunctioned since the beginning of 2008. Thus, AWLRs installed in the remaining three wells were measured groundwater level throughout the measurement period.

The minimum groundwater depth among the five production wells was around 1.6m below ground surface (in NP-2) and the maximum groundwater depth was nearly 23m (in WA-4). A sample of continuous groundwater depth measurement in production well is shown as Figure 4.2.1 and all of the results are shown in Appendix 4.1.1.

Figure 4.2.1. A Sample of Continuous Groundwater Measurement in Production Well

Measured groundwater depth in each well was converted to groundwater table elevation using the well mouth elevation. Because of widely spreading production wells, elevations of groundwater table were varied from 1,855m to lower than 1,770m. These data are also shown in Appendix 4.1.1.

4.3. Groundwater Level of Private Wells

The private wells installed AWLR were also 5 wells, namely; W26, W40, W57, W60, and W78. W57 was, however, a dug-well for a mosque in Darlaman sub-basin.

Most of AWLR in the private wells were well functioned throughout the survey period, but only the AWLR in W26 was malfunctioned after June, 2007.

Groundwater depths in private wells were varied from 2.0m below ground surface in W40, to nearly 17m in W26. Fluctuation of groundwater, between rainy season and dry season, was largest in W78 of around 7m and was the minimum in W40 of less than 2.0m.

NP-2

-7.0

-6.0

-5.0

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

22.

10.2

006

22.

11.2

006

23.

12.2

006

23.

01.2

007

23.

02.2

007

26.

03.2

007

26.

04.2

007

27.

05.2

007

27.

06.2

007

28.

07.2

007

28.

08.2

007

28.

09.2

007

29.

10.2

007

29.

11.2

007

30.

12.2

007

30.

01.2

008

01.

03.2

008

01.

04.2

008

02.

05.2

008

02.

06.2

008

03.

07.2

008

03.

08.2

008

03.

09.2

008

04.

10.2

008

04.

11.2

008

05.

12.2

008

05.

01.2

009

05.

02.2

009

08.

03.2

009

08.

04.2

009

09.

05.2

009

09.

06.2

009

10.

07.2

009

10.

08.2

009

10.

09.2

009

11.

10.2

009

11.

11.2

009

12.

12.2

009

Org Adjust


Sector 2-29

Groundwater levels of the wells were influenced by rainfall to a greater or lesser degree, but the influence was largest in W60. The W60 was located in the south-east corner of Khai Khana, where a Lake Deposit was distributing, and supposedly, the well was tapping very shallow perched aquifer.

Groundwater depths measured by AWLR were converted to groundwater elevation as same with the production wells. Elevations of groundwater table in these private wells were varying from around 1,816m to nearly 1,778m.

Figure 4.3.1 shows results of continuous groundwater measurement in W60, as a sample. All of the results are attached in Appendix 4.1.2.

Figure 4.3.1. Continuous Groundwater Measurement in W60

4.4. Water Heads of Test Wells

Test Wells installed AWLR were, in time order; TW-1, TW-3, TW-2, CW-1, MW-1, MW-2, CW-2, and TW-4. In The AWLR was installed in TW-1 on December 3, 2007, in TW-3 on December 23, 2007, and in TW-2 on May 21, 2008. In both MW-1 and CW-1, the AWLR was installed on March 29, 2009. The other Test Wells were also installed AWLR immediately after their completion, but the measurement period were too short to discuss here.

Nevertheless the depths of Neogene Aquifer were very deep, as lower than around 300m below ground surface, the water heads of the aquifer were very shallow as less than 3m to around 12m in the maximum. Figure 4.4.1 shows results of continuous groundwater measurement in TW-1.

W60

-9.0-8.0

-7.0-6.0

-5.0-4.0

-3.0-2.0

-1.00.0

22.1

0.2

006

22.1

1.2

006

23.1

2.2

006

23.0

1.2

007

23.0

2.2

007

26.0

3.2

007

26.0

4.2

007

27.0

5.2

007

27.0

6.2

007

28.0

7.2

007

28.0

8.2

007

28.0

9.2

007

29.1

0.2

007

29.1

1.2

007

30.1

2.2

007

30.0

1.2

008

01.0

3.2

008

01.0

4.2

008

02.0

5.2

008

02.0

6.2

008

03.0

7.2

008

03.0

8.2

008

03.0

9.2

008

04.1

0.2

008

04.1

1.2

008

05.1

2.2

008

05.0

1.2

009

05.0

2.2

009

08.0

3.2

009

08.0

4.2

009

09.0

5.2

009

09.0

6.2

009

10.0

7.2

009

10.0

8.2

009

10.0

9.2

009

11.1

0.2

009

11.1

1.2

009

12.1

2.2

009

Org Adjust


Sector 2-30

Figure 4.4.1. Continuous Groundwater Measurement in TW-1

As easily recognized from the figure 4.4.1 when compared with the figure 4.3.1 in the previous section, groundwater head of TW-1 was not react to rainfall. However, the groundwater level in TW-1 was almost regularly fluctuated in daily and yearly. Daily fluctuation is too small to clearly recognize, so the measurement in hourly basis in larger scale is shown as Figure 4.4.2 (not yet converted to elevation). That is, as easily understandable, a tidal movement of groundwater head. The groundwater heads of deep aquifer is not influenced by rainfall but controlled only by tidal effect, and it means the aquifer is completely separated from the upper shallow aquifer, standing outside of natural water circulation.

Figure 4.4.2. Daily Fluctuation of Groundwater Head (TW-1)

TW-1

-11.2-11.0-10.8-10.6-10.4-10.2-10.0-9.8-9.6-9.4-9.2

01.1

2.2

007

01.0

1.2

008

01.0

2.2

008

03.0

3.2

008

03.0

4.2

008

04.0

5.2

008

04.0

6.2

008

05.0

7.2

008

05.0

8.2

008

05.0

9.2

008

06.1

0.2

008

06.1

1.2

008

07.1

2.2

008

07.0

1.2

009

07.0

2.2

009

10.0

3.2

009

10.0

4.2

009

11.0

5.2

009

11.0

6.2

009

12.0

7.2

009

12.0

8.2

009

12.0

9.2

009

13.1

0.2

009

13.1

1.2

009

14.1

2.2

009

Org Adjust

21.0021.01

21.0221.0321.04

21.0521.06

21.0721.0821.09

21.1021.11

03.1

2.2

007

04.1

2.2

007

05.1

2.2

007

06.1

2.2

007

07.1

2.2

007

08.1

2.2

007

09.1

2.2

007

10.1

2.2

007

11.1

2.2

007

12.1

2.2

007

Measur

em

ent

(m)


Sector 2-31

4.5. Consideration

In selected 10 observation wells, a AWLR was installed to make continuous groundwater measurement. Among them, 5 well were production well operated by CAWSS and the others were private wells including a mosque. Further, all Test Wells drilled under the Study were also installed AWLR for following continuous groundwater measurement.

AWLR applied in the Study was pressure-sensing type recorder capable to measure water pressure every an hour for 5 years, in 1.0mm of accuracy. Because of measurement by pressure, the data must be adjusted through air pressure measured by another AWLR. The hourly data were extracted one data per day, usually the midnight data, to convert to a daily data. Then, these data were again converted into elevation data using the well mouth elevation.

Groundwater depths in the observation wells were varying from less than 2.0m to nearly 23m, yearly fluctuating from around only 2m in minimum to almost 7m in maximum. Results of the continuous groundwater measurement indicated the influence of rainfall, especially in the wells having shallow groundwater depth. The observation wells equipped with AWLR were widely spreading in the Kabul Basin, therefore, the groundwater elevations were also varying widely from 1,855m to around 1,771m in average depth.

In the Test Wells drilled under the Study, groundwater heads were very shallow, nevertheless their aquifer depths were very deep as around 300m below ground surface. Because of high confined pressure, static water level in these test wells were in between less than 3.0m to less than 12m in average. Groundwater heads in test wells were not influenced by rainfall or fluctuation of shallow aquifer but regularly fluctuation in daily and yearly bases. This regular fluctuation was caused by tidal effect. This situation indicates that the groundwater in deep aquifer has no connection with shallow aquifer, standing alone outsides of the natural water circulation, it’s meaning a fossil water.


Sector 2-32

Chapter 5. Water Quality Analysis

5.1. Outline

Water quality analysis was performed with an aim at grasping the main ion balance of groundwater and water quality condition on drinking purpose for the shallow aquifer in the study area.

The analysis has been carried out five times at different seasons as shown in Table 5.1.1. The first to the third analyses are done by the study team member and DGEH persons in cooperation. The fourth and the fifth analyses are done only by DGEH persons. The series of analyses are a kind of the on-the-job training.

Table 5.1.1. Periods of Water Quality Analysis and Analyzers

No. Period of Sampling Analyzers

1 12/10/2006 - 06/11/2006 Study team and DGEH analyzers

2 27/01/2007 - 20/02/2007 Ditto.

3 31/07/2007 - 03/09/2007 Ditto.

4 16/02/2009 - 25/03/2009 DGEH analyzers

5 08/05/2010 - 24/05/2010 Ditto.

Total 50 existing wells are selected for the analysis as to cover the whole study area. The locations are shown in the Figure5.1.1 and Table 5.1.2. Features of the wells are indicated in Table 5.1.3 and Figure 5.1.2

Items and methods for the analysis are as shown in the Table 5.1.4. Instruments used for the analysis are mainly of portable type or of the field kit type.

Incubation of microbial specimen was first done in a hotel where the study team stayed because of no electricity supply in night in the laboratory. From the fourth analysis, it was done in the laboratory with improvement of the electricity supply.

Direct analysis results are presented in the appendices in this sector report. Since the analyses were done with on-the-job training with portable instruments and field kits, the accuracy of the analysis was sometimes not so sufficient.


Sector 2-33

0 5 km

Well Location for W. Q. Analysis

Neogene Sediments(Including Middle Quaternary)Bedrock(Gneiss, limestone etc.)

Legend

Alluvial/Back Marsh Deposit(Late Quaternary)Yanger Fan/Collovial Deposit(Late Quaternary)

Figure5.1.1 Locations of 50 Existing Wells for Water Quality Analysis

Figure 5.1.2. Well-type, Depth and Main Water Use of the Wells for Analysis


Sector 2-34

Table 5.1.2. Address of Well Location for Water Quality Analysis


Sector 2-35

Table 5.1.3. Features of Wells for Water Quality Analysis


Sector 2-36

Table5.1.4. Items and Methods of Water Quality Analysis


Sector 2-37

5.2. Balance of Main Ions

Piper diagrams of the main ions for the five times analyses are shown in the Figure 5.2.1. As understood from the diagrams, the plot patterns are different between the forth analysis and the others. Analysis accuracy of the fourth may be insufficient.

As far as seeing the diagrams, most samples are plotted in the area of “Alkaline earths - Carbonate Type” which is common in shallow aquifer, whereas samples with higher electric conductivity are plotted in the area of “Noncarbonate Types”. These high EC waters are collected in or near dried-up swamps.

Figure 5.2.2 to Figure 5.2.5 shows spatial distribution of pattern diagrams of the main ions at the 1st, 2nd, 5th and 3rd analyses which represents the four seasons, autumn, winter, spring and summer respectively. Total salt content is larger in the lower (western) Kabul basin in any season.

1st Analysis 2nd Analysis

3rd Analysis 4th Analysis


Sector 2-38

5th Analysis Classification

Figure 5.2.1. Piper Diagrams of all Analyses


Sector 2-41

5.3. Values and Distribution of Water Quality Items

5.3.1. Outline

Analysis results of water quality items on which it is considered whether drinking the water is acceptable or not are shown in Table 5.3.1 and results of water quality analysis are attached in Appendix 5.3.1.

Table 5.3.1. Possible Water Quality problems for Drinking at the 50 wells

Condition of the problems and typical value distribution of the focusing items are as follows:


Sector 2-42

5.3.2. Each Items

(1) EC

There is no WHO guideline (3rd edition) for the electric conductivity (EC). However the guideline for TDS, 1,200mg/l, is approximately correspond to 1,900μS/cm of EC. In EU, 2,500μS/cm is a guideline. EC exceeds 2,500μS/cm at 11 wells more than twice among 5 times analyses. Three schools and one mosque are included in the well owners. These wells are located in the lower Kabul basin (the western basin) and mainly near the dried-up back swamps of Kabul and Logar rivers as understood from Figure 5.3.1.

(2) Turbidity

There is no WHO guideline (3rd edition) for the turbidity, whereas it is described that five(5) NTU is a kind of guideline from acceptability. Fundamentally, a well with high turbidity has inappropriate well structure. Four (4) wells including two mosques’ exceeded 5 NTU more than twice. Spatial distribution of turbidity is shown in Figure 5.3.2.

(3) Ammonia

There is no WHO guideline for ammonia. However, high ammonia value sometimes indicates contamination with urine. Wells in one school and two mosques showed high values. In the hospital wells, the origin of ammonia may be “chloramine (NH2CL)” used for disinfection. Figure 5.3.3 shows spatial distribution of concentration of ammonia.

(4) Nitrite

0.2 mg/l is the WHO guideline for long term. Drinking water with high concentration of nitrite may affect infant health. Figure 5.3.4 shows spatial distribution of Nnitrite concentration. Values exceeding the guideline were found more than twice at three (3) wells.

(5) Nitrate

50 mg/l is the WHO guideline. Drinking the water with high concentration of nitrate also may affect infant health. Values exceeding the guideline were found more than twice at one well in a high school. Higher value looks to distribute more in urbanized area and in the western Kabul as understood from Figure 5.3.5 and Figure 5.3.6.

(6) Manganese

0.4 mg/l is the WHO guideline. Drinking the water with high concentration of manganese may give neutrological effects. Values exceeding the guideline were found as shown in Figure 5.3.7, but were not found more than twice at a well.

(7) Fluoride

1.5 mg/l is the WHO guideline. Drinking the water with high concentration of fluorite may make


Sector 2-43

dental or skeletal fluorosis. Values exceeding the guideline were found more than twice at two wells as shown in Figure 5.3.8.

(8) Arsenic

0.01 mg/l is the WHO guideline. Arsenic is one of famous toxic elements. Values exceeding the guideline were not found as shown in Figure 5.3.9.

(9) Microbials

From Figure 5.3.10 to Figure 5.3.12 show spatial distribution of specific counts of general bacteria, total coliform and fecal coliform in the well waters. There is no special pattern on the distributions. Microbial contamination of well water may depend mainly on the well condition like depth, structure and local geology.

Figure 5.3.1. Distribution of EC of the Shallow Aquifer Water

3rd W.Q.Analysis(July to Sep. 2008)

Points : EC (microS/cm)

<0.10.1...1000

1000...2000

2000...30003000...5000

>5000

N

0 5 km


Sector 2-44

2nd W.Q.Analysis(Jan. to Feb. 2007)

Turbidity (NTU)<0

0...1

1...3

3...10

>10

N

0 5 km Figure 5.3.2. Distribution of Turbidity of the Shallow Aquifer Water

3rd W. Q. Analysis(July to Sep. 2007)

Ammonoia (mg/l)No data

0...0.02

0.02...0.050.05...0.1

>0.1

N

0 5 km Figure 5.3.3. Distribution of Ammonia Concentration of the Shallow Aquifer Water


Sector 2-45


Nitrite (mg/l)

No data

0...0.05

0.05...0.3

>0.3

N

0 5 km Figure 5.3.4. Distribution of Nitrite Concentration of the Shallow Aquifer Water

2nd W. Q. Analysis(Jan. to Feb. 2007)

Nitrate (mg/l)No data

0...10

10...30

30...50

>50

N

0 5 km Figure 5.3.5. Distribution of Nitrate Concentration of the Shallow Aquifer Water(1)


Sector 2-46


Nitrate (mg/l)No data

0...10

10...30

30...50

>50

N

0 5 km Figure 5.3.6. Distribution of Nitrate Concentration of the Shallow Aquifer Water(2)


Manganese (mg/l)

No data

0...0.3

0.3...0.40

>0.40

N

0 5 km Figure 5.3.7. Distribution of Manganese Concentration of the Shallow Aquifer Water


Sector 2-47


Fluoride (mg/l)

No data

0...1

1...1.5

>1.5

N

0 5 km Figure 5.3.8. Distribution of Fluoride Concentration of the Shallow Aquifer Water


Arsenic (mg/l)

No data

0...0.005

0.005...0.01

>0.01

N

0 5 km Figure 5.3.9. Distribution of Arsenic Concentration of the Shallow Aquifer Water


Sector 2-48


General Bactera (CFU/ml)

No data

0...1

1...5

>5

N

0 5 km Figure 5.3.10. Distribution of General Bacteria Count of the Shallow Aquifer Water


Total Coliform on plate (CFU/ml)

No data

0...1

1...3

>3

N

0 5 km Figure 5.3.11. Distribution of Totall Coliform Count of the Shallow Aquifer Water


Sector 2-49

5.4. Consideration

The analysis results are summarized as follows:

- The main ion balance shows that most shallow aquifer water in the Kabul basin is classified into the “alkaline earths carbonate type” which is common in general shallow aquifers.

- The “Alkaline noncarbonated type” waters with high EC are found near the dried-up back swamps of Kabul and Logar rivers in the lower Kabul basin.

- Salt content in the water is higher in the lower (western) Kabul basin than in the upper (eastern) Kabul basin.

- TDS (estimation from EC) exceeds WHO guideline at 11 wells (22%).

- Concentration exceeding the WHO guideline is found at two or three wells about nitrite, nitrate and fluoride.

- High concentration of Ammonia is found at wells in two hospitals and a school. The ammonia may originate from “chloramine” for disinfection for the hospital wells.

- Nitrate concentration is higher in urbanized area and in the lower Kabul basin.

- Microbial contamination is found at a few wells, but it may depend mainly on individual well condition.


Fecal Coliform (CFU/ml)No data

0

>=1

N

0 5 km Figure 5.3.12. Distribution of Fecal Coliform Count of the Shallow Aquifer Water


Sector 2-50

- Higher TDS and nitrate concentration in the lower Kabul basin are also found in the previous water quality surveys, BGR (2004) and USGS (2005).

- Inferior quality water for drinking was found at some schools and mosques. Water sources for such important public places should have a good quality. It is recommendable to check the water quality and the well condition in detail and to prepare appropriate countermeasures, if it’s really poor.


Sector 2-51

Chapter 6. Surface Water Measurement

6.1. Outline

The main objective of the Study is, as shown in the “Study Setting” in ANNEX: to evaluate a development potential of groundwater resources available for potable water in the Study Area. To evaluate the groundwater development potential, the Study Team applied the “Synthetic Storage Model, which is one of the water balances simulation model developed by Sanyu Consultants Inc., as well as the analysis by “Modflow” of USGS applied in parallel.

In brief, the concept of Synthetic Storage Model (SSM) is an embodiment of the natural water circulation (or natural hydraulic circle), although it is one of the extended applications of “Sugawara’s Tank Model” structurally. Originally, SSM has been developed and established in tight relation with an underground dam scheme in Japan.

Natural hydraulic circulation is usually explained by the figure shown below (Figure 6.1.1) (Demenico and Schwarts, 1990). In natural condition, the hydraulic circle starts from a rainfall to the ground or sea. Most of the rainwater is lost by evaporation and/or transpiration but some part infiltrates into the ground recharging groundwater and the remains flow down on the ground pouring into the sea finally.

Figure 6.1.1. Natural hydraulic circulation

Discharge Rainfall E.Transpiration

Runin Surface Water System Runoff

Recharge

Unconfined Groundwater = Quaternary aquifer

Leakance 1

GroundwaterSystem Confined Groundwater 1 = Neogene Upper aquifer

Leakance 2

Confined Groundwater 2 = Neogene Lower aquifer

Figure 3.1.2. Water Balance Model of Kabul BasinFigure 6.1.2. Water Balance Model of Kabul Basin


Sector 2-52

In the case of independent topographic basin, such as Kabul Basin, groundwater system also forms an independent “Groundwater Basin,” in most of the cases. Water balance in such independent groundwater basin is simply modeled as Figure 6.1.2. In the figure, the circulation starts from a rainfall, as same with the Figure 5.1.1. A considerable part of rainfall is lost through evapotranspiration, and some part of it runs off the ground surface (Runoff). Through the process of runoff, some part of rainwater infiltrates into the ground recharging groundwater (Recharge). This is the modeled series of the natural hydraulic circle, and Synthetic Storage Model to be applied in the Study is just the model of natural hydraulic circle.

The work of “River Flow Measurement” is to measure the Surface Water System, more concrete to measure river inflow and outflow to and out the Kabul Basin, the upper line in the model (Figure 2.1.2). In general, there are three surface inflow to the Basin; the Pagman, the Upper Kabul, and the Logar, while there is only one outflow flowing out from the basin; the Lower Kabul, as shown in Figure 6.1.3.

6.2. Gauge Stations

It is better the flow observation point meets the following conditions.

Preferable Conditions of Observation Points - Downstream; lower than the flow meeting point

The Upper Kabul (inflow point)

The Pagman （inflow point）

The Lower Kabul (outflow point)

The Logar (inflow point)

Figure 3.1.3. Concept of Rover Flow MeasurementFigure 6.1.3. Concept of river Flow Measurement


Sector 2-53

- Upstream; upper than the diversion structure - Width of flow and water depth are constant and flow is stable around the observation

point. - There is the existing water level gauge and reading gauge is easy. - Side end of flow always touches the vertical wall or bridge bent and it is possible to

measure the water depth at the same point all through the year from low flow season to high flow season.

The observation points thus selected out are shown in Table 6.2.1. As shown in the table, there were twelve (12) observation points actually, because of tributaries, inflow canals and outflow canals.

Table 6.2.1. Observation Points

In/Out Code River Location Altitude Flow Structure Station Gauge

Mountain Qmodel Paghman Paghman Bazar 2370 River Step - study team

Inflow QinP1 Qargha Below Qargha reservoir 1973 Canal Flume - MPW

Inflow QinP2 Paghman Shemerzai 2015 River Bridge - study team

Inflow QinP3 Cham cha mast Pala chen 1963 River Bridge - study team

Inflow QinK1 Kabul Tangi Saidan 1865 River River - MPW

Inflow QinK2 (Kabul) West canal 1870 Canal Earth - -

Inflow QinL1 (Logar) East 1 canal 1822 Canal Flume not used -

Inflow QinL2 (Logar) East 2 canal 1818 Canal Flume not used -

Inflow QinL3 Logar Sangi Naweshta 1815 River River MPW MPW

Outflow QoutK1 Kabul Tangi Gharu 1781 River River MPW MPW

Outflow QoutC1 canal Tara Kheil Mohamad Ghar 1801 Canal Box - -

Outflow QoutC2 canal Tara Kheil Agha Mohamad 1785 Canal Diversion - -

MPW: Ministry of Power & Water

Besides these, the study team can use the data on two (2) observatories (Sangi Naweshta, Tangi Gharu) owned by Ministry of Power and Water (MPW). Locations of these observation points are shown in Figure 6.2.1.


Sector 2-54

Qargha

Reservoir(Dam)

Tara Kheil

Mohamad Ghar11

Tara Kheil

Agha Mohamad

12

CANAL

CANAL

Drainage

Kabul river

Mt.As

mai

AIR

PORT

Logar ri

ver

Paghman river

cham cha mast

river

Tangi Gharu

10S

G : Gauge

M : Measuring Station of

Paghman

Bazar

1

G

G

Shemerzei

(Stolen)

3

Below

Qargha

2Reservoir

G

Pala chen

(Stolen)

4G

West

canal

6G

G Tangi

Saidan

5

SSangi

Naweshta9

East 2nd canal

8

East 1st canal

7

AGS

N

: Measuring Point

1

　　Ministry of Power & Water(MPW)

Figure 6.2.1.a Observation Points


Sector 2-55

Condition Depth Width Velocity

Dry Staff Tape Float

Flood Staff Tape Float



Flood Gauge － Float


－－－ Float

Measuring of Flow

Measuring of Flow

Gauge Reading cm

Type：River

Gauge Reading cm

Type：Canal

Gauge Reading cm

Type：River

Pagman Bazar1

Step

Gauge

Float MeasuringPoint

Below Qargha Reservoir2

Dam

MPWGauge


Shemerzei3

Gauge(Stolen)


Bridge

Figure 6.2.1.b Observation Points


Sector 2-56

Pala chen4

Tangi Saidan5

Tangi Saidan West Canal6

Gauge(Stolen)


Bridge

Pier


MPWGauge

Bridge

Float MeasuringPoint Staff

Measuring Point



Flood Gauge － Float


－ Staff － Float


－ Float

Measuring of Flow

Measuring of Flow

Gauge Reading cm

Type：River

Gauge Reading cm

Type：River

Gauge Reading －

Type：Canal

－ Float

Dry Staff

Flood Gauge

Measuring of Flow

Figure 6.2.1.c Observation Points


Sector 2-57

Sangi Naweshta East 1st Canal7

Sangi Naweshta East 2st Canal8

Sangi Naweshta9

Float MeasuringSection

9.8m

Staff MeasuringPoint

Staff MeasuringPoint


8.2m

MPW Old Station(not used)　

MPW New Station


－ Staff － Float

Condition Depth

m


－－ Float

Measuring of Flow

Measuring of Flow

Gauge Reading cm

Type：Canal

Gauge Reading cm

Type：Canal

Type：River

Staff

MPW Monthly Data

Date2

Date1

m

Quantity

m3/s

m3/s

MPW Old Station(not used)　

Figure 6.2.3.d Observation Points


Sector 2-58

Tangi Gharu10

Tara Kheil Mohamad Ghar11

Tara Kheil Agha Mohamad12

MPW New Station

Road

StaffMeasuring Point


14.4m

5.1m

Foot Bridge

West Canal

East Canal

Date Height Quantity

Date1 m m3/s


－ Staff － Float


－－ Float

MPW Monthly Data

Measuring of Flow

Type：River

Gauge Reading

Type：Canal

Gauge Reading cm

Type：Canal

－ Staff － Float

Date2 m

East

West

－

－

Staff

Staff Measuring Point

Float Measuring Section

Figure 6.2.3.e Observation Points


Sector 2-59

6.3. Measurement

The actual river flow measurement shall be done in three stages, and the measurement of the first stage has been conducted. Measurement shall be continued to the end of the Study (till March, 2009). The required data for the water balance study through Synthetic Storage Model (SSM) are inflow and outflow rate of each river in daily basis.

i. Stage 1: Survey of river and flow combination (2007 May – 2007 July)

The study team fixed the observation points in Kabul basin. After confirmation of river flows on the topographic map, surveyors traced the rivers and canals at the inflow points to Kabul basin and outflow points from Kabul basin.

ii. Stage 2: Survey of flow amount and water level (2007 August – 2008 May)

To make the specific H-Q curve on each observation points, observation of water depth and flow velocity were continued through low flow season and high flow season. The concept of measurement and construction of H-Q curves are shown in Figure 6.3.1.

Figure 6.3.1. Flow of making H-Q curve

H-Q curve

H

Q

Gauge/Staff

H-Q dot plot

H

Q

*

*

* * *

*

*

H(m)

H-A curve

H

A

A(m2)

Cross section Float method

V(m/sec)

A x V = Q(m3/sec)


Sector 2-60

iii. Stage 3: Water level survey (2008 June – 2009 March)

To get the data of daily inflow and outflow of Kabul basin, automatic water level recorders were installed and obtained data of water depth will be converted to flow rate data using the completed H-Q curve, as shown in Figure 6.3.2.

Figure 6.3.2. Flow of getting daily inflow and outflow data

Figure 6.3.3. Flow measurement for low level water

Figure 6.3.4. Flow measurement for high level water

H-Q curve

H

Q

H(m) daily Q(m3/sec) daily

Gauge/Staff


Sector 2-61

Flow

Dat

a←

study

team

mea

sure

d→

←C/

P m

easu

red

→

No .

In/O

utCo

deRi

ver

Loca

tion

Long

itude

Latit

ude

Alti

tude

Flow

Stru

ctur

eSt

atio

nG

auge

May

June

Janu

ary

Febr

uary

Mar

chA

ugus

tSe

ptem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Janu

ary

Febr

uary

Mar

chA

pril

May

①fro

mM

ount

ain

Qm

odel

Pagh

man

Pagh

man

Baz

ar68

56

3734

35

4323

70Ri

ver

Step

-stu

dy te

am20

07/7

/120

07/7

/820

07/7

/12

2007

/7/1

520

07/7

/25

2007

/8/1

220

07/9

/820

07/1

0/17

2007

/11/

720

07/1

2/5

2008

/1/2

220

08/2

/920

08/3

/10

2008

/4/7

2008

/5/7

0.65

60.

994

0.58

60.

681

0.67

90.

328

0.05

00.

122

0.14

00.

231

0.24

7Fr

ozen

0.12

61.

391

2.19

7

②

Inflo

wto

Kab

ulQ

inP1

Qar

gha

Belo

w Q

argh

a res

ervo

ir69

02

0834

33

0919

73Ca

nal

Flum

e-

MPW

2007

/724

2007

/725

2007

/8/1

220

07/9

/820

07/1

0/17

2007

/11/

720

07/1

2/2

2008

/1/2

220

08/2

/920

08/3

/10

2008

/4/7

2008

/5/7

0.23

50.

277

0.42

70.

270

0.36

00.

203

0.18

2Fr

ozen

Froz

en0.

230

0.12

60.

234

③In

flow

to K

abul

Qin

P2Pa

ghm

anSh

emer

zai

69 0

012

34 3

2 36

2015

Rive

rBr

idge

-stu

dy te

am20

07/8

/12

2007

/9/8

2007

/10/

1720

07/1

1/7

2007

/12/

220

08/1

/22

2008

/2/9

2008

/3/1

120

08/4

/720

08/5

/7

0.00

00.

000

0.00

00.

000

0.00

00.

000

0.00

00.

000

0.24

10.

000

④

Inflo

wto

Kab

ulQ

inP3

Cham

cha m

ast

Pala

chen

69 0

0 46

34 3

1 06

1963

Rive

rBr

idge

-stu

dy te

am20

07/7

/820

07/7

/12

2007

/7/1

520

07/7

/25

2007

/8/1

220

07/9

/820

07/1

0/17

2007

/11/

720

07/1

2/5

2008

/1/2

220

08/2

/920

08/3

/11

2008

/4/7

2008

/5/7

0.01

60.

022

0.02

60.

015

0.03

50.

056

0.05

80.

049

0.03

9Fr

ozen

Froz

en0.

143

0.10

60.

046

⑤

Inflo

wto

Kab

ulQ

inK

1K

abul

Tang

i Sai

dan

69 0

6 17

34 2

4 32

1865

Rive

rRi

ver

-M

PW20

07/7

/720

07/7

/920

07/7

/14

2007

/7/1

620

07/7

/24

2007

/8/1

320

07/9

/10

2007

/10/

1620

07/1

1/9

2007

/12/

420

08/1

/21

2008

/2/1

120

08/3

/11

2008

/4/8

2008

/5/1

0

0.02

30.

013

0.01

40.

015

0.00

00.

008

0.03

30.

064

0.06

71.

364

1.21

72.

376

6.40

514

.838

2.57

8

⑥In

flow

to K

abul

Qin

K2

(Kab

ul)

Wes

t can

al69

06

1734

24

3218

70Ca

nal

Earth

--

2007

/7/7

2007

/7/9

2007

/7/1

420

07/7

/16

2007

/7/2

420

07/8

/13

2007

/9/1

020

07/1

0/16

2007

/11/

920

07/1

2/4

2008

/1/2

120

08/2

/11

2008

/3/1

120

08/4

/820

08/5

/10

0.33

90.

316

0.27

10.

325

0.19

80.

204

0.19

80.

240

0.45

40.

192

Froz

enFr

ozen

0.23

20.

670

0.62

9

⑦

Inflo

wto

Kab

ulQ

inL1

(Log

ar)

Eas

t 1st

cana

l69

11

5534

25

5518

22Ca

nal

Flum

eol

d sta

tion

not u

sed

-20

07/6

/24

2007

/6/2

720

07/7

/320

07/7

/11

2007

/7/1

820

07/8

/14

2007

/9/1

120

07/1

0/18

2007

/11/

820

07/1

2/3

2008

/1/2

020

08/2

/10

2008

/3/1

220

08/4

/620

08/5

/8

0.15

20.

000

0.10

40.

499

0.23

10.

000

0.01

50.

247

0.46

50.

511

Froz

enFr

ozen

Froz

en0.

885

0.81

1

⑧

Inflo

wto

Kab

ulQ

inL2

(Log

ar)

Eas

t 2nd

can

al69

11

5334

25

5818

18Ca

nal

Flum

eol

d sta

tion

not u

sed

-20

07/6

/24

2007

/6/2

720

07/7

/320

07/7

/11

2007

/7/1

820

07/8

/14

2007

/9/1

120

07/1

0/18

2007

/11/

820

07/1

2/3

2008

/1/2

020

08/2

/10

2008

/3/1

220

08/4

/620

08/5

/8

0.25

60.

278

0.63

00.

174

0.08

40.

039

0.04

80.

361

0.55

10.

167

Froz

enFr

ozen

Froz

en0.

354

0.17

0

⑨In

flow

to K

abul

Qin

L3Lo

gar

Sang

i Naw

esht

a69

11

2734

25

0418

15Ri

ver

Rive

rM

PWsta

tion

MPW

2005

/6/8

2005

/12/

220

05/1

2/26

2007

/1/2

320

07/2

/25

2007

/4/1

2007

/4/2

420

07/6

/10

2007

/6/2

720

07/7

/10

2007

/11/

2720

08/1

/23

↑

0.03

83.

586.

345

10.1

6410

.57

38.3

817

.15

0.76

25.8

40.

46.

6212

.51

⑩

Out

flow

from

Kab

ulQ

outK

1K

abul

Tang

i Gha

ru69

24

0834

34

1217

81Ri

ver

Rive

rM

PWsta

tion

MPW

2005

/5/2

620

05/6

/21

2007

/1/2

120

07/2

/26

2007

/3/2

820

07/6

/25

2007

/7/9

2007

/7/3

020

07/1

1/28

1.67

0.68

111

.51

14.2

259

.09

0.47

50.

491.

575.

93↓

⑪

Out

flow

from

Kab

ulQ

outC

1ca

nal

Tar

a Khe

il M

oham

ad G

har

69 1

4 42

34 3

4 16

1801

Cana

lBo

x-

-20

07/6

/520

07/6

/11

2007

/6/2

120

07/6

/28

2007

/7/4

2007

/7/1

020

07/7

/17

2007

/8/1

420

07/9

/11

2007

/10/

1820

07/1

1/9

2007

/12/

320

08/1

/20

2008

/2/1

020

08/3

/12

2008

/4/6

2008

/5/8

1.14

80.

881

0.10

90.

581

0.15

80.

109

0.14

60.

000

0.00

00.

000

0.00

00.

767

Froz

enFr

ozen

1.20

01.

611

0.32

1

⑫

Out

flow

from

Kab

ulQ

outC

2ca

nal

Tar

a Khe

il A

gha M

oham

ad69

16

1634

34

4217

85Ca

nal

Div

ersio

n-

-20

07/6

/520

07/6

/11

2007

/6/2

120

07/6

/28

2007

/7/4

2007

/7/1

020

07/7

/17

2007

/8/1

420

07/9

/11

2007

/10/

1820

07/1

1/9

2007

/12/

320

08/1

/20

2008

/2/1

020

08/3

/12

2008

/4/6

2008

/5/8

0.29

90.

171

0.03

21.

511

0.02

60.

098

0.03

60.

000

0.00

00.

000

0.00

00.

786

Froz

enFr

ozen

0.74

71.

302

0.50

9

MPW

: Min

istry

of P

ower

& W

ater

MPW measured

July

Mea

sure

men

t of F

low

(m3 /s)

Obs

erva

tory

2008

2005

2007

Apr

ilD

ecem

ber

June


Sector 2-62

6.4. Consideration

HQ curve, Canal outflow at Tara Khel Mohamad Ghar

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 0.5 1 1.5

Q (m3/sec)

H (m)

Low flow

Middle flow

High flow

Float method

HQ curve, The upper of Pagman River at Pala chen on Cham Cha Mast river

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Q (m3/sec)

H (m)

Low flowMiddle flowHigh flowFloat method

The lower of Kabul RiverTangi Gharu

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

0.000 50.000 100.000 150.000

Q (m3/sec)

H (m)1965-1967

1968-1980

2005-2007

Canal

The water level of canal flow changes

often even in the dry season. Flow rate

depends on the scale of canal and the

irrigation schedule.

Approximated Curve

High flow : Q = 12.09 (H-0.438)2

Middle flow : Q = 2.619 (H-0.186)2

Low flow : Q = 0.823 (H-0.009)2

River

The water level of river changes widely

from high flow season to low flow

season in Kabul basin.

High flow data will be obtained in the

winter and thawing season, from

November to May.

Observatory of

Ministry of Power and Water

Old data (1965-1980) are arranged in a

curved line and show the relation between

H and Q.

MPW put the new observatory and started

the flow survey newly from 2005.


Sector 2-63

Chapter 7. Conclusions

7.1. Well Inventory Survey

- In the beginning of the Study, as a water resources inventory survey including eleven (11) water supply systems with more than 50 production wells and more than 180 of point water sources (mainly shallow wells) were checked, and a well inventory was provided.

- Among the checked all wells, 110 wells were selected as an observation wells for the following groundwater measurement, and surveyed their mouth elevation.

- A half of the observation wells (50 wells) ware selected for the targets of water quality analysis. 10 wells were selected as the target of continuous water level measurement wells installed an Automatic Water Level Recorder (AWLR).

7.2. Simultaneous Groundwater Measurement

- Groundwater measurement includes a simultaneous groundwater level measurement, continuous groundwater level measurement, and groundwater quality analysis.

- Simultaneous groundwater level measurement was conducted monthly basis, usually at the beginning of the month.

- Through simultaneous groundwater measurement, depth of groundwater table, groundwater temperature, pH and EC Values were measured. Depth to the groundwater table at each well was converted to the elevation based on the well mouth elevation.

- The depth of groundwater tables vary from less than 1.0m below ground surface to more than 45m, deeper in the west (Paghman basin) and northwest (Khai Khana zone).

- Contour lines of groundwater table are almost along with the relief of ground surface, flowing from west to east of Kabul Basin.

- Groundwater temperature was around 15°± 2.0℃, averagely low in winter and high in summer.

- For pH and EC values, there is no clear tendency in seasonal variation.

7.3. Continuous Groundwater Measurement

- AWLR can measure water level at one hour interval in 1.0mm of accuracy for around 5 years. - AWLR was installed 10 existing observation wells; in 5 wells of private wells and 5 wells of

production wells under CAWSS. - AWLR was installed in all test wells drilled under the Study, immediately after they had been

completed. - Yearly fluctuation of shallow aquifer groundwater level was ranging from 1.6m to 7.5m,

2.67m in an average. - The piezometric heads in test wells were fluctuating regularly in three different cycles of daily,


Sector 2-64

monthly, and yearly basis, indicating a tidal effect. - Tidal effect to the groundwater head of deep aquifer, without relation to shallow aquifer water

level, means the groundwater is fossil water.

7.4. Water Quality Analysis

- Water quality was analyzed seasonally at dry season, wet season and the middles of these seasons.

- Water qualities of the shallow aquifer were mostly classified in Type I, Type IV, and in between these two. Type I is a typical water quality of common shallow aquifer recharged by rain or surface water but Type IV is a typical water quality of fossil water, outside of the natural water circulation. It means most of the well pumping common shallow aquifer but some are mixing groundwater of deep aquifer.

7.5. Surface Water Measurement

- In the Study area, major three rivers; the Paghman, the Kabul and the Logar rivers are flowing in and only the Kabul River flows out.

- Beside these rivers, two small canals are taking water from the Logar and the Kabul rivers and flow out to the Deh Sahbz Basin.

- Under the Study, 3 stations in upper Paghman, 3 stations at the upper Kabul, 3 stations at upper Logar, and 2 stations in the small canals were set by the Team and measured runoff in monthly basis. Runoff data at the lower Kabul (Tangi Gharu Station, daily basis) were obtained from MEW.

- As a result on the surface water measurement, surface water in the Kabul basin was controlled only by the inflow of the Logar River.

7.6. Application of the data

- All of these data are to be served for input and verification data for SSM analysis.

THE STUDY ON GROUNDWATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL IN … · Logar, Allaudin, Afshar, Nasaji,...

Documents

Transcript of THE STUDY ON GROUNDWATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL IN … · Logar, Allaudin, Afshar, Nasaji,...