THE STUDY OF CONTAMINATED TOXIC HEAVY METALS OF TRAFFIC STREET DUST AND SOILS IN ERBIL CITY

1

ICEEE 2014 CONFERENCE

1ST

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

on

ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, AND ENERGY

1 JUNE , 2014

ISHIK UNIVERSITY

ERBIL

IRAQ

BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS

2

BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS ICEEE

2014

DESIGNED BY HASAN RUSTEMOGLU

3

Published by Ishik University

Erbil, Iraq

First Published in 2014

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addressed to Ishik University, 100 meter Street, Erbil, Iraq.

Editors: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sukru Dursun, Dr. Doğan Özdemir, Duran

Kala

(ى ثيَذراوة 2108(ى سالي )824طشتي كتيَبخانت طشتيت كان رمارةى سثاردن )به رايه تي لت بتريَوة

Disclaimer:

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collection are those of their respective authors. They do not represent

the view or opinions of Ishik University, the editors nor of the

publisher and conference sponsors.

4

Honorary Committee

Prof. Dr. Ahmet Öztaş

President of Ishik University

Conference Chair

Dr. Mehmet Özdemir,

Vice President of Administrative Affairs, and Dean of faculty of

Education

Ishik University

Conference Co-Chair

Çağrı Tuğrul Mart

Ishik University

Organizing Secretary

Mustafa Albay

Ishik University, Iraq

Organizing Committee

Dr. Mehmet Özdemir,

Dean of Faculty of Education, Ishik University, Iraq

Çağrı Tuğrul Mart

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION FROM FOSSIL FUELS AND PREVENTION

MEASURES

PROF. DR. ZAFER AYVAZ……………………………………………………………………………14

2. POTENTIALS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING AND ITS IMPACTS ON HEALTH AND

SANITATION IN SAIDPUR MODEL VILLAGE ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN

HUMAIRA JOUHAR, IFTIKHAR FAREED, SAIMA JADOON, SARFARAZ MUNIR …….…… 22.

3. EVALUATION OF ZIRCONIUM CORES ADAPTATION FABRICATED BY CAD/CAM

SYSTEMS

RITA RAMIZ ROBEIL ……………………………………………………………………….…………47

4. SOIL MOISTURE ESTIMATION FROM LAND SURFACE MODEL AND SATELLITE

REMOTE SENSING BASED ON CATCHMENT WATER BALANCE: A COMPARATIVE

ASSESSMENT STUDY

DELEEN AL-SHRAFANY, MIGUEL ANGEL RICO-RAMIREZ, DAWEI HAN ……...……. ……60

5. ELABORATION OF ELECTRICITY ENERGY FOR PRODUCTION-CONSUMPTION

RELATION OF NORTHERN-IRAQ FOR THE FUTURE EXPECTATIONS

AHMET DEMIR ……………………………………………………………………………………... 105

6. THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY AND TEMPERATURE ON THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF

X%AL2O3 POWDER EXTRACTED FROM IRAQI KAOLIN

AYOUB S. KARIM ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………115

7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL ISSUES IN ELT & COURSE BOOKS

TAHSIN YAGCI, YUNUS YILDIZ, MARWAN AL-KHALIDY, ISMAEL AHMED RASOLL ….137

8. MEASURES OF TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY IN THE URBAN FOREST

FARHAD ALI ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 149

9. THE IRAQI FARMERS UNDER THE NEW IRAQI PATENT LAW

MARWAN KHALIDY ………………………………………………………………………………. 223

10. ZERO FOOTPRINTS RE-SKINNING USING PV PANELS AND MAXIMISE THE

EFFICIENCY OF PV PANELS VIA PROTOTYPE DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKER IN

ECOLOGICALLY RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE

HARDI K. ABDULLAH ………………………………………………………………..…………… 231

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11. TUMORS OF PLANTS. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY IN TERRITORY OF LANDSCAPE

RESERVE “TEPLY STAN”.

AMIR NURULLAYEVICH HUSEYINOV, DURAN KALA …………………….………… … ...…252

12. WATER SOLUBILIZATION OF HEAVY METALS IN CONTAMINATED SOILS USING

SELECTED AMENDMENTS

IFTIKHAR FAREED, MUHAMMAD IRSHAD, ZOHAIB AYUB, SYED TAWAB SHAH .……….261

13. THE AWARENESS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES AT EDUCATIONAL

INSTITUTIONS

TAHSIN YAGCI, YUNUS YILDIZ, MARWAN AL-KHALIDY, ISMAEL AHMED RASOLL ..… 279

14. HARDNESS OF WATER ,FACTORS CAUSING IT, METHODS OF ITS REMOVING

DOGAN OZDEMIR, MEHMET OZDEMIR ……………………………………………………….…282

15. PARADOX BETWEEN ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY

SNOOR FAQÊ MUHAMMAD MUHAMMAD, SHERZAD AHMED SHAHAB ……………..….. 303

16. RAISING ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL

STUDENTS

MEHMET ÖZDEMIR …………………………………………………………………………….……335

17. ESTIMATING AND SIMULATION DRINKING WATER USING WEAP MODEL (CASE

STUDY: EKBATAN DAM IN HAMEDAN)

SINA ABASMIRZAIE, NIAN SOHRABNEJAD ……………………………………………….….…343

18. ANALYZING FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR PREVALENCE OF TYPHOID AND

TRACHOMA IN UNION COUNCIL ATTAR SHISHA OF DISTRICT MANSEHRA

SAEEDA SARWAR ……………………………………………………………………………...……359

19. THE STUDY OF CONTAMINATED TOXIC HEAVY METALS OF TRAFFIC STREET

DUST AND SOILS IN ERBIL CITY

SHAWKET, F. SIRWAN, ISMAIL, W. ALI , AYOOB, M. MZGIN , ALI, O. KARWAN …….… 402

20. THE ECOLOGY OF THE EMBRYO AFFECTS HIS FUTURE DENTAL HEALTH CARE

BUSHRA RAHID ……………………………………………………………………………......….. 418

21. EVALUATION OF INTERNAL ADAPTABILITY OF DIFFERENT CORE MATERIALS

(AN IN VITRO STUDY)

RITA R. ROBEIL ……………………………………………………………………………....………434

13

22. THE ASPECT OF ISLAMIC CULTURE ON ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

TAHSIN YAGCI …………………………………………………………………………………… 448

23. TEACHING ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

YUNUS YILDIZ ………………………………………………………………………………………453

402

THE STUDY OF CONTAMINATED TOXIC HEAVY METALS

OF TRAFFIC STREET DUST AND SOILS IN ERBIL CITY

Shawket, F. Sirwan1a

*; Ismail, W. Ali1b

; Ayoob, M. Mzgin1c

; Ali,

O. Karwan1d

1Salahaddin University, Education College, Chemistry Department,

Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

a [email protected] ;

b [email protected] ;

c

[email protected]. ; d [email protected].

Abstract: During the last few years, the numbers of vehicles in a

developing Erbil City in Kurdistan region - Iraq have increased rapidly

which leads to increasingly high contamination of some heavy metals in

the street dust around traffics. This research represents the level of

heavy metals (Pb , Cd , Ag , Cr , Cu, Zn and Fe ) in the traffic street

dust . The results indicate a highly contaminated toxic with heavy

metals when compared with the background values. The higher

concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cr and Fe were observed as being related to

high vehicular and heavy traffic, nevertheless other elements such as

Cd, Zn and Ag do not show anthropogenic activity influence and their

content can be attributed to the composition of soil. The PI value of the

metal included, Fe, Pb, Cu , Cr, Zn, and Cd ranged from 28.54 - 36,

4.73 - 25.13, 3.23 - 9.75 and 3.35 - 5.65, 3.78-15.06, 7.89-9.87

respectively. The results indicate that all traffics are heavily

contaminated with obvious heavy metals like Fe, Pb, Cu and Cr (PI >

3). The PI value of Ag varied from 1.06 to 1.74 with a average value of

1.462 and about 100% of soil samples were classified as being

moderately contamination with Ag metal.

Key Words: Heavy metals, pollution index, traffic street dust, soil,

Erbil City

1- Introduction

mailto:[email protected]




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Heavy metals in urban soils have been widely studied due to their

toxicity and persistence have been considered to be powerful tracers

for monitoring the impact of human activities(Kelly, Thornton, &

Simpson, 1996; Manta, Angelone, Bellanca, Neri, & Sprovieri, 2002).

The activities lead to emission of heavy metals into the air and their

subsequent deposition into urban soils, such as vehicular emissions

and fuel combustion (Li, Poon, & Liu, 2001). In urban areas, heavy

metals can be readily transferred into the human body as a

consequence of inhalation, and ingestion (Ferreira-Baptista & De

Miguel, 2005). Then the metal can typically accumulate in human

body due to their non-biodegradable nature. It has been found that

heavy metals in urban soils may have toxic effects on human health

especially on the children (Lim, Lee, Chon, & Sager, 2008). For

example, Lead from leaded gasoline used to be a major source of

atmospheric (Manahan, 2004). Lead is considered one of the

environmentally hazardous elements along with cadmium, copper,

zinc and chromium it poses a particularly high risk can be harmful

with low-level Pb exposure can be harmful to enzyme systems

involved in blood production and high-level Pb exposure can even

affect intelligence of human (Babula et al., 2008). Lead may be

absorbed into the inhalation. Short-term exposure to high levels of

lead can cause vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, Coma or even death

when exposure to even very small amounts of lead, especially to

infants and young children. Therefore it is very important to monitor

the trace levels of Pb in environments (Miguel et al., 1997). In this

aspect, reliable and sensitive analytical methods have an important

role to evaluate the environmental impact of metal pollutants; the

most common analytical methods for the lead trace determination are

the flame atomic absorption spectrometry, the electrothermal atomic

absorption spectrometry and the inductively coupled plasma emission

spectrometry (ICP). Flame atomic absorption spectrometry is by far

the most widely employed technique for analyte determination (Stein

Vincent & McClellan Bobby, 1980).

1- Introduction

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in present work investigate concentration of background values (BV)

for some heavy metal Pb, Cr, Fe, Zn, Cd, Cu and Ag in soil of Erbil

City included a comparison with its average concentrations in the

traffic street dust contaminated sample to evaluate, pollution indexes

(PI) for each heavy metal.

2- Material and Method

2-1 Reagents

Stock standard solution of Cadmium, 1000 mg liter-1

Cd,

prepared by dissolving 1.000 g of cadmium metal in 20ml of 5M

hydrochloric acid and 2 drops of nitric acid (S.G.1.42). Dilute to

1 liter in a volumetric flask with deionized water then stored in a

polythene bottle.

Stock standard solution of Chromium, 1000 mg liter-1

Cr,

prepared by dissolving 7.690 g of [Cr(NO3)3.9H2O] in 250 ml of

deionized water. Dilute to 1 liter in a volumetric flask with

deionized water then stored in a polythene bottle.

Stock standard solution of Cobalt,1000 mg liter-1

Co, Dissolve

4.9379 g of [Co(NO3)3.6H2O] in 200 ml of deionized water.

Dilute to 1 liter in a volumetric flask with deionized water then

stored in a polythene bottle.

Stock standard solution of Copper, 1000 mg liter-1

Cu, dissolve

1.000 g of cupper metal in 50 ml of 5 M nitric acid. Dilute to 1

liter in a volumetric flask with deionized water then stored in a

polythene bottle.

Stock standard solution of Iron, 1000 mg liter-1

Fe, dissolves

1.000 g of Iron powder granules in 20 ml of 5 M hydrochloric

acid and 5 ml of nitric acid (S.G .1.42). Dilute to 1 liter in a

volumetric flask with deionized water then stored in a polythene

bottle.

Stock standard solution of Lead, 1000 mg liter-1

Pb, dissolve

1.5980 g of lead nitrate [Pb(NO3)2] in 100 ml deionized water.



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Stock standard solution of Silver, 1000 mg liter-1

Ag, dissolve

1.5750 g of Silver nitrate (AgNO3) in 100 ml of deionized water.



Stock standard solution of Zinc, 1000 mg liter-1

Zn, dissolves

1.000 g of Zinc metal in 30ml of 5M hydrochloric acid. Dilute to

1 liter in a volumetric flask with deionized water then stored in a

polythene bottle.

Working solution 50 µg/mL for each metal prepared from stock

standard solution. The solution was prepared and at the same day

the calibration curve was plotted.

A series of standard solution for preparing the calibration curve

obtained by appropriate dilution from the working solution then

dilute by deionized water to final volume in a 25 ml volumetric

flask.

2-2 Sampling and digestion analytical procedures

Approximated 0.5 kg of each sample was collected, using plastic

brush for collecting traffic street sample and a stainless steel spade for

soil sample and stored in self-sealing plastic bags. All soil samples

were dried, ground, and sieved through a 2 mm polyethylene sieve to

separate and takes away stones, coarse materials and other debris. A

portion of each sample was then further ground and homogenized

with an agate mortar to pass through a 0.5 mm polyethylene sieve. All

handling procedures were carried out without contacting any metals

to avoid contamination of

All the samples of soil prepared and digested and the amount of

existing heavy metals in the samples determined with atomic

absorption spectrophotometer.

In general, wet digestion methods for mineralization were the most

common methods used for soil analysis. However, the selection of an

acid or acid combination was very critical to obtaining the maximum

406

extraction of metal. HNO3 digests many common metals either alone

or in combination of some other acids.

Accurately weighed 4.0 grams for each of street dust samples or soil

dried at 110 °C, weigh out into separate, acid washed, labeled, clean,

and dry 250 ml beakers. For digestion procedure to each sample add

15 ml water, and then 10 ml concentrated HNO3. Heat the samples

together on one hotplate until vapor is condensing on the bottom of

the watch glass and dripping back down into the beaker. Remove the

samples from the hotplate and let them cool. Add a further 10 ml of

concentrated HNO3 to each, replace the watch glasses, and reflux for

10 minutes . Rinse the material back into the beaker. After cooling the

samples again , add 10 ml of concentrated HCl and then add 15ml of

water. Replace the watch glass cover and reflux for 15 minutes.

Finally, filter each solution through acid washed qualitative filter

paper into a 50 ml volumetric flask. rinse volume you might have left

to try to wash the yellow color out of the filter paper and into the

volumetric flask. After the solution has cooled to room temperature,

dilute to the mark by deionized water.

2-3 Apparatus

The absorbance of the solution was measured by SP9 PYE-UNICOM

Flame atomic absorption spectrometer against blank test as reference.

The previously plotted calibration curve was used to read the content

of metals in the mineralized solutions and to calculate the content of

metals per kg of dry mass of soil. The determination for every sample

collection site was done three times.

2-4 Sampling Area

Street dust samples collected in fourteen traffics and were selected for

the study, are located in different parts in Erbil city. Six of them

(traffic No. 7- 12) are located in the city centre, Fig. 1, while the

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others selected traffic situated outside and around the city center. The

selection of the traffics allowed an examination of the effect of the

intensity of the traffic on the content of the heavy metals in Erbil City

to study degree of contamination to assist in developing strategies to

protect urban environments and human health against long-term

accumulation of heavy metals.

No Traffic name

1 Adala

2 Makhmor

3 Baz

4 Sami abdulrahman

5 Korani ankawa

6 Ankawa

7 Shekhicholi

8 Garage nishtman

9 Zaitwna

10 Barzani namr

11 Xairwlla abdulkarim

12 Shahidan

13 Langa

14 Akar

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Fig. (1): Distribution of the sampling area indicated by a number on

Erbil City map. The attached list shows the numbers for each

traffic name. This is to show traffic numbers from 7-12 being

located in the city center.

2-5 Background value

Soil samples far from roads around Erbil City were collected by

means of a soil rod at 30cm depths and digested in the same

procedure that was traffic dust street prepared.

3- Results and Discussion

The concentration of various metals released in the soil, far from roads

and from anthropogenic activities, is directly related to its granularity

and mineral composition. In this study, the soil background values (BV)

for Pb, Cr, Fe, Zn, Cd, Cu and Ag in Erbil City used were 17.0, 8.52,

176.4, 0.78, 0.39, 21.40, 21.40 and 1.93 mg/kg respectively in dry soil

were represent in Table 1.

Analysis of the results shows that the content of all each heavy metals

for street dust sample in Erbil City represented in Fig.(1- 7) a ,

together to a comparison with each heavy metals content in the soil

background values plotted inFig. (1- 7) b.

The concentration ranges of Pb, Cr, Fe, Zn, Cd, Cu and Ag were

80.35 - 427.15, 28.51- 48.17, 5034.2- 6349.8, 2.95- 11.75, 3.08 -

3.85, 69.05 - 208.75 and 2.05 - 3.43 mg/kg, with Average values of

181.54, 37.56, 5779.24, 5.481, 3.36, 128.21, and 2.81 mg/kg,

respectively.

Average concentrations of the heavy metals in the street dust sample

decreased in the order of Fe > Pb > Cu > Cr > Zn > Cd > Ag.

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Concentrations of Ag were approximately comparable to the

background values, while for Fe, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, and Cd

concentrations were, respectively 32.7-, 10.68-, 5.99-, 4.41-,

7.03- and 8.53- fold higher than their corresponding background

values.

The concentrations of Fe, Cu, Pb, and Cr varied greatly, while Zn, Ag

and Cd concentrations were homogeneous across the city. Based on

the coefficients of variation (CV) which are presented in Table(1), the

analyzed heavy metals can be classified into two groups: Zn, Ag and

Cd with CV values lower than 0.3; and Fe, Cu, Pb, and Cr, with CV

values higher than 0.5.

It has been reported that CV values of heavy metals dominated by

natural sources are quietly low, while CV values of heavy metals

related to anthropogenic activity sources are very high(Yongming,

Peixuan, Junji, & Posmentier, 2006).

Accordingly, Fe, Pb, Cu and Cr concentrations in for street dust

sample in Erbil City tend to be affected by anthropogenic activities,

while Zn, Ag and Cd may more often be associated with natural

sources. A group of heavy metals contained Fe, Pb, Cu and Cr well-

known pollutants in urban soils and may originate from a common

anthropogenic activity source. The other group contained Zn, Ag and

Cd which may originate from the soil, as well as parent rocks

composition.

Table (1): The concentration (mg/kg) of heavy metals in Erbil City

Heavy metal Concentration (mg/kg) SD CV BV

Min. Max.

410

Pb 80.36 427.15 2.721 0.497 17.0

Cu 69.05 208.70 95.42 0.526 21.40

Zn 2.95 11.75 6.49 0.173 0.78

Cr 28.51 48.17 39.04 0.305 8.52

Cd 3.08 3.85 0.272 0.081 0.39

Fe 5034.0 6349.0 371.26 2.109 176.4

Ag 2.05 3.43 0.489 0.17 1.93

SD: standard deviation; CV: coefficients of variation; BV: background

values

Fig.(1) a – Data obtained for the concentration of pb for the fourteen

traffic samples dust in Erbil City. b- Comparison of the

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average (AV) concentration with data obtained for the

background value (BV).

Fig.(2) a – Data obtained for the concentration of Cd related to the

fourteen traffic samples dust in Erbil City. b- Comparison

of the average (AV) concentration with data obtained for the


412

Fig.(3)a – Data obtained for the concentration of Cr for the fourteen




Fig.(4)a – Data obtained for the concentration of Cu for the fourteen




413

Fig.(5) a – Data obtained for the concentration of Zn for the fourteen




Fig.(6)a – Data obtained for the concentration of Fe for the fourteen



background value (BV)

414

Fig.(7) a – Data obtained for the concentration of Ag for the fourteen




3-1. Evaluation of pollution index (PI)

To evaluate contamination level of the heavy metals, The pollution

index (PI) for each metal were calculated. The PI of each metal was

defined as the ratio of its concentration to the background value of the

corresponding metal using the following equation (Wei and Yang,

2010). The PI of each metal was classified as either low (PI 1),

moderate (1<PI 3) or high contamination (PI>3).

The PI value of the metal included, Fe, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, and Cd ranged

from 28.54 - 36, 4.73 - 25.13, 3.23 - 9.75 and 3.35 - 5.65, 3.78 -

15.06, 7.89 - 9.87 respectively. The results in Table(2) indicate that

all traffics in Erbil city heavily contaminated with obvious heavy

metals like Fe, Pb, Cu and Cr (PI > 3). The PI value of Ag varied

from 1.06 to 1.74 with a average value of 1.462 and about 100% of

soil samples were classified as being moderately contamination with

Ag metal.

415

Table (2): Values for pollution index (PI) of heavy metals

contaminated dust collected from fourteen traffics in Erbil

city.

Heavy metal s PI

Min. Max. Mean

Fe 28.54 36 32.77

Pb 4.73 25.13 10.6

Cu 3.23 9.75 6.08

Cr 3.35 5.65 4.41

Zn 3.78 15.06 7.03

Cd 7.89 9.87 8.52

Ag 1.06 1.74 1.46

4- Conclusion

Everyone is exposed to trace amounts of heavy metals through

inhalation dust with highly contaminated heavy metals when

compared with the background values .The level of heavy metals in

the dust depends on the intensity of traffic in the area that indicates

high concentrations of Pb, Cu and Fe in street dust were associated

with vehicular exhausts arising from the use of leaded gasoline and

from erosive of the vehicular braking systems respectively.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge the department of chemistry –

Salahaddin University-Erbil, without their support, leading to make

416

facilitations to use the instruments, the work would not have been

accomplished

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THE STUDY OF CONTAMINATED TOXIC HEAVY METALS OF TRAFFIC STREET DUST AND SOILS IN ERBIL CITY

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