The Study of Communication, Gender & Culture Chapter 1.
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Transcript of The Study of Communication, Gender & Culture Chapter 1.
![Page 1: The Study of Communication, Gender & Culture Chapter 1.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d8a5503460f94a705df/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Study of The Study of Communication, Communication, Gender & CultureGender & Culture
Chapter 1
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Research on Gender, Research on Gender, Comm., & CultureComm., & CultureClasses widespread only last 20 yearsFirst handbook of research on gender
and communication – 2006◦Learn more at:
http://www.sagepub.com/booksProdRelatedProducts.nav?prodId=Book226595&currTree=Subjects&level1=K00&level2=K60
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Research on Gender, Research on Gender, Comm., & CultureComm., & CultureResearch on gender from range
of fields
◦Communication◦Anthropology◦History
◦Philosophy◦Psychology◦Sociology
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Studying Studying Communication, Communication, Gender, & CultureGender, & Culture
Learning about communication, gender, and culture:◦Enhances appreciation of ways culture influences views
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Research on Gender, Research on Gender, Comm., & CultureComm., & CultureQuantitative research methods
◦Data that can be quantified and analyzed Descriptive statistics Surveys Experiments
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Research on Gender, Research on Gender, Comm., & CultureComm., & CultureQualitative research methods/
interpretive methods◦Understand nature of meaning or experiences Textual analysis Ethnography
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Research on Gender, Research on Gender, Comm., & CultureComm., & CultureCritical research methods
◦Identify and challenge inequities and problems
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Learn About Comm., Learn About Comm., Gender, & CultureGender, & CultureLearning about communication,
gender, and culture:◦Enhances appreciation of cultural complexities
◦Enhances insight to your own gender
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Learn About Comm., Learn About Comm., Gender, & CultureGender, & CultureLearning about communication,
gender, and culture:◦Strengthens effectiveness as communicator
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Gender in a Gender in a Transitional EraTransitional EraProbably don’t prescribe to
grandparents’ idealsLikely are confused about gender
issues
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Gender in a Gender in a Transitional EraTransitional EraOn one level
◦Think women and men equalOn another level
◦May hold traditional valuesLive in a transitional era
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Differences between Differences between Women & MenWomen & MenDifficult to find language to
discuss patterns of communication◦Women and men troublesome Imply all can be grouped together
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Differences between Differences between Women & MenWomen & MenEssentializing
◦Tendency to reduce to characteristics assume are essential in every member of category
◦Presume all members of sex alike
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Differences between Differences between Women & MenWomen & Men
Essentializing◦Obscures range of individual characteristics
◦Book’s generalizations do not imply essentializing
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Gender, Culture, & Gender, Culture, & CommunicationCommunicationSex, gender, sexual orientation,
culture, communication interlinked◦Cannot study one without understanding others
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SexSexSex = designation based on
biologyGender = socially constructed
and expressed◦Sex and gender usually go together
◦Can be inconsistent
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SexSexMale or female based on external
genitalia and internal sex organsGenitalia and sex markers
determined by chromosomes
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SexSexY chromosome determines how
fetus develops◦Females usually have XX◦Males usually have XY
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SexSexOccasional variation
◦XO◦XXX, XXY, XYY◦XY and XX
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SexSexAll have cells with at least one X
◦Males typically have one X More vulnerable to X-linked recessive conditions
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SexSexSome born with biological
characteristics of each sex◦Traditionally called hermaphrodites
◦Today intersexed preferred Learn more at: http://www.itpeople.org/
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SexSexHormones influence development
◦Fetuses with Y bathed in androgens Development of male sex organs
◦Fetuses without Y - fewer androgens Development of female sex organs
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SexSexFemale fetus may be exposed to
excessive progesterone◦May not develop female genitalia
Male fetus may be deprived of progesterone◦Male genitalia may not develop
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SexSexInfluence of hormones continues
throughout lifetime◦Males more sensitive to hormonal activity
Biology influences how develop but doesn’t determine behavior or personality
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GenderGenderGender
◦Neither innate nor necessarily stable
◦Defined by society◦Expressed by individuals as they interact with others and media
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GenderGenderGender changes over timeBorn male or female (sex)Learn to act masculine and/or
feminine (gender)
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GenderGenderGender identity:
◦Person’s own identification as male or female
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GenderGenderGender depends on society’s
values, ◦In America Masculine = strong, successful, rational, emotionally controlled
Feminine = attractive, nurturing, deferential, expressive
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GenderGenderFrom infancy, encouraged to
learn how to embody gender that society prescribes
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GenderGenderGender grows out of cultural
ideas that stipulate social meaning and expectations
Society’s views permeate public and private life◦See as normal, natural, right
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GenderGenderNot passive recipients Make choices to accept, modify,
or reject ◦Views challenged by people who define themselves as trans or gender queer
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GenderGenderMeanings of gender also changed
by:◦Personal communication◦Role models◦Interactions with friends
Reciprocal relationship between communication and cultural views
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GenderGenderUphold or remake meanings of
masculinity or femininity◦1970s – androgyny coined Androgynous individuals embody qualities considered both feminine and masculine
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GenderGenderMeanings of gender can vary
across cultures:◦New Guinea – three genders◦Arapesh – all feminine◦Mundugumor – all aggressive◦Tchambuli – gender reversal
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GenderGenderBody ideals for women socially
constructed◦Current Western culture values thinness
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GenderGender• 1950s – fuller-figures preferred• See photos of Marilyn Monroe at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe
• Some cultures regard heavier women as beautiful
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GenderGenderSome cultures view person’s
gender as changeableSome Native American groups –
more than two genders◦These individuals esteemed
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GenderGenderIn U.S., gender varies across
racial-ethnic groups◦African American women more assertive
◦African American men more communal
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GenderGenderSocial meaning of gender varies
over time◦Prior to Industrial Revolution – family and work intertwined
◦Industrial Revolution – division into spheres of work and home Femininity and masculinity redefined
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GenderGenderMeaning changes over time
◦Social context changes and affects sense of identity
Relational concept◦Femininity and masculinity make sense in relation As meanings of one changes – so do meanings of other
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Beyond Sex & GenderBeyond Sex & Gender
Can also define self in terms of:◦Sexual orientation◦Transgendered◦Transsexual
Society assumes connections between these categories
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Beyond Sex & Beyond Sex & GenderGenderSexual orientation
◦Preference for romantic and sexual partners Heterosexual Gay Lesbian Bisexual
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Beyond Sex & Beyond Sex & GenderGenderOther cultures’ views of sexual
orientation challenge U.S. views◦Sambia in Melanesia◦Ancient Greece◦Victorian society
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Beyond Sex & Beyond Sex & GenderGenderChanging views of gender and
sex◦Intersexed individuals Biological characteristics of male and female
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Beyond Sex & Beyond Sex & GenderGender
◦Transgendered individuals Biological sex
inconsistent with identity
Often dress and adopt behaviors of gender with which identify
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Beyond Sex & Beyond Sex & GenderGenderSee the trailer from the movie
Boys Don’t Cry (R-rated):◦http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOarssJWHhI
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Beyond Sex & Beyond Sex & GenderGenderTranssexual individuals
◦Surgery and/or hormonal treatments Posttransition males to females Posttransition females to males
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Beyond Sex & Beyond Sex & GenderGenderMTF – Deidre McCloskeyFTM – Thomas Beatie
◦Gave birth to a child
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Beyond Sex & Beyond Sex & GenderGenderCross-dressers/transvestites
◦Enjoy wearing clothing of other sex
◦Varying motivations◦Majority biological, heterosexual males, attracted to women
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Beyond Sex & Beyond Sex & GenderGenderTransgendered, transsexed, and
intersexed people challenge dualities
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CultureCultureCulture = structures, institutions,
practices that reflect and uphold social order
Upheld by defining certain groups, values, expectations, as good
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CultureCultureSurrounded by communication
that announces social views of gender◦Women give up name in marriage
◦Judicial systemWestern culture is patriarchal
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CultureCultureMessages that reinforce culture
views pervade lives◦Seldom pause to reflect◦Take for granted◦Don’t question
Learning to reflect empowers◦Increases freedom to choose
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CommunicationCommunicationCommunication is dynamic
◦Continually changes, evolvesProcess
◦No beginnings or endings
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Communication is Communication is SystemicSystemicMore than context affects
meaningAll aspects of communication are
interlinkedInfluenced by how we feelTime of day, etc. may influence
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Communication is Communication is SystemicSystemicLargest system affecting
communication is cultureSocieties’ views of men and
women change over timeSystems interact – each part
affects all others
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Communication is Communication is SystemicSystemicCommunication has two levels:
◦Content level of meaning Literal meaning
◦Relationship level of meaning Tell how to interpret content and how communicators see themselves in relationship
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Meanings Created Meanings Created through Interaction through Interaction with Symbolswith SymbolsHumans symbol-using creaturesHave to think to figure out what
symbol meansSymbols can be ambiguousMore than one meaning
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Meanings Created Meanings Created through Interaction through Interaction with Symbolswith SymbolsSignificance of communication
not in words themselvesCommunicating increases
meanings
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Meanings Created Meanings Created through Interaction through Interaction with Symbolswith SymbolsVerbal and nonverbal behaviors
not neutralMeaning arises from interpretation
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Meanings Created Meanings Created through Interaction through Interaction with Symbolswith SymbolsDifferences in interpretation are
sources of misunderstandingCan become more effective:
◦Ask for clarification◦Check to see how others are interpreting us