The Study of Ancient Civilizations -...
Transcript of The Study of Ancient Civilizations -...
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The Study of Ancient Civilizations
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Warfare is the Agent of Historic Change
• Recorded history begins at approximately 3,500 B.C.
• Prior to that everything is called “Pre-Historic”
• 3,500 BC – 2016 AD (5,516 Years)
– Approximately 200 years of peace
– Technology improves the quality of weapons
– People become more aggressive
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The most violent century in the history of the world ?
The Twentieth Century !
Ancient
History
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Ancient Warriors
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The Nine
Principles of War
The Modern Warrior
of the 21st Century
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Historic Dating of Years and Periods of History
B.C. = Before Christ / A.D. = Anno Domini (“in the year of Our Lord!”)
Use None Other!
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How do we know what has occurred in the Past?
The Science of Archaeology!!
We discover
We analyze
We interpret
We report
How do we know what is being reported
in accurate or correct?
We (as students of history) read about
topics, study and research, and come to
our own conclusions.
We evaluate the (multiple) sources to
determine the credibility – Is it
believable?
Let us now do our own archaeological study
“Critical
Thinking”
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Jericho
Oldest known city in
the world?
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Count
the
Levels!
Digging
Down at
Jericho
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Look at the Depth of Jericho
Count the Levels!
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Life in Jericho?
Written texts discovered include the
admonishments of a father to his son!
“Work hard, study, do not be lazy”
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Basics for Society / Civilization
• Man begins to settle down in one place
• Basic necessities to establish cities– Water (River Valleys)
• Drinking – Cooking
• Irrigation for agriculture
• Transportation to
move products
– Religion
– Language
– Government
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Water (River Valleys)• Drinking – Cooking
• Irrigation for agriculture
• Transportation to move products
Basic necessities to establish cities (cont.’)
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Nile River Valley
Climate / GeographyDry Desert – Water EssentialCataracts -- WaterfallsDeltaFlows to South – North (Upper to Lower)
• Upper Egypt (higher elevations)• Lower Egypt (Nile Delta)
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Narmer (Menes)(Ruler of Upper Egypt)
Crown of Upper Egypt
Crown of Lower Egypt
Creates World’s
First Nation
Unites both
kingdoms of early
Egypt
Capital: Memphis
(near border of two
kingdoms)
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Start of Egypt’s dynasties (30 in total)
3,000 – 332 BC
Cartouche(Name of the King/Pharaoh)
Leads to Translation of Language / Rosetta Stone
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Egypt is Rich in Natural
Resources
Notice Gold Deposits!
These will be fought over
for 3,000 years.
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Period of Three Kingdoms
Old Kingdom (2700 – 2200 B.C.)
•Pyramids – Giza Plateau
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Building for Eternity
The Pyramids
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Period of Three Kingdoms
Old Kingdom (2700 – 2200 B.C.)
•Pyramids – Giza Plateau•National Government develops•Theocracy•Memphis
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The Great Sphinx
Built 2550 – 2530 B.C.
Largest Monolith
Statue in the World!
Standing Guard at
Giza – Three Great
Pyramids
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Middle Kingdom (2200 – 1600 BC)Thebes becomes capitalPower declines Invasion by the Hyksos•Bronze weapons•Chariots•Rule Egypt for over 100 years
New Kingdom (1600 – 945 B.C.)Defeat of the HyksosBegin to use the title “Pharaoh”Valley of the Kings createdThutmose III builds the Egyptian EmpireAmenhotep (Nefertiti) -- Akhenaton – MonotheismTutankhamen (King Tut) -- Thebes
Period of Three Kingdoms
(cont.’)
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Amateur Archaeologist
Howard Carter in 1922
discovers King
Tutankhamen's Tomb
Ancient Mystery
• Died at age 18
• Murdered?
Only tomb discovered
intact – with grave
goods!
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Ramses II
Longest Living Pharaoh
*67 years!
Moses?
Battle of Kadesh – Hittites
Abu Simbel
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One of the best documented battles of antiquity
Described and written about by both the Hittites and the
Egyptians (with their own points of view – “spin”!)
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Ramses as a Leader
• Young (Inexperienced)
• Brave
• Rash / Impulsive
• Adventurous
• Doesn’t always follow
advice!
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Egyptian Military
• Chariots
• Infantry
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The Hittites as Soldiers
Large numbers
of chariots
Use of Iron
Three soldiers
vs. Egyptian
two soldiers
per chariot
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Diplomacy at Work = Treaty
Each side claimed victory
Reality: it can be called a draw
Note!
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Result: The world’s first recorded peace treaty
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Egyptian Society• This life or next – it is the same!!• Upper Class – Royalty, Priests• Middle Class – Artisans, scribes, merchants, tax
collectors• Lower Class – Poor, Farmers, largest social group
Egyptian Religion• Polytheistic• King / Pharaoh = God• Prepared for the next world
Art• Tomb & Temple Wall Paintings• Statues
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Examples of Egyptian “Art”
Wall Painting
Statues
Embalming
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The Scribe
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Egyptian Society• This life or next – it is the same!!• Upper Class – Royalty, Priests• Middle Class – Artisans, scribes, merchants, tax
collectors• Lower Class – Poor, Farmers, largest social group
Egyptian Religion• Polytheistic• King / Pharaoh = God• Prepared for the next world
Art• Tomb & Temple Wall Paintings• Statues
Writing• Hieroglyphics – Hieratic (Demotic)• Rosetta Stone – 196 BC• British Museum in London
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Rosetta Stone
British Museum
London, England
•45 inches in height•28 1/2 inches in width•11 inches thick•1,676 pounds in weight.
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Rosetta Stone
Three Languages: Hieroglyphs
Demotic (Hieratic – Cursive)
Ancient Greek
• Written in 196 B.C.
• Account of Ptolomy V and his divine cult
• Discovered in Rosetta, Egypt in 1799 (Napoleon – France)
• Translated by Champollion in 1822
What other language does this look like?
Answer: Aramaic; Hebrew; Arabic
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Development of the World’s First Towns & Cities
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•A hollow box, covered with inlaid
little beads of lapis lazuli and
small carved figures.
•It was found laying in the corner
of a burial chamber above a head
of a man.
•When found, the original wooden
frame was decayed, and two
mosaic panels, set in the
bitumen, were broken.
•It was envisaged that it had been
carried on a pole as a standard.
Another suggestion is that the
hollow box formed a part of a
musical instrument.
•It was decorated on its four
sides with inlaid mosaic scenes
representing all social classes at
war and peace.
•At the top of the "peace" panel, a
singer and a harpist playing the
vertical harp (also known as a
lyre harp or a lyre like those
found in many "royal" tombs)
entertained the king.
The Standard of Ur (2600 – 2400 B.C.?)
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Mesopotamia
“Land between the two rivers”(Tigris / Euphrates)
• Fertile Crescent = Iraq• Flood waters• Irrigation = Agriculture in a
dry environment
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Sumer = Birthplace of
the World’s First Cities
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Sumerians – Sumer
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Sumerians – Sumer
100’s of small locations
• Ur, Uruk, Nippur, Eridu, Babylon, Lagash, Umma, Kish, Agade, Erech
• Development of city-states
City and surrounding land (2 -15 miles out)
• Governed independently from other city-states
councils
monarchs -- military & religious leader
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Center of city = Ziggurat•religious purposes
•polytheistic
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Mounds of Nippur – Once on the
banks of the Euphrates
Map of Sumerian City
Depicting various features
of the city in Cuneiform
writing
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Writing Develops in Sumer
Cuneiform pictures
wedge shaped
clay tablets
well preserved
leads eventually to the first alphabet
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Inventions
•Concept of “60”
•Wheel
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Because of Hot/Dry Climate, People Often Sleep on Roof!
The City of Ur
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Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC
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Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC
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Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC
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Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC
Sumerian way of war
•Bronze (copper & tin) weapons
•Chariots – pulled by Onagers
(small horses) or donkeys!
Which leads up to the
world’s first Empires
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World’s First Empire Develops
Sargon I – Akkadian’s Legend – Basket – River
• NW Portion of Mesopotamia• Unites all the city-states of Mesopotamia• Only last for 100 years.• Akkad language is adopted – becomes
language of early diplomats (Kadesh i.e.)
Ebla – royal archiveselected kings - removed by a council
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Hammurabi – Babylonian Empire
Strong government
Babylon – major trade center
Law Code – greatest accomplishment
7’ Stele
similar to Bible / Mosaic law
concerns aspects of daily life
Babylonian Society – similar to that of ancient Egypt
nobles – priests
merchants , artisans, scribes, farmers
poor, slaves
Ends with advance of the Hittites from west (Modern Turkey)
Louvre, Paris,
France
Will be resurrected 1,000 years
later
Neo-Babylonians – Chaldeans
Nebuchadnezzar
5959
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Proto Indo – European Language (“P.I.E.”)
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Sub-Asian ContinentHimalayasProtection from the North
Pakistan, India, BangladeshEffects of nature -- floodingSeasonal weather – winds
Indus Valley CivilizationHarappan Civilization HarappaMohenjo-Daro
• 2500 – 1500 BC ? • Grid Patterns – Centrally Planned• Sewer System• Actively engaged in trade• Pictograms ?• Demise ? Natural Manmade
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Mo(h)enjo-Daro
Citadel & Administrative
Center
(Urban Planning)
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Precise Grid Patterns with Sewer System
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What
is this?
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Public Baths
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Vault for Community Wealth
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Measuring Devices from
Mohenjo-Daro
Weights cut according to strict standards.
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Metal weapons, tools, and ornaments
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Kudo’s Question ????
What is this?
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Kudo’s Answer !!!
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Indus Valley Civilization
Demise ?
Language has not been deciphered
Flood
Famine
Disease
War
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Early China
Influence of Geography Relative Isolation
Diverse Climate Deserts / Mountains / Plains
Major Water WaysHuang He / Chang Jiang / Xi JiangContribute to Fertile Agriculture
Early Dynasties (3000 BC)Yang – shao
PotteryXia – 2000 BC
First Dynasty (first emperor)
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Ends -- 1908 – China’s Last Emperor
-- Republic
-- Sun Yet-Sen
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Shang Dynasty
First Record of China’s History
Anyang-- One of Seven Capital Cities
Polytheistic-- Oracle Bones
Bronze Work-- Weapons-- Urns / Cauldrons
Chinese Script-- Characters
Internal Disputes – Decline and Fall
Mandate of HeavenAuthority from God-- Continues through history –
“Divine Right of Kings”
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Polytheistic --
Oracle Bones
Chinese Script --
Characters
sounds
objects
words
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• Bronze
• Jade
• Inventions
Chinese Craftsmanship
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Medical Advances --
Acupuncture
Not that type of Acupuncture!!
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What is this Bronze object from
the Chinese Shang Period?
An
Executioner’s
Ax Head!
{:-(
….
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China
in
Turmoil
Decline
of the
Zhou
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Han Dynasty
• China Unifies
• Peace
• Expansion
• Great Wall
completed