The Structure of Scientific Revolutionsnathanen/files/Kuhn.pdf · Thomas S. Kuhn, 1922-1996 B.S....
Transcript of The Structure of Scientific Revolutionsnathanen/files/Kuhn.pdf · Thomas S. Kuhn, 1922-1996 B.S....
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Professor Nathan EnsmengerHistory & Sociology of Science
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Social Context of Scientific Discovery
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Professor Nathan EnsmengerHistory & Sociology of Science
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Social Context of Scientific Discovery
![Page 3: The Structure of Scientific Revolutionsnathanen/files/Kuhn.pdf · Thomas S. Kuhn, 1922-1996 B.S. in ... Science Crisis Anomalies Revolution Kuhnian Paradigm Shift. ... The Structure](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051523/5a7a7fd77f8b9a8d558c2e4d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Professor Nathan EnsmengerHistory & Sociology of Science
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Social Context of Scientific Discovery
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Thomas S. Kuhn, 1922-1996B.S. in Physics, Harvard University, 1943
MA, PhD in Physics, Harvard University, 1946-1949
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The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Social Context of Scientific Discovery
Scientific
Science
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The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Social Context of Scientific Discovery
Scientific
Science
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The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Social Context of Scientific Discovery
ScientificScience
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Science
• (noun) [sci·enc·es]
1 : a department of systematized knowledge as an object of study
2 : knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method
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Science
• (noun) [sci·enc·es]
1 : a department of systematized knowledge as an object of study
2 : knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method
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Science
• (noun) [sci·enc·es]
1 : a department of systematized knowledge as an object of study
2 : knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method
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“If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.”
Sir Isaac Newton, 1643-1727
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Science as cumulative progress
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Science as cumulative progress
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Science as cumulative progress
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Science as cumulative progress
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Science as cumulative progress
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Science as cumulative progress
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The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Social Context of Scientific Discovery
Revolutions
Revolution
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The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Social Context of Scientific Discovery
Revolutions
Revolution
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The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Social Context of Scientific Discovery
RevolutionsRevolution
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Revolution
• (noun) [rev·o·lu·tions]
1 : the action by a celestial body of going round in an orbit or elliptical course;
2 : a) sudden, radical, or complete change b) : a fundamental change in political organization; c) : activity or movement designed to effect fundamental changes in the socioeconomic situation d) : a fundamental change in the way of thinking about or visualizing something : a change of paradigm <the Copernican revolution>
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Revolution
• (noun) [rev·o·lu·tions]
1 : the action by a celestial body of going round in an orbit or elliptical course;
2 : a) sudden, radical, or complete change b) : a fundamental change in political organization; c) : activity or movement designed to effect fundamental changes in the socioeconomic situation d) : a fundamental change in the way of thinking about or visualizing something : a change of paradigm <the Copernican revolution>
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Revolution
• (noun) [rev·o·lu·tions]
1 : the action by a celestial body of going round in an orbit or elliptical course;
2 : a) sudden, radical, or complete change b) : a fundamental change in political organization; c) : activity or movement designed to effect fundamental changes in the socioeconomic situation d) : a fundamental change in the way of thinking about or visualizing something : a change of paradigm <the Copernican revolution>
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Revolution
• (noun) [rev·o·lu·tions]
1 : the action by a celestial body of going round in an orbit or elliptical course;
2 : a) sudden, radical, or complete change b) : a fundamental change in political organization; c) : activity or movement designed to effect fundamental changes in the socioeconomic situation d) : a fundamental change in the way of thinking about or visualizing something : a change of paradigm <the Copernican revolution>
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Normal Science Crisis
Anomalies
Revolution
Kuhnian Paradigm Shift
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Normal Science is what most scientists mostly do.
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Paradigms:Accepted examples of actual scientific practice -- examples which include law, theory, application, and instrumentation together -- that provide models from which spring particular coherent traditions of scientific research.
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, p. 11.
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The Ptolemaic Universe
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Revolution
• (noun) [rev·o·lu·tions]
1 : the action by a celestial body of going round in an orbit or elliptical course;
2 : a) sudden, radical, or complete change b) : a fundamental change in political organization; c) : activity or movement designed to effect fundamental changes in the socioeconomic situation d) : a fundamental change in the way of thinking about or visualizing something : a change of paradigm <the Copernican revolution>
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Copernicus: Conversation with God Jan Matejko, 1872
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Nicholas Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres (1543)
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The Ptolemaic Universe
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Normal Science Does Not Aim at Novelty
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Normal Science Does Not Aim at Novelty
"Normal science does not aim at novelties of fact or theory and, when successful, finds none."
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (52)
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Mars in Retrograde Motion
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There can be no paradigm change without
crisis.
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Discoveries are rare because expectations
cloud our vision.
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The decision to reject one paradigm is always a
decision to accept another.
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The decision to reject one paradigm is always a
decision to accept another.
“To reject one paradigm without substituting another is to reject science itself.”
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, p. 79.
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Science is non-cumulative because terms change their
meanings.
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Science is non-cumulative because terms change their
meanings.
Sometimes F≠MA ...
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“Though the world does not change with a change of paradigm, the scientist afterwards works in a different world.”
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, p. 121.
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“Though the world does not change with a change of paradigm, the scientist afterwards works in a different world.”
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, p. 121.
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Paradigms are Incommensurable.
“Though the world does not change with a change of paradigm, the scientist afterwards works in a different world.”
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , p. 121.
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Normal Science Crisis
Anomalies
Revolution
Kuhnian Paradigm Shift
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Is Science Arbitrary?
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Cloud Chamber Experiment, c. 2005