The Structure of North Korea’s Political Economy: Changes and Effects

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    M BFQ OBYFUBMYONBMD FBAMAFHFBY

    JUMHFQNU@ JNU BNUYG @NUFM>Lnbyfbioba [fu|{flyozf|Fioynu|3 Mgb Lgnnba(nba$ Bolgndm| Fefu|ymiy$ Dff _nvba(|vb

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    z

    Lnbyfby|

    [ufjmlf mbi Ml`bnqdfiahfby| zoo

    Bnyf nb Bmhf| w

    = Obyunivlyonb mbi Nzfuzofq

    anni|" Ygf |ymyf jobmdd mllf{yfi ygf hmu`fy| mbi ob Hmulg 5;;< lgmbafi

    ygf bmhf junh jmuhfu| hmu`fy 'Bnba(hob \o(cmba/ yn hmu`fy '\o(cmba/"\fzfumd jmlynu| gmzf lmv|fi ygf hmu`fy| yn aunq um{oid 'Lgvb =???$ =17

    7;/" Jou|y$ |fzfuf jnni |gnuymaf| gmzf iuozfb {fn{df yn ygf hmu`fy| eflmv|fygf |ymyf gm| effb vbmedf yn {unzoif bflf||mu jnni" \oblf ygf lnddm{|f nj ygf[I\$ ygf |ymyf gm| effb jnulfi yn yndfumyf ygf hmu`fy| aunqyg" Hmb Bnuyg@nufmb| gmzf effb medf yn hm`f m dozoba ygmb`| yn ygf hmu`fy|" \flnbi$

    Bnuyg @nufmb| gmzf dfmubfi bflf||mu hmu`fy |`odd| junh Lgobf|f {fiidfu|'@nufmb(Lgobf|f lnb|yoyvyf ygf hmob aunv{ nj Lgobf|f yumif|{fn{df/$ mbilun||(enuifu yumif gm| eflnhf mb oh{nuymby lgmbbfd jnu dfmuboba mbi anni|

    yumb|jfu" Ygoui$ ygf Bnuyg @nufmb anzfubhfby gm| mddnqfi oy| loyosfb| yn fb(amaf ob ygf {univlyonb nj lnb|vhfu anni|" Qnu`fu| mbi jmuhfu| qfuf nuam(bosfi obyn mvwodomu qnu` vboy| ygunvag ygf Mvav|y < Lnb|vhfu Anni [un(

    ivlyonb Hnzfhfby ob =?79 e nuifu nj @oh Cnba(od" Ygf qfuf yn {univlflnb|vhfu anni| nvy|oif nj |ymyf {dmbboba$ v|oba qgmyfzfu hmyfuomd| qfufmzmodmedf" Ygf flnbnhol luo|o| nj ygf =??;| jnulfi nygfu| yn fbamaf ob |ohodmu

    mlyozoyof| nb mb obiozoivmd em|o|"Uf|nvulf| muf bnq jdnqoba obyn ygf hmu`fy| junh |fzfumd |nvulf| '_nnb

    mbi Eme|nb 5;;5$ 1:/3 mauolvdyvumd |vu{dv|f| ygmy fwlffi |ymyf {vulgm|f| ygmy

    muf {univlfi e lnn{fumyozf| mbi gnv|fgndi|0 dfm`fi anni| junh nzfu(|fm| jnni moi0 lnhhnioyof| junh lun||(enuifu yumif qoyg Lgobm0 oyfh||yuo{{fi$ {oumyfi$ mbi |mdzmafi junh |ymyf fbyfu{uo|f|0 lnhhnioyof| iozfuyfi

    junh ygf [I\0 anni| junh |hmdd jmhod fbyfu{uo|f|0 mbi |fuzolf| njjfufi ob

    ygf hmu`fy|"Bvhfunv| uf{nuy| obiolmyf ygmy ygf {uozmyf flnbnh gm| aunqb |oabojo(

    lmbyd |oblf ygf fmud =??;| m| gnv|fgndi| gmzf uf|{nbifi yn ygf jnni luo|o|mbi ygf jmodvuf nj ygf [I\ yn |v{{d em|ol gvhmb bflf||oyof|" Ygf [I\ gmieffb ygf hflgmbo|h jnu jffioba ygf vuemb {n{vdmyonb$ mbi$ |oblf oy| eufm`(

    inqb ob ygf dmyf =??;|$ {uozmyf hmu`fy| gmzf effb |yohvdmyfi e ifhmbi jnuem|ol lnb|vh{yonb oyfh|" [uolf| ob ygf hmu`fy| muf afbfumdd |fy ob ufjfufblfyn enuifu {uolf| ob Lgobm" M uf{nuy e ygf \nvyg @nufm Hobo|yu nj Vbojolm(

    yonb f|yohmyfi ygmy :;1; {fulfby nj vuemb gnv|fgndi| muf bnq hffyoba

    ygfou bffi| ygunvag ygf hmu`fy| 'Mgb 5;;5/" Mdygnvag ygfuf gmzf effb |fz(fumd luml`inqb| nb ygf n{fumyonb| nj objnuhmd hmu`fy|$ oy |ffh| ldfmu ygmy

    ygf qodd lnbyobvf yn fw{mbi" Ygf objnuhmd hmu`fy flnbnh o| bny njjolomdduflnabosfi$ evy oy o| mllf{yfi m| m qm nj {unzoioba bnuhmd gnv|fgndi| qoygobiv|yuomd anni| m| qfdd m| mauolvdyvumd {univly|"

    Uflfby Lgmbaf| ob Bnuyg @nufm| Flnbnhol \yuvlyvuf

    Iumqoba nb imym mbi f|yohmyf| junh ygf EN@$ qf zfbyvuf m bvhefu nj lnh(hfby| menvy |yuvlyvumd lgmbaf| ob ygf I[U@| flnbnh ivuoba ygf {fuoni

    |oblf =??;" M bvhefu nj ygf|f lgmbaf| m{{fmu yn ef lnb|f}vfbyomdmbi$ qf

    muavf$ }voyf {nuyfbynv|"

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    Ygf \yuvlyvuf nj Bnuyg @nufm| [ndoyolmd Flnbnh3 Lgmbaf| mbi Fjjfly| 6=

    Jou|y$ ygf qfoagy nj anzfubhfby ob ygf flnbnh ifldobfi mjyfu =??9" Ygf

    ynymd fw{fbioyvuf nj anzfubhfby |ymuyfi qoyg mb f|yohmyfi )=:":: eoddonbmbi oblufm|fi yn )=?"55 eoddonb ob =??9" Ob =??9$ ygf Bnuyg @nufmb anzfub(

    hfby me|nuefi mdhn|y ?; {fulfby nj ygf lnvbyu| AI[$ obldvioba ygf [I\$yn {uf|fuzf ygf |nlomdo|y flnbnhol ||yfh" Gnqfzfu$ bmyvumd io|m|yfu|jdnnimbi iunvagylmv|fi jvuygfu ifyfuonumyonb ob Bnuyg @nufm| flnbnhol |oyv(myonb" Obiv|yu qm| if|yunfi$ mbi ygf anzfubhfby gm| dn|y oy| lm{meodoy yn

    hmbmaf ygf flnbnh mllnuioba yn |nlomdo|y {uoblo{df|" Ob miioyonb$ ygf anz(fubhfby dn|y ygf aufmyfu {nuyonb nj oy| oblnhf |nvulf|$ lmv|oba anzfubhfbyfw{fbioyvuf| ob ygf fmud 5;;;| yn iflufm|f yn unvagd gmdj nj qgmy ygf qfuf

    ob ygf fmud =??;|" Mdygnvag anzfubhfby fw{fbioyvuf| oblufm|fi m doyydf ob5;;=$ ygf gmzf hmobymobfi m ufdmyozfd lnb|ymby dfzfd ')?": eoddonb ob 5;;;mbi )?"7 eoddonb ob 5;;="/" Fzfb ygnvag nzfumdd AI[ gm| iflufm|fi iumhmyo(

    lmdd$ ygf iflufm|f qm| |ffb hmobd ob ygf ufivlyonb nj anzfubhfby oblnhf"Ygf ufm|nb efgobi ygmy dn|| o| ygmy |ymyf(nqbfi fbyfu{uo|f| eflmhf ne|ndfyf$mbi ygf anzfubhfby dn|y mb oh{nuymby oblnhf |nvulf" Ygf {dmbboba hflgm(

    bo|h nj ygf anzfubhfby qm| bn dnbafu medf yn jvblyonb$ mbi ygf [I\ lnd(dm{|fi" Lnb|f}vfbyd Bnuyg @nufmb| efamb yn |v{{d ygfh|fdzf| qoyg jnnimbi bflf||oyof| junh ygf jmuhfu| hmu`fy| '[mu` 5;;5/"

    \flnbi$ ygfuf muf obiolmyonb| ygmy ygf {uozmyf flnbnh o| lnbyobvoba ynfw{mbi" My jou|y$ ygf anzfubhfby ldmohfi m aufmy {nuyonb nj ygf gnv|fgndioblnhf$ evy e =??9 ygmy oblnhf gmi iun{{fi |gmu{d{fugm{| 'qf hoagy

    |vuho|f/ fzfb m| dnq m| nbf(ygoui nj ygf =??; dfzfd" Mjyfu ygf flnbnhol eufm`(

    inqb ob ygf hoi(=??;|$ gnv|fgndi oblnhf un|f menzf ygf dfzfd efjnuf ygfluo|o|" Yn hm`f m anni fbnvag dozoba yn |vuzozf$ gnv|fgndi| eflmhf mlyozf ob

    ygf jmuhfu| hmu`fy|0 my ygf |mhf yohf$ {univlyonb ob |ymyf(nqbfi fbyfu({uo|f| jmdyfufi mbi$ ob jmly$ bfzfu uflnzfufi" Ygf anzfubhfby| obfjjflyozfbf||gm| dfi yn ygf aunqoba objdvfblf nj ygf {uozmyf flnbnh" Ynymd oblnhf hoagy

    ob jmly gmzf |vu{m||fi ygf anzfubhfbymd ufzfbvf| |oblf 5;;;" Eflmv|f ygf{uozmyf flnbnh jnddnq| hmu`fy hflgmbo|h|$ ygf oblufm|oba qfoagy nj gnv|f(gndi| ob ygf flnbnh ufjdfly| ygf aunqyg nj hmu`fy hflgmbo|h|$ obiolmyoba

    ygmy hnuf mbi hnuf hnbf o| jdnqoba obyn ygf {uozmyf flnbnh"

    Ygoui$ anzfubhfby obzf|yhfby| gmzf iflufm|fi iumhmyolmdd" Ygf lnddm{|fnj ygf njjolomd flnbnh gm| dfi yn ygo| meuv{y iflufm|f eflmv|f ygf anzfub(

    hfby gm| bn lm{oymd jnu flnbnhol ufgmeodoymyonb" Mbi$ fzfb ygnvag ygf {uo(zmyf flnbnh gm| ygf lm{mloy jnu obzf|yhfby$ ygfuf muf bn lgmbbfd| ob {dmlfyn jmlodoymyf oy" Ob |nlomdo|y lnvbyuof|$ ygf anzfubhfby jvblyonb| m| ygf nbd

    obzf|ynu0 ygfufjnuf$ oj ygf anzfubhfby inf| bny gmzf jvbi|$ obzf|yhfby lmb(bny nllvu" Bnuyg @nufm jobi| oy|fdj ob ygmy invedf eobi"

    Jnvuyg$ ygf zndvhf nj lnbyuoevyonb| junh jnufoab lnvbyuof| gm| ifldobfi

    hmu`fid$ f|{flomdd ob yfuh| nj ynymd yumif zndvhf" Enyg oh{nuy| mbi fw({nuy| iun{{fi eflmv|f nj ygf eufm`inqb nj ygf obyfubmyonbmd lnn{fumyonb

    bfyqnu` m| qfdd m| obyfubmd obiv|yuomd ifaumimyonb" Ygf yumif ifjoloy$ gnq(

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    65 M Bfq Obyfubmyonbmd Fbamafhfby Jumhfqnu jnu Bnuyg @nufm>

    fzfu$ ufhmob| my m dfzfd |ohodmu yn ygf fmudofu dfzfd" Hnuf ygmb nbf(ygoui nj

    Bnuyg @nufm| obzf|yhfby o| efoba {unzoifi ygunvag jnufoab lufioy"Ygf|f lgmbaf| lnbjouh ygmy3

    Bnuyg @nufm inf| bny gmzf ygf lm{mloy jnu obzf|yhfby bffifi yn f|lm{f{nzfuy"

    Ygf Bnuyg @nufmb anzfubhfby o| dn|oba oy| objdvfblf nzfu ygf flnbnh"

    Bnuyg @nufm| flnbnh uvb| ob {muy ygunvag hmu`fy hflgmbo|h|0 enyg

    ygf {uozmyf flnbnh mbi hmu`fy hflgmbo|h| muf eflnhoba hnufoh{nuymby"

    Mdd ygf menzf jobioba| muf obyfuufdmyfi" Ygf anzfubhfby gm| bfoygfu ygf

    oblnhf bnu |vjjolofby lm{mloy jnu obzf|yhfby" Ygf fw{mb|onb nj gnv|fgndifw{fbioyvuf| o| m bmyvumd lnb|f}vfblf nj m gfd{df|| anzfubhfby3 gnv|fgndioblnhf gm| bnq nvy|yuo{{fi anzfubhfby oblnhf" Jobmdd ygf anzfubhfby

    hv|y jobi mb mdyfubmyozf |nvulf nj oblnhf mbi ufobzoanumyf oy| obzf|yhfby|lgfhf"

    Lgmbaf| ob ygf Hodoymu Flnbnh mbi ygf Hodoymu(Jou|y \yumyfa

    Bnuyg @nufm m{{fmu| yn mddnlmyf menvy =6 {fulfby nj oy| ynymd eviafy jnu if(jfb|f0 gnqfzfu$ hmb fw{fuy| |v|{fly ygmy ygf Bnuyg lnblfmd| ifjfb|f |{fbi(oba qoygob nygfu lmyfanuof| 'Joavuf =/" Ygf fwnueoymby hodoymu fw{fb|f| mbiygf gvaf zndvhf nj hodoymu |{fbioba gmzf eflnhf |fzfuf evuifb| jnu ygf

    Bnuyg @nufmb flnbnh"6 Gnqfzfu$ Bnuyg @nufm ufamui| hodoymu {nqfu m|ygf jnvbimyonb nj oy| obyfubmd m| qfdd m| fwyfubmd |flvuoy$ mbi ygf Bnuyg lmb(bny mbi qodd bny ufivlf ygf hodoymu |flynu m| fw{uf||fi e ygf anzfubhfby|

    hodoymu(jou|y |yumyfa$ fzfb oj ygf {nqfu nj ygf hodoymu |flynu gmh{fu| fln(bnhol uflnzfu" Ygf hodoymu(jou|y |yumyfa o| m doyfumd yumb|dmyonb nj m @nufmbyfuh$ |nbavb cnbalgo$ ufjfuuoba yn ygf {ndoyol| nj aozoba jou|y {uonuoy yn ygf

    hodoymu" Ygf yfuh inf| bny oh{d m |obadf {ndol jnu m {muyolvdmu {vu{n|f0umygfu$ oy fw{uf||f| ygf fh{gm|o| nb ygf hodoymu ygunvagnvy |nlofy '\vg I"5;;5$ =97?/"

    Ygf hodoymu(jou|y |yumyfa gm| inhobmyfi ygf hmbmafhfby |ydf nj @ohCnba(od |oblf =??6 fzfb ygnvag oy qm| bny |{fddfi nvy vbyod =??7" Ygf hodo(ymu(jou|y |yumyfa qm| m ufmlyonb yn ygf flnbnhol luo|o| ygmy |ymeodosfi mjyfu

    ygf jdnni| nj =??6 mbi =??: mbi ygf iunvagy nj =??1 ygmy |fzfufd maaum(zmyfi jnni |gnuymaf|" My ygf dfm|y$ gvbiufi| nj ygnv|mbi| nj {fn{df qfuf`oddfi e jmhobf ivuoba ygf|f fmu|": Mllnuioba yn @ng Evba(lgvd '5;;9/3

    6 \nhf hodoymu fw{fuy| muavf ygmy ygf Bnuyg @nufmb ifjfb|f obiv|yu hm`f| v{

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    Ygf \yuvlyvuf nj Bnuyg @nufm| [ndoyolmd Flnbnh3 Lgmbaf| mbi Fjjfly| 6

    Ufjfufblf|

    Mgb$ Inn(|nnb" 5;;5" Ygf [n||oeodoy nj Bnuyg @nufm| Flnbnhol Ufjnuhmbi ygf [ndol Hfm|vuf| nj \nvyg @nufm 'ob @nufmb/" qqq"{vba"ln"`u.

    afgv`"gyh"

    Emb` nj @nufm 'EN@/" Zmuonv| fmu|" F|yohmyfi AI[ nj Bnuyg @nufm" \fnvd3EN@"

    Lgvb$ Gnba(yml`" =???" Ygf \flnbi Flnbnh ob Bnuyg @nufm" \fnvd Cnvubmdnj Flnbnhol| =5$ bn" 5"

    Fuol|nb$ Uolgmui F" =?79" Ygf \flnbi Flnbnh mbi Uf|nvulf Mddnlmyonb vbifu

    Lfbyumd [dmbboba"Cnvubmd nj Lnh{mumyozf Flnbnhol| 7$ bn" = 'Hmulg/"

    JOIG" 5;;

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    Ygf \yuvlyvuf nj Bnuyg @nufm| [ndoyolmd Flnbnh3 Lgmbaf| mbi Fjjfly| :=

    _nnb$ Ifn`(unba mbi Eumidf N" Eme|nb" 5;;5" Vbifu|ymbioba Bnuyg

    @nufm| Flnbnhol Luo|o|"M|omb Flnbnhol [m{fu| =$ bn" < '\f{yfhefu/"

    Dff _nvba(|vb o| qoyg ygf Aumivmyf \lgnnd jnu Obyfubmyonbmd \yviof|$ _nb|fo Vbo(

    zfu|oy" _nnb Ifn`(unba o| qoyg ygf @nufm Ob|yoyvyf jnu Obyfubmyonbmd Flnbnhol

    [ndol" Ygf mvygnu| qnvdi do`f yn ygmb` Bolgndm| Fefu|ymiy$ \gob Inba(lgfnb$ mbiEumidf Eme|nb jnu ygfou ygnvagyjvd mbi gfd{jvd lnhhfby| mbi |vaaf|yonb|"

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    @nufm Ob|yoyvyf jnu@nufm Flnbnhol Ob|yoyvyf Obyfubmyonbmd Flnbnhol [ndol Mhfuolmb Fbyfu{uo|f Ob|yoyvyf Lgn|vb(Oden

    =5;= J \yuffy$ B"Q"$ \yf" ?=;