The Street View Journal Vol-5,No-16.pdf

8/17/2019 The Street View Journal Vol-5,No-16.pdf

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VOLUME. 5, NO. 16, MONDAY 2 MAY 2016

2 OPINION

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pDa'gCEDAW, Convention on

Elimination of all forms of Dis-

crimination Against Women.

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10


INTERVIEW

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BUSINESS

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wmjzpf ygw,f/uRef awmf wd k Y uG ef &uf uwm0gwd kif aygif ; 5000 ausmf eJ Y jref rmEd k if iH &J Uwd k if ;a'oBuD ;eJ Y jynf e,f? e,f ajrtm;vH k ;ud k a&muf &S d aeNyD jzpf NyD ; vl OD ;a&xl xyf wJ h a'oawG &J U62&mcd k if EI ef ;? Nrd KUe,f 90&mcd kif EI ef ;cef Y vT rf ;jcH K xm;Ed k if NyD jzpf ygw,f}}[k ajymonf/

w,f vD aemwm0gwd k if rsm; tm;

vH k;ud k 3G &&S d atmif jyKvkyf í jref rm Ed kif iHwG if tBuD ;rm;qH k; 3G uG ef &uf wpf ck jzpf aeaMumif ;? Nrd KUjy?aus;vuf a'otm;vH k;twGuf wwf Ed kif onf h ukef usp&d wf ES if h ta&taoG ;jrif h rm;

onf h tif wmeuf 0ef aqmif rI ud kay; Ed k if jcif ;jzpf aMumif ;?2016 tuk ef wG if wm0gwd kif 2000 ausmf ud k aqmuf vk yf NyD ;pD ;atmif arQmf vif h xm;NyD ;vmr,f h ES pf awG rS mvnf ;wm0gwd k if wnf aqmuf EI ef ;ud k quf vuf jr§ if h wif oG m;rS mjzpf NyD; wd kif 9000 ausmf xd a&muf &Sd oGm;atmif aqmif &G uf aeonf/


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INTERVIEW

uGef'd kOya'uEd kifiHjcm;om;awG tcef;yd kifqd kif cG ifU&S dwJUtwGufaMumifUEd kifiHjcm;&if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIud kOya'taeeJh wGef;tm;ay;aeayrJUenf;Oya'udkapmif hvsuf&SdaomaMumif U tdrfjcHajraps;uGufta&mif;t0,fyHkrSefrjzpfao;

jref rmEd kif iH td rf jcHajraps;uG uf onf 2008ckES pf upwif í aps;EIef ;jrif h wuf cJ hNyD ; ta&mif ;t0,f jzpf cJ honf/ xd k tcsd ef wG if Ed k if iH wumaps;uG uf ES if h ,S Of ygu jref rmEd k if iH wG if td rf jcH ajraps;uG uf? aps;EI ef ;rsm;rS mjrif h wuf aeonf ud k awG Y&onf/ ,cktcsd ef wG if aps;EIef ;rsm;rS mjrif hwuf í ta&mif ;t0,f at;aeaMumif ;? jynf wG if ;td rf jcHajraps;uG uf onf vnf ; vmrnf h ESpf rsm;wG if tpkd ;&opf ES if htwl yl;aygif ;aqmif &G uf oif h onf h tcsuf rsm;ES if h vd ktyf csuf rsm;ud k {NyD 26 &uf House. com.mmrS usif ;yonf h td rf &mta&mif ;jyyG J owif ;pm&S if ;vif ;yG JwG if jref rmEd kif iH td rf jcHajr0ef aqmif rItoif ;Ouú| OD ;cif armif oef ; ajymMum;csuf tcsd KUud k wif jyvd kuf ygonf/

tdrfjcHajraps;uGuftajctae jref rmEd kif iH td rf jcHajraps;uGuf

uawmh 2015 ckES pf a&G ;aumuf yG J eJ Y 2015 a&G ;aumuf yG Jrwd kif rD 2014 Edkifi Ha&;apmifhMunfhumvtwdkif; twmawG 'DaeY tpd k;&opf ay:xG ef ; vmwJ h tajctaeeJ Y pD ;yG m;a&;vkyf ief ; &S if rsm;u td rf jcH ajraps;EI ef ;awG jrif h wuf ae&muaeusqif ;vmEd k if w,f vd kY cef Y rS ef ;xm;ygw,f/ 'gayrJ hvkd Y 'D aeYtcsd ef txd aps;EI ef ;usqif ;wm rawG Y &bJ aps;uG uf uawmh ta&mif ; t0,fyg; NyD;awmhaps;uGufat; aeygw,f/ jref rmEd kif iHrSm pawmh aps;uGuf ay:ayguf vmwJh twGuf aiGt&if ;tESD ;eJY &if ;ESD;jr§ Kyf ESH ol awG u pawmhaps;uG uf rSm &if ;ES D;jr§Kyf ESH

Mur,f/'D vd k jr§ Kyf ES H wJ h ae&m wpf ae&m ay:vmNyD qkd &if td rf jcH ajravmurS m &if ;ES D ;jr§ Kyf ES H r,f h tm;awG avsmh oG m; r,f 'gqd kvd kY&if td rf jcH ajraps;EI ef ; awG avsmh usr,f vd kY cef YrSef ;ygw,f/ 'gayrJ h 'DaeYtxd uawmh avsmhus jcif ;r&Sd bJ jzpf aeygw,f/ pawmh aps;uG uf rS m aiG aMu;awG &if ;ES D ;jr§ Kyf ES H ovd k aiG aMu;jyef vnf azmf aqmif wJh taeeJY jref jref qef qef azmf aqmif vd kY &w,f/ 'Da&mif ;csif &if a&mif ;vd kY &w,f/ tdrfjcHa jrvkyfief;awGu jyef vnf a&mif ;csr,f qd k&if pawmh aps;uGufavmuf jrefjrefa&mi f ;cs

Ed k if wmrawG Y &ygbl ;/pawmh aps;uG uf ud k Munf h &if awmh aps;uG uf tajctae ud k em;vnf ;wJh oltm; enf ;w,f/ tcsd ef taeeJY oHk;ESpf av;ESpf avmuf aerS jynf ol jynf om;awGeJY pawmh aps;uG uf ud kvk yf ud k if wJ h ol awG tavh tusif h&NyD;awmh aqmif &G uf Ed kif rSm jzpf ygw,f/

uGef'd krDeD,H Law xGufvmayr,f Utoufr0ifao;

jref rmEd kif iH rS m 2016 ckES pf Zef e 0g&D v 26 &uf aeY u uG ef 'd krDeD,H(Law) jynf ol UvT wf awmf u aMunm csuf xk wf jyef cJ h jyD ;jzpf ygw,f?od k Y aomf

pD ;yG m;a&;vkyf ief ;&S if awG u aqmuf vkyf a&;vkyf ief ;&S if awG pojzif h arS smf rSe f;ygw,f/ uGef' dkrD eD,H Law xGufvm&if aps;EIef;awGjyef vnf tm;aumif ;r,f ta&mif ;t0,f jzpf r,f vd k Y cef Y rS ef ;ygw,f/ od k Y aomf vnf ; cef Y rS ef ;ovd kjzpf rvmbJ uG ef 'd kaps; uG uf tm;raumif ;ao;bJ aES ;auG ;

aewmawGY&ygw,f/ 'guvnf; uG ef 'd krD eD,H Law awmh xG uf w,f/ uGef 'd krDeD,H Law eJY ywf ouf wJ h enf ;Oya'xG uf &S d zd k Y vd k ygao;w,f/ uRef awmf wd k Y utd rf jcH ajrtod k if ;t0d k if ; jzpf wJh *syef vkyf ief ;&S if awG ponf h Ed k if iH wumaps;uG uf rS m&S d wJ h Ed k if iH jcm; om;awGu uG ef 'd krD eD,HLaw xGuf vmwJ h twG uwJ h twG uf 0,f zd k Y awmh pd kif ;jyif ;aew,f/ aps;uGuf taeeJU Munf h r,f qd k&if tm;raumif ;ao; bJ eJ Y aES ;auG ;aew,f/ 2014Ed k if iH a&; apmif h Munf h umveJ Y 2015a&G ;aumuf yG J jzpf pOf tajctaeuvnf ;pD ;yG m;a&; vkyf &if Ed kif iHa&;tajctaerIwnf w,f qd k wJ h twd k if ;Ed k if iH a&;tajctae ud k 'D ywf 0ef ;usif u apmif h Munf hae

wJh twG uf td rf jcHajraps;uG uf aES ; auG ;Ed k if wJ h taMumif ;t&mawG ud k awG Y &ygw,f/

tcGefajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumif Uajymif;vJvmonf U tdrfjcHajraps;uGuf aemuf ,cif tpd k ;&taeeJ Y vnf ;

td rf jcH ajraps;EI ef ;eJ Y aps;uG uf tajctae ud kxd ef ;od rf ;zd kYtwGuf jyif qif xm; NyD ;awmh vkyf aqmif wJ h vkyf aqmif csuf awG &S d ygw,f/aiG aMu;c0gcsrI Oya' awGjy|mef;w,f/ jy|mef;NyD ;awmh Ed kif iH wumeJ Y yl;aygif ;aqmif &G uf wJ h taetxm;awG uonf h td rf jcH ajraps; uGuf ud k 0,f ,lrIrSm pd k;&d rf rI tae

txm;rsd K;awG jzpf apygw,f/ aemuf td rf jcH ajr 0if aiG cG ef EI ef ;xm;awG wd k ; jr§ if hvd kuf wmawG uvnf ; aps;uG uf ud ktm;enf ;apygw,f/ 2012ckESpf rS m ,cif td rf jcHajr aps;EIef ;awGrSm 0if aiG cG ef 8 &mcd k if EI ef ;eJ Y wH qd yf acgif ; cG ef 7 &mcd k if EI ef ;pkpkaygif ; 15 &mcd kif EI ef ;&S d &muaeNyD ;awmh 0if aiG cG ef 30&mcd k if EI ef ; wHqd yf acgif ;cGef 7 &mcd kif EIef ; pkpkaygif; 37 &mcdkif EIef; tcGef EI ef ;xm;ud k wd k;jr§if hcJhygw,f/ tJ'D vd kwd k;jr§if h vd kuf wJh twG uf td rf jcHajr ta&mif ;0,f vk yf aewJ h ol awG utcG ef a&S mif wmawG jzpf vmEd k if w,f qif ;&J

om;jynfolvlxku wpfoufr Sm wpf cgavmuf 0,f Ed k if wmawG ud k apmif h MunfhNyD ;awmh tdrfjcHajraiGcGefud k 0if aiG&vrf ;azmf jyEd kif &if raumuf bl ;? razmf jyEd k if &if aumuf r,f qd k wm awGjzpf ygw,f/ qd kwmu 'DOya' ua&maew,f avS smhayghNyD ; awmh aqmif &Guf ay;zd kY ajym&muae wpf

usyf uae od ef ;wpf axmif ud k tcG ef

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tdrfjcHajraps;uGufwnfNidrfatmif;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr,f

2007? 2008rSmpwuf vmwJ h td rf jcH ajraps;EI ef ;u 2011'D rd kua&pD tpd k ;&wuf vmwJ h tcsd ef rS m tjrif h aps; txd wuf vmNyD ; 'D aps;awG u Ed k if iH wumaps;uG uf rS m awmif tjrif hqHk; tajctaeawG jzpf vmw,f/ 2014 rwf vqef ;rS m aps;uGuf uaES ;auG ; vmw,f/ 'gaMumi fh 'DaeYqdk&if tpd k;&opf eJY twl 'Dvd krsd K; td rf jcH ajr tcG ef awG jr§ if h wif vd kuf w,f qd kwm uawmh at;aewJ h aps;uG uf ud kxyf NyD ;awmh zd tm;ay;vkd uf ovd k yH kpH rsd K;

awGjzpf aewmu td rf jcH ajraps;EI ef ;? aps;uG uf ta&mif ;t0,f awG twG uf yHkrS ef jzpf r,f h taetxm;ud k aESmif h aES;apw,f vd kY ,l qw,f/ jrif yg w,f/ 'Dud pö awG ud kvnf ; jynf ol Y tpdk;&opfjzp fwJhtwGuf jynfol Y

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jrefrmEd kifiH&JY Ed kifiHa&;? pD;yG m;a&;awGuxd kif;rI dif;aew,f

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tiS m;tdrf&mawG? wefzd k;enf;? wefzd k;oif Utdrf&mawGud ktaumiftxnfazmf&efvd ktyf

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jrif om&S d wJ h tvkyf awG ud k vkyf ud kif rS omvS sif vd ktyf csuf awG jynf pHkrSmjzpf ygw,f/ aemuf &efukefNrd KUrSm&Sd wJh Nrd KY jypD rH ud ef ;awG ud k jyef vnf jyif qif a&;qG J r,f h vd k Uvnf ;od &w,f/ puf rI Zkef rS m&S d wJ h ajruG uf vG yf awG ud k vnf ; tcsd ef wpf ckay;NyD ;awmh vkyf aqmif cd kif ;r,f/ aemuf wef zd k;enf ; wef zd k; oif h td rf &mtcef ;aygif ;wpf aomif ;cG J ud k jreÉ meJ Ua&G vD vrf ;axmif h rS m tpd k ;& ajrjzpf wJ h {u 183{u ud k taumif txnf azmf r,f/ tJ'D rSmvnf ; wef zd k ;enf ;tcef ;aygif ; 3000 yg0if r,f vd kYod&w,f/ 'gvnf ;jzpf oif hjzpf

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zd zd pD ;pD ;vkyf ay;&rS mu tiS m;td rf &m ygyJ/ tckvnf ;vkyf ay;aewmawG &S d ygw,f/ td rf &mvd ktyf csuf awG u trsm;BuD ;&S d Ed kif jynf h pH krI r&S d ao;bl ;/ 'gutoH rxG uf Ed k if wJ h tcuf tcJ awG jzpf ygw,f/ 'gaMumif h tpkd ;&opf taeeJ U td rf &mpD rH ud ef ;awG ud k jref jref aqmif &G uf ay;apcsif ygw,f/

cd kifolZmEd kif

wefzd k;enf;tdrf&mawGuMunf Ur,fqdk&ifqif;&Jom;awGtwGufr[kwfygbl;/


7/32

15


NOTES

vdkwdk&Si f ;pD;yGm;a&;t dki f 'D, m(143)TWEETONOMICS

tifpwDusL&S ife,fvpfZif qdkonfrSm apmEd kif(toH k;csabm*aA')

(What is institutionalism? )

xd k if ;Ed k if iH a&muf jref rm'k u© onf wpf a,muf taeeJY q,f pkES pf wpf ck avmuf aexd k if NyD ;wJ h aemuf yd k if ; aemf a0Ed kifiHod kY tajccsaexdkifa&;tpD tpOf eJ Y 2001 ckES pf Ed k0if vmvukef rSma&muf&SdcJhygw,f/ avqdyf rSm awmh DVB 0ef xrf ; roD wmeJ Y 88 awmcd ktqdkawmf ud krGef;atmif wd kY vm a&muf Mud Kqd kMuNyD; tiSm;um;

toD ;oD ;eJ Y rd rd wd k Y ,m,D wnf ;cd k &r,f h ae&mtxd vd kuf vHyd kY aqmif ay;cJ h Mu ygw,f/ tpd k;&yd kif rd k;vpf *gwm trnf &Sd wnf ;cd kcef ;ud ka&muf &S d NyD; cPtMumrS mawmh aexd kif zd kY vuf cH xm;wJh Nrd KUawmf atmf pvd k? *½d kvef ; tyd kif rS wm0ef &Sd ol touf 30 0ef ; usif trsKd ;orD ;ES pf OD ;eJ Y rd rd wd k Y tusOf ; jcH K;aqG ;aEG ;rI wpf ckud k wpf em&D ausmf Mumvk yf jzpf ygw,f/ aqG ;aEG ;yG J tp wpf OD ;eJ Ywpf OD ; rd wf quf wJ h tcsd ef rS m yJ rd rd tod w&m;wpf ckud k&cJhw,f/ tJ 'guawmh aemf a0jynf ol 4 oef ; onf rd rd \aus;Zl ;&S if rsm;jzpf aejcif ;

qdkwJhtcsufyg/ wm0ef &SdoltrsKd; orD;wpf a,muf u OD;aqmif NyD ;ol eJ Y vkyf azmf ud kif zuf jzpf ol u Nrd KUe,f vlrIapmif ha&Smuf a&;tzGJ UrSm tvkyf vkyf ud k if w,f vd kY ajymqd k rd wf quf NyD ; ol wd kY &yf wnf vkyf ud kif aeewJh tajc taeud k? xif omjrif omatmif Nrd KU e,f? wd kif ;? tpd k;& tqif htvd kuf taxmuf tyY H tjyef tvS ef trS D o[J jyKyH kud k twd k csKyf &S if ;jyoG m;wmvG J vd kY bmrS tyd krygygbl;/ aemf a0Ed kif iH&JU tpd k;&,EÅ&m;wpf ckvH k; aumif ;rGef pG mvnf ywf Ed kif zd kY ½kyf yd kif ;qd kif &mt& t"d uuswJ h b@maiG ud k b,f u& ygovJ qd k&if jynf ol awG &JUvkyf tm; cxJ uae tcsd K;usaumuf ,l xm;wJ h tcG ef aiGu &ygw,f vd kYyJ ajz&rSm jzpf ygw,f/ 'gaMumif h tcG ef aiG ay; aqmif aewJh aemf a0Ed kif iH om;awG&J U tusKd ;aus;Zl ;aMumif h rd rd aemf a0Ed k if iH rS m tajccsaexd kif cG if h &cJ h w,f/ tcG ef

tcGefay;aqmifrItay: auseyf*kPf,lwwfMu&rnf

aus; Zl; &Sif

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rjzpf ovd k xd k uf wef wJ h tusKd ;aus;Zl ; rsm;tjzpf usef ;rma&;apmif h a&S muf rI? vkyf ief ;cG if tmrcH? 0if aiG cG ef yd k if qd k if rI tygt0if oufjynf hyif pif awGud k tjynf h t0 jyef vnf cH pm;&wJ htjyif tcG ef rxrf ;aqmif Ekd if ol awG ud k yg w enf ;wvrf ;uae ul nD ay;aeEd k if wJ h twG uf qd kwmawG U&ygw,f/ ol Yt usKd ;ud k,f htusKd ;rQwJh y&[d wåvkyf ief ;ud ktcG ef xrf ;aqmif rI uae&&S d ae xd k if Ed k if wmuawmh txl ;auseyf p&m aumif ;wJh tcsuf vd kYjrif ygw,f/ t cG ef ay;aqmif &rI tyd k if ;rS mvnf ;yk *¾ d Kvf u vkyf ief ;&S if awG taeeJ Y u vl ud k,f wd kif rd rd tjrwf 0if aiG ud k pm&if ;eJY wuG wif jy&NyD; vpOf ay;oG if ;&yg w,f/ vcpm;0ef xrf ;awG tay: tcGef aumuf cHrI u tvkyf &Sif jzpf ol uae&&S d wJ h vpmtay:wG uf csuf NyD ; tcGef twGufyg wpf cgwnf;jzwf vd kuf wmyg/ tJh'Dvd kjzwf vd kuf wJht

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taeeJ Y aemf a0Ed kif iH ud ka&muf NyD ; oHk; ES pf tMumrS m tcG ef xrf ;jynf ol wpf a,muf tjzpf &yf wnf aexd k if Ed k if cJ h yg w,f/,aeY tcsd ef txd vnf ;yH k rS ef vpm 0if aiG &S d tvk yf orm;wpf a,muf tae eJY quf vuf tcG ef ay;aqmif aevsuf &Sdygw,f/ rdrday;aqmifvdkufwJh tcGef aiG xJ uae tcsKd ;usjyef vnf cH pm;cG if h awG ud k tpd k;&urvG J raoG jyef vnf ay;qyf rS mjzpf wJ h twG uf tcG ef ay;&jcif ;twGuf aysmf aeEd kif olwpf a,muf xJ rS m yg0if ygw,f/ ,aeY jref rmEd k if iH Ed k if iH rS mawmh tpd k ;&&J UtcG ef pnf ;Muyf rI aiG twd kif ;twmeJ Y pm&if ; Z,m;omawG U&NyD ; tcG ef xrf ;jynf ol awG twG uf jyef vnf cH pm;rI ud k twd tvif ;azmf jyxm;wm rawG U&ao; ygbl ;/'D rd kua&pD tpd k;&wpf &yf tae eJ Y yG if h vif ;jrif omrI&S d &S d jynf ol tay: tcGef pnf ;Muyf rI ES if htwl tcG ef ay; aqmif rI twG uf jyef vnf cH pm;&r,f h

tusKd ;tjrwf ud kvnf ; wpf cgwnf ; yl;wGJ azmf jyrSomvQif w&m;rQwrI &S d r,f vd k Y qd k csif ygw,f/'grS vnf ; ud k ,f h tusKd ;?ol Y tusKd ;aqmif wJ h tcG ef xrf ; jynf ol y&[d waus;Zl ;&S if trsm;tjym; ay:ayguf vmNyD; Ed kif iH om;wd kif ;&JU b0tarmrsm;ajy aysmf &T if Ed kif ygvd rf h r,f vd kY Ed I ;aqmf tod ay;csif ygw,f/

atmifvlrif;(aemfa0)

tif pwD usL&S if e,f vpf Zif onf institutionalism a0g[m&\toH xGuf jzpf NyD ; tzG JUtpnf ;qd kif &m? tavhtusif h rsm;? vkyf xHk;vkyf enf ; rsm;ES if h ouf qd k if rI &S d onf h 0g'tjzpf em;vnf &onf/ xd k a0g[m&ywf ouf í yxrOD ;pG mtif pwD usL;&S if ; (Institution) [l onf a0g[m&ud k avhvmoif honf/ tif pwD usL&Sif ;qd konf rS m jref rmbmomtm;jzif h tzG JUtpnf ;? owf rS wf jy|mef ;xm;aomOya'rsm;? tavhtusif h rsm;? vk yf xH k ;vk yf enf ;rsm;? tavh txrsm;[k t"d yÜ m,f zG if h qd k Ed k if onf/ bmom a&;? ynma&;? touf arG ;0rf ;aMumif ;qd kif &mvkyf ief ;rsm; od kYr[kwf

vl rI a&;&nf &G,f csuf twGuf xlaxmif zGJUpnf ;xm;aom tzG JUtpnf ; rsm;tm;vHk;onf tif pwD usL;&Sif ;rsm;jzpf onf/ tif pwD usL&S if e,f vpf Zif \ t"d uouf qd k if onf h tcsuf rS m pD ;yG m;

a&;vkyf aqmif rI rsm;jzpf ay:ap aom pnf ;rsOf ;pnf ;urf ;rlabmif rsm;? tzG J Utpnf ;qd kif &mrsm;ES if h ouf qd kif jcif ;jzpf onf/ yxrOD ;pG mjzpf ay:cJ h aom tif pwDusL;&S if ;qd kif &m abm*aA'ynm&S if rsm;onf aps;uG uf od kY r[kwf pD;yGm;a&;qd kif &mtjyKtrIrsm;qd kif &m t,l tqrsm;ud k y,f cscJ honf/ pD ;yG m;a&;qd kif &m tzG JUtpnf ;rsm;onf pD;yG m;a&;taqmuf ttH k wpf ckud k orkd if ;qd k if &mES if h ,Of aus;rI qd k if &m xl ;jcm;rI ud k axmuf ul ay;Ek d if &ef ord k if ;wpf avQmuf wpf qif h NyD ; wpf qif h jzpf xG ef ;vmonf [k 4if ;wd k Y uajymqd k onf/ Oyrmtm;jzif h xl ;jcm;aom tar&d uef A[d k bPf pepf ud k tar&d uef Ed k if iH \pD ;yG m;a&;vk yf &S m;rI tajymif ;tvJ jzpf ay:rI rsm; xJ rS myif tar&d uef ord k if ;u zef wD ;yH k azmf cJ h jcif ;jzpf onf [kqd k Muonf/

awG ;ac:,l qrI rsm;topf rsm;jzif h jzpf ay:vmaom tif pwD usL&S if ;

qd kif &mabm*aA' (New Institutional Economics-NIE) onf vnf ; tvG ef uG Jjym;jcm;em;aom pl;pd kuf avhvmcsOf ;uyf rI &Sd onf hwd kif t"d u tm;jzif h tif pwD usL;&Sif ;rsm;ES if h om ouf qd kif onf ud k awGU&S d &onf/ xd ktif pwDusL;&Sif ;qd kif &m abm*aA'ynm&Sif rsm;url usrf ;½d k;opf abm* aA'qd kif &mrl abmif rsm;ud k vuf cH í tif pwD usL;&S if ;rsm;onf aps;uG uf \obm0ususvnf ywf vkyf aqmif rI rsm;ud k taxmuf tul rsm;ay;onf [kvnf ; axmuf cHajymqd kcJhonf/


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16


ARTICLE xd kif ;wyf rawmf axmuf vS rf ;

a&;t&m&d S zd csK;0g;tdr f odkY qdkuf qd k uf Nrd Kuf Nrd Kuf a&muf &d S oG m;cJ h jcif ;u uRe fawmfw dkYtwGuf ta& ;Bu D; Ed k if iH a&;vI yf &S m;rI tcsKd ;tauG Uwpf ck wGif ord kif ;0if vI yf &Sm;rI rS wf wd kif wpf ckpd kuf xl zd kY&ef taMumif ;wpf ck zef vmcJ hjcif ;jzpf onf/ xd kord kif ;0if vI yf &S m;rI rS m umvMum&S nf pG m ouf wrf; r&Snf cJhaomfvnf; xdkif;- jref rme,f jcm;a'o wpf avQmuf rS jrefrmausmi f;om;wdkY\ EdkifiHa&; vI yf &S m;rI ord kif ;ud k w&m;rQwpG mES if h buf vd k uf jcif ;uif ;pG m rS wf wrf ;wif Murnf qd kygu tqd kyg vIyf &Sm;rI onf xif &Sm;pGmrSwf wrf ;wif tyf onf h ud pö wpf ckjzpf onf/ xd kjzpf pOf \ tpud kjyef aumuf &aomf zd csL; 0g;\td rf xJ od k Y 0if vQif 0if jcif ;rS myif td rf\{nf hcef ;twGif ; a&muf&d Sae aom &ef ukef ausmif ;om;wpf pkud k

awGU&onf/ xdktxJwGi f BYLF

pwif zG J Upnf ;vI yf &S m;cgptcd sef avmuf u atmif rsKd ;wif h rS wpf qif h od &d S &if ; ES D;cJh zl ;aom ud kol &ud kawGU&onf/ ol uvnf ; uRef awmf h ud kjrif vQif jrif csif ; 0rf ;omtm;& EI wf quf NyD; ol ESif htwl &d S aeolrsm;ES if h wpf cgwnf ; rd wf quf ay;avonf/ ud kol&ESif h twl ygvmol rsm;rS m Auorsm;tzG J U csKyf rS ud kaomif ;0if ;? ud kAod kuf? ud k apm&ef &S if ;? ud katmif ol wd kY jzpf MuNyD ; xd k ol rsm; tm;vk H ;uvnf ; uRef awmf h ud k 0rf ;omtm;& Bud Kqd k Muygonf/ xd kYaemuf xd ktd rf wGif a&muf &d Saom

aemuf xyf ta&;BuD ; ausmif ;om; ud k,f pm;vS ,f wpf OD;ESif h awG U&jyef onf/ xd kol \taetxm;rSm xd kif ; tmPmydk ifrsm;ESifh tawmftwef aumif ;rGef onf h quf qH rI&d S aeonf h toG if rsKd ;jzpf onf/ xd k ol rS m ud k armif armif od ef ;jzpfonf/ rwf vta&; awmf ykH twGif ; xd ef ;od rf ;cH cJ h&onf h ausmif ;om;tkyf pkrS jzpf ovkd 1988 Zl vd k if v 7 &uf aeY u jyef vnf vG wf ajrmuf vmcJ h onf h ausmif ;om;tkyf pk rS jzpf NyD ; uRef awmf ES if h twl Armjynf jynf ol Y vG wf ajrmuf a&;wyf OD ;(BYLF) \ yxrqkH ;tpktzGJUud k zGJUpnf ;cJ h

onf h ud katmif rsKd ;wif h? ud koef ;Ed kif? ud keD xG ef ;? ud k&JxGef ;0if ;wd kY BYLF ES if h vrf ;cG JNyD;aemuf oGm;a&muf yl ; aygif ;cJ honf h jref rmEd kif iHvkH;qd kif &m ausmif ;om;rsm; 'D rd kua&pD vI yf &S m;rI tpnf ;t½kH;(ru')rS acgif ;aqmif wpf OD ;vnf ;jzpf onf/ ud k armif armif od ef ;wd k Y tif tm;pk \pG ef Y pm;cJ h rI taMumif ; ud k aemuf yd k if ;tcef ;rsm;wG if tus,f azmf jyygrnf/ ud karmif armif od ef ;u vnf ; uRef awmf hud k 0rf ;omtm;& rd wf quf ygonf/ 4if ;wd kY ru' zG JU cgpu uRef awmfESif h &efukef wGif awG Uqk H zd k Y pD pOf cJ h ao;aMumif ; ajymjyyg

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aumif ;aom OD ;wif armif 0if ;\ Ed k if iH a&;pum;vk H ;rsm;ud k txl ;owd xm; NyD;em;axmifaecJhol ud kAod kuf u? OD ;wif armif 0if ;ES if h pum;aumif ;ae MupOf? ol pum;ajymvS nf h a&muf onf ES if h OD ;wif armif 0if ;u uRef awmf wd kY twG uf bmvkyf ay;rS mvnf ;[k 'J h 'd k; ar;csvd k uf onf wG if OD ;wif armif 0if ; vnf ; tenf ;i,f tajz&cuf oG m;cJh ykH&onf/ od kYaomf tawGUtMuH Krsm; ol yD yD ud k Aod k uf \ pum;aMumif h rsm; pG m tajcysuf roGm; ud k,f hnDwd kYeJY ud k ,f wd k Y u vrf ;aMumif ;wpf ck xJ ay:

bmud pö rS aqG ;aEG ;ír&Ed k if ao;onf h tajctaewG if &d S aeonf/ avmavm vwf vwf oyd wf pcef ;rsm;ud k p G ef Y cGmcJ hMu&olrsm;jzpf í? aoG;ylaeqJ tajctaewG if vuf euf &ygu csuf jcif ;jye fcs&rnf[k ,lqaeolu trsm;pkjzpf aeonf/ xd kolrsm;xyf csnf ;wvJ vJ ar;jref ;aeaom vuf euf rsm;&&d S a&;ES if h vuf euf rsm;&yg uaemuf wpf aeY wG if jref rmbuf urf ; od kYjyef ul;NyD; awmf vSef a&;pEd kif rnf jzpf aMumif ; oyd wf acgif ;aqmif wpf a,muf ajymaeonfudk tem;rS

aeMujcif ;jzif h omtcd sef ukef qkH ;cJ h Mu ayonf/ vuf euf rsm; &&d Sa&;ES if h oGm;a&muf wd kuf cd kuf a&;taMumif ; ud k yg;eyf pG m vrf ;vT J NyD ; Ed k if iH a&;t& tpk tzG J U zG J Upnf ;a&;buf ud k OD ;wnf NyD; ajymjyaqG;aEG;&m? xd kolrsm; pd wfysuf oG m;NyD; quf vuf raqG; aEG ;Muawmh/ od kY aomf tzG J Utpnf ; zG J U pnf ;a&;vrf ;aMumif ;twG uf t"d u tkyf pkjzpf aom ud karmif armif od ef; tk yf pk ES if h ud k Aod k uf? ud k aomif ;0if ;wd k Y \ oabmwl nD rI ud k &&d S cJ h onf/

xdk YaeYu Adkvfao G;taejzifh

pmrsuf ESm(33)okd Yá

a r mi fa r mi fa u smf( 8 8 )

xdkif ;wyf rawmf tm; tyf ESHcJh&onf udk Ad kvf aoG ;wd kYu pm&if ;jzif h rSwf xm;ojzif h? ,cktcsd ef wG if xd kif ;wyf rawmf xHrS xd kvuf euf cJ ,rf ; rD; ausmuf rsm;ud k jyef vnf &&dSEdkif &ef jzpf Ed kif ajc &d S r&d S OD ;wif armif 0if ;ES if h aqG;aEG ; ar;jref ;jcif ;jzpf ygonf/ Ad kvf aoG ;ajymjyaom pm&if ;rsm;t& xd kif ;wyf rawmf od kY jynf oljynf cspf wyf rawmf txl ;wd kif ;rS tyf ES H cJ h aom vuf euf cJ,rf ; rD ;ausmuf rsm;rSm75rr aemuf yG if h½kd if z,f wcsKd U tyg t0if vuf euf BuD;pkpkaygif ; 54

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jyrS ausmif ;om;rsm;vnf ; xyf NyD; ruef Y uG uf Muawmh/

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2uRefawmf&,f ? usm;&,f ? &SifBuD ;&,f


9/32

17


EDUCATION

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CARTOON


10/32

1918

VOLUME. 5, NO. 16, MONDAY 2 MAY 2016 VOLUME. 5, NO. 16, MONDAY 2 MAY 2016

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The Street View Journal Vol-5,No-16.pdf

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