The story of Emerging Background Chemicals of Concern in … · 2016-05-01 · 19/02/2016 1 The...
Transcript of The story of Emerging Background Chemicals of Concern in … · 2016-05-01 · 19/02/2016 1 The...
19/02/2016
1
The story of Emerging Chemicals of Concern in Gisborne wastewaterBiotransformation in Action
Gordon Jackman
GDC Wastewater Technical Advisory Group
Background
� Historical background
� “Ecological Impacts and Planning History – An environmental History of the Turanganui-A- KiwaCasebook Area” Brad Combes
� Nightsoil to ocean outfall
� Oho Ake
� Airport Wastewater treatment facility -1st cut
� Banks St. Biological Trickling Filter
� Tertiary Wetland Complex
3
SludgeDewatering Building 4m high
Operations Building& Laboratory 4m high
Biosolids storage Area 5m high
UV
Final effluent pumping
Biosolids trucked to landfill, or treatment or to land
2010 - 2016 Alternative Biological Trickling Filter option +add-ons + UV
Low loading Biological Trickling filters
Solids contact aeration tanks
SecondaryClarifiers1m highconcrete
Tertiary land based treatment
This application under s127 of the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) is to
make amendment to a number of the general conditions relating to the suite of
consents associated with the Aerodrome Road proposed development and to
amend conditions that are specific to CP205022 relating to the discharge of
material into the Coastal Marine Area. These consents were issued for 35years
in September 2007.
The variations applied for under this application relate to the following key
changes to the location and treatment methods being proposed:
•A single BTF plant (loaded at a higher rate of BOD/m3 of media/day) is initially
proposed instead of two BTF plants (loaded at 0.4 kg of BOD/m3 /day).
•The proposed formation of a Technical Advisory Group that will (among other
roles) oversee the initiation of the BTF Plant Monitoring and Investigation
Study.
•The proposal for a BTF Plant Monitoring and Investigation Study that will
determine the need (or otherwise) for further treatment processes to be
scheduled.
•The proposed location for the treatment Plant has changed to 31 Banks Street,
a site within the Gisborne City Industrial Subdivision that is closer to the existing
outfall pipeline. "
Variation of conditions of the existing 2007 consents
19/02/2016
2
The permit holder shall provide resources for organisational and administrative support to facilitate the development, role and function of the WTAG.The WTAG shall comprise representatives of:Medical Officer of HealthTairawhiti District Health BoardDepartment of ConservationTe Runanga 0 Turanganui A KiwaNgati OneoneEnvironmental GroupsGisborne District Council staffOthers who may have a particular contribution to make to the workings of the group.The WTAG may appoint, or invite, other persons to participate in an advisory capacity.
WTAGRecommend what additional treatment steps (if any) are required to achieve biotransformation and other requirements that may be necessary to improve the quality of the discharge to avoid adverse effects.
The BTF Plant Monitoring and Investigation Study shall:Investigate the extent of biotransformation achieved by the Single BTF plant, including the disinfection plant once it is installed:
�Define biotransformation
�Determine the relevance of BOD as a measure of biotransformation
�Determine the relationship between Suspended Solids and biotransformation of wastewater
�Determine through monitoring, data analysis and research relevant parameters to be used in assessing biotransformation
Biotransformation First-Cut Definition
“A biological process – by living organisms – which remove and/orbreakdown harmful contaminants in effluent into safe, non-toxiccomponents that can by cycled back into the environment”
Explanation
There are many different living organisms, or micro-organisms, and they perform a range of bio-processes: they degrade, transform, consume, and accumulate substances; therefore;
Remove – following from the above, some micro-organisms actively absorb oraccumulate compounds (e.g. heavy metals) and therefore can remove substancesdirectly from the effluent;
Breakdown – a number of micro-organisms consume and metabolise organic matter andconvert or change it into re-usable nutrients for other organisms in the food chain;
Harmful Contaminant – substances in wastewater which are toxic or dangerous tohumans and other living organisms; it is an “all inclusive” expression;
Effluent – polluted waste water that is harmful to living things;
Non-toxic – the treated effluent must be free of harmful contaminants (be clean andsafe), and only then, can it safely be released or recycled back into other water bodies,or onto land.
While this definition of biotransformation is not necessarily the one that will be adopted by the TWAG it does require the TWAG to look at the full range of harmful contaminants in the effluent and their susceptibility to neutralization through biological processes.
The presence of emerging chemical of concern (ECC), and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in particular in wastewater and sewage sludge, had become an acknowledged issue internationally (Bolong N 2009; DeblondeT 2011), and in New Zealand (Sarmah AK et al. 2005; Northcott G. 2005; Tremblay L A 2011), where levels of contaminants detected in various environmental samples are similar to other developed countries. ECCs are new chemicals without regulatory status and impacts on the environment and human health are poorly understood.
My own experience with Pulp and Paper and Timber treatment chemicals, and with the use of biological remediation to treat the dioxin contaminated sediments of the Kopeopeo Canal in Whakatane convinced me that we had the potential to remediate many of the ECCs in a tertiary treatment system.For this reason I did a literature review “The biotransformation of Emerging Chemicals of Concern in treated urban wastewater solids. “ under Ajit Sarmah at Auckland University Department of Environmental Engineering
19/02/2016
3
Group Descriptionsalkylphenols
Contains phenols with lipophilic alkyl groups of at least four
carbons attached to the aromatic ring. The aromatic ring
can contain other functional groups as well. The phenol
oxygen is unsubstituted or ethoxylated.
aminocarbonyl compounds
Contains amides, carbamates and similar aminocarbonyl
compounds.
antimony compounds
Contains salts and complexes of oxidized antimony.
aromatic amines
Contains compounds with benzene rings substituted with
amino, alkylamino, amide, phenylhydrazine or phenylazo
groups.
arsenic compounds
Contains salts and complexes of oxidized arsenic.
azo compounds
Contains both aromatic and non aromatic azo compounds
beryllium compounds
Contains oxidized and metallic beryllium.
bisphenols
Contains compounds in which two phenols are bridged
with one carbon or heteroatom. The bridge atom can be
oxidized or substituted with hydrogen, alkyls, phenyl and
esters. The phenol oxygens are unsubstituted.
Boron compounds
Contains salts and complexes of oxidized boron.• Cadmium
compounds contains salts and complexes of oxidized
cadmium.
chromium compounds
Contains salts and complexes of chromium(VI).
cobalt compounds
Contains salts and complexes of oxidized cobalt.
electrophiles
Contains compounds with the following reactive
electrophilic groups; anhydrides, carbamoyl chlorides,
carbonyl chlorides, epoxides, aziridines, alkyl sulphates,
sulphamoyl chlorides, primary alkylbromides, allylic and
benzylic halogens, cationic triarylmethanes, a, b
Unsaturated carbonyl compounds, mustard type
compounds, dialkyl sulphates, sulphamoyl chlorides,
1,3propane sultones, diazo alkyls, chloromethyl ethers and
1,2dihalo alkyls.
glycol ethers
Contains ethers and esters of 1,2ethanediols and
2hydroxyacetic acid. The carbon backbone can be further
substituted with alkyl groups.
hydrazines
Contains hydrazine and alkylated hydrazines.
lead compounds
Contains salts and complexes of oxidized lead, organolead
compounds and metallic lead.
mercury compounds
Contains metallic mercury.
mineral fibres
Contains naturally occurring fibrous zeolites, asbestos
type minerals and synthetic mineral wools.
nickel compounds
Contains salts and complexes of oxidized nickel.
nitro compounds
Contains nitroaromatic and secondary nitroalkyl
compounds.
nitrosamines
Contains alkylated and acetylated nitrosamines.
organotin compounds
Contains di and triorganotin compounds.
parabens
Contain esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid. The alcohol
part of the ester consists of a carbon chain with at least
two carbons.
perfluorinated compounds
Contains compounds with fluorinated alkyl chains. At
least six carbons in each chain are fully fluorinated. The
fluorinated chain is substituted at one end with
sulphonamides, sulphonic acid, phosphates, carboxylic
acid or iodide. Some compounds contain unfluorinated
carbons but are in this context treated as perfluorinated
compounds (pFCs).
petroleum
Contains aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic
compounds often in complex mixtures.
phthalates
Contains esters of phthalic acid.
polyaromatics
Contains compounds with two or more fused aromatic
rings. The rings can be substituted with halogen, nitro
and amino groups.
polyhalogenated alkanes
Contains brominated and/or chlorinated alkanes. The
number of halogens is three or more, distributed over
two or more carbons. At least two carbons are
halogenated. There are at least one halogen/four
carbons.
polyhalogenated alkenes
Contains brominated and/or chlorinated alkenes. The
double bond is substituted with two or more halogens.
polyhalogenated aromatics
Contains brominated and/or chlorinated aromatic
compounds with one benzene ring with at least three
halogens or two or more benzene rings with at least two
halogens on each ring.
thioaminocarbonyl compounds
Contains thioamides, thiocarbamates, and similar
thioamino carbonyl compounds.
19/02/2016
4
boric acid [1] boric acid, crude natural, containing
not more than 85 per cent of H3BO3 calculated on
the dry weight [2]
boric acid, disodium salt, disodium tetraborate,
anhydrous; borax pentahydrate, disodium
tetraborate pentahydrate; borax decahydrate,
disodium tetraborate decahydrate [1] tetraboron
disodium heptaoxide, hydrate [2] orthoboric acid,
sodium salt [3]
nickel(II) silicate [1] dinickel orthosilicate [2] nickel
silicate (3:4) [3] silicic acid, nickel salt [4] trihydrogen
hydroxybis[orthosilicato(4-)]trinickelate(3-) [5]
C.I. 77332, C.I. Pigment Black 25, cobalt nickel gray
periclase [1] cobalt nickel dioxide [2] cobalt nickel
oxide [3]
C.I. 77900, C.I. Pigment Yellow 157, nickel barium
titanium primrose priderite
mercury
dibutyltin hydrogen borate
Benzophenone
4-tert-butylphenol
Deca-brominated diphenyl ether (Deca-BDE)
Di-''isononyl'' phthalate (DINP)
Galaxolide
Nonylphenol
Nonylphenol etoxilate
OctylPhenol
Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA)
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP A)
Tonalide
Triclosan
Diphenyl ether, octabromo derivative
Hexabromocyclododecane
Musk Xylene
4-chloroaniline
1,3-butadiene; buta-1,3-diene
acrylonitrile
di-n-pentyl phthalate
2,4,5-trimethylaniline
R-2,3-epoxy-1-propanol
bromoethylene
cycloheximide
2-methoxypropyl acetate
warfarin
biphenyl-4-ylamine; xenylamine; 4-aminobiphenyl
safrole; 5-allyl-1,3-benzodioxole
o-toluidine; 2-aminotoluene
diisobutyl phthalate
Key tasks for analysis of Chemicals of Concern in wastewater
Construct spreadsheet of all SIN chemicals.
Which chemicals in the SIN List have the potential to be in urban wastewater
What other chemicals of concern are there, i.e. pharmaceuticals
Find someone to analyse the wastewater, both liquid and solid phases.
Which chemicals can be analysed in NZ.
Find funding.
CAS# EC# Name Reason for
inclusion
RISK USES
119-
61-9
204-
337-6
Benzophen
one
Equivalent
level of
concern
For Benzophenone carcinogenic
effects have been reported. It is
potentially persistent and has
been found in the environment.
Its derivates are potential
endocrine disruptors..
Sunscreen Paints, synthetic perfumes,
cosmetics, lacquers, varnishes,
transparent plastics; Perfumes, soap,
manufacturing of antihistamines,
hypnotics, insecticides, pharmaceuticals,
paints, laquers, varnishes, plastics,
coatings, adhesives; packaging; Inks,
sunglasses, sunscreen; hair mousse,
soaps, structure gels, skin lotions, contac
lensis,
103-
33-3
203-
102-5
azobenzene Classified
CMR
Very toxic to aquatic organisms,
may cause long-term adverse
effects in the aquatic
environment.
used as dyes in a variety of industries.
294-
62-2
206-
033-9
Cyclododec
ane
PBT Substance is concluded to be
both PBT and vPvB by European
Chemicals Bureau PBT Working
Group.
.construction, sealant liquids, moth
proofing products, Solvent, binder,
95-
50-1
202-
425-9
1,2-
dichloroben
zene
Equivalent
level of
concern
1,2-Dichlorobenzene has a high
potential for bioconcentration in
the fatty tissue of aquatic
species
solvent ,agricultural sector for wool
branding products. The chemical is also
used as an automotive and marine
degreaser/decarboniser and in industrial
paint strippers, industrial deodorants
and a small amount in a single
pharmaceutical preparation.
USESPolycarbonate plastics, polysulfonic resins, phenoxy resins, epoxy resins, polyarylate resins, reprographics, protective
coatings, dental sealants. Office supplies, Electronics, Food and drink containers, Plastic Products, Building material; Drink cans, baby bottles, water bottles, microwaveable food and drink containers, coffee makers, tableware, toys, computers, cell phones, CDs and DVDs, contact lensis, coated metal cans, enamels, epoxy glue, medical equipment, car parts, pesticide, floorings, adhesives, paint, composites, PVC..Synthetic resins, lubricants, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, various foods; photographic film. Manufacture of adhesives for particle board (used as sub-flooring and shelving, in cabinetry, furniture), fiber board (drawer fronts, cabinets, and furniture tops), plywood (decorative wall covering, in cabinets and furniture); manufacture of molding compounds for dinnerware, electric controls, telephones, and wiring services; foundry resins; binders for thermal and sound insulating materials; in decorative and industrial laminates, thermoset surface coatings. (1,4) Cosmetics (hair preparations, lotions, makeup and mouthwashes and is also present in hand cream, bath products, mascara and eye makeup, cuticle softeners, nail creams, deodorants and shaving cream (antimicrobial agent, drying agent) (2,3); in household cleaning agents, dishwashing liquids, fabric softeners, shoe-care agents, car shampoos and waxes, carpet cleaning agents (2); dyes, water-based paints (1) (as a preservative) (2); in leather tanning, in gasoline (stabiliser), in textile fabrics (crease-proof treatment agent).substance smokegenerator, degradation preventer, solvent in glues, wood preservative, pesticide, Intermediate, starting material; binder, antiseptic, deodorizer/ flavouring agent, solvent/carrier, fuel additive, disinfectant/ repellent. motor oil, fireworks, glue for fluorinated plastics, tires, inpregnated wood Insecticide, chemical industry, moth balls, toilet deodorants, air fresheners, pyrotechnics; in wood preservatives, driveway sealants; fuel additivesfood containers Manufacture of plastics (polystyrene, expandable polystyrene, ABS, resins, rubbers (polyester resins) and latexes). Produced products include packaging, electrical and thermal insulation, putty, paints, adhesives, fiberglass, pipes, automobile parts, carpet backing, drinking cups and other food-use items (1), automobile tires, plastics, waxes, paints and varnishes, adhesives, metal cleaners (2). CD cases, drinks cups, food containers and refrigerator door liners (polystyrene), home insulation, packaging material, padding inside motorcycle helmets, in car interiors (expandable polystyrene foam) (3); construction materials & boats (glass fiber-reinforced, unsaturated polyester resins)Toilet cleansers, Carpet shampoos, Wood, marine paints, paper mills, industrial cooling systems, biocides, cable coatings, textile, PVC resin, leather-processing.food wraps and food packaging, T-shirts, polyurethan gloves, sanitary napkins, medical equipments, cellophane wrap
and soft toys. PVC plastics (water pipes, packing materials, textile products). Silicon rubber (sealants, dental products, paper coatings). Polyurethanes (foam plastics, glue/sealants). Glass (coatings). Insulators in electronics and cables; deworming agent for poultry; polyurethanes; In plasticizers, lubricants, heat transfer fluids (dibutyl dichloride); transparent plastic.
19/02/2016
5
Name
Bisphenol A
Formaldehyde
Naphthalene
Styrene
Tributyltin
Triphenyltin (TPhT)
Dibutyl tin
1,2,3-trichlorobenzene
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
Alkanes, C10-13, chloro, SCCP
Bis(tributyltin)oxide (TBTO)
Anthracene, pure
α-chlorotoluene; benzyl chloride
cadmium chloride
cadmium sulphate
sodium dichromate anhydrate
1,2-dichloroethane; ethylene dichloride
2-methoxyethanol; ethylene glycol
monomethyl ether
2-ethoxyethanol; ethylene glycol
monoethyl ether
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; di-(2-
ethylhexyl) phthalate; DEHP
hexachlorobenzene
Lead chromate molybdate sulfate red; C.I.
Pigment Red 104
cadmium oxide (non-pyrophoric)
lead acetate, basic; lead acetate
Lead sulfochromate yellow; C.I. Pigment
Yellow 34;
nickel sulphide
dinitrotoluene;
benzene
cadmium (pyrophoric); cadmium (non-
pyrophoric); cadmium oxide (non-
pyrophoric)
potassium bromate
lead chromate
sodium chromate
potassium dichromate
strontium chromate
trichloroethylene; trichloroethene
acrylamide; prop-2-enamide
dibutyl phthalate; DBP
BBP; benzyl butyl phtalate
2-nitrotoluene
3,3'-dichlorobenzidine; 3,3'-
dichlorobiphenyl-4,4'-ylenediamine
Chemicals that have the potential to be in urban wastewaterboric acid [1] boric acid,
boric acid, disodium salt, disodium tetraborate,
anhydrous; borax pentahydrate, disodium
tetraborate pentahydrate; borax decahydrate,
disodium tetraborate decahydrate [1] tetraboron
disodium heptaoxide, hydrate [2] orthoboric
acid, sodium salt [3]
nickel(II) silicate [1] dinickel orthosilicate [2]
nickel silicate (3:4) [3] silicic acid, nickel salt [4]
trihydrogen hydroxybis[orthosilicato(4-
)]trinickelate(3-) [5]
C.I. 77332, C.I. Pigment Black 25, cobalt nickel
gray periclase [1] cobalt nickel dioxide [2] cobalt
nickel oxide [3]
C.I. 77900, C.I. Pigment Yellow 157, nickel barium
titanium primrose priderite
mercury
dibutyltin hydrogen borate
Benzophenone
4-tert-butylphenol
Deca-brominated diphenyl ether (Deca-BDE)
Di-''isononyl'' phthalate (DINP)
Galaxolide
Nonylphenol
Nonylphenol etoxilate
OctylPhenol
Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA)
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP A)
Tonalide
Triclosan
Diphenyl ether, octabromo derivative
Hexabromocyclododecane
Musk Xylene
4-chloroaniline
1,3-butadiene; buta-1,3-diene
acrylonitrile
di-n-pentyl phthalate
2,4,5-trimethylaniline
R-2,3-epoxy-1-propanol
bromoethylene
cycloheximide
2-methoxypropyl acetate
warfarin
biphenyl-4-ylamine; xenylamine; 4-
aminobiphenyl
safrole; 5-allyl-1,3-benzodioxole
o-toluidine; 2-aminotoluene
diisobutyl phthalate
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
reproductivedysfunction
endocrinedisruptor
increased cancerrisk,
Common inHumans
Highly toxic toaquatic species
Toxic throughcontact
can test
will be able to test
Total
Emerging Chemicals of Concern being tested for in the Gisborne BTF
Plasticisers: dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, 3-chloropheylphenyl ether, 4-bromophenylphenyl
ether, di-n-butyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, and
bisphenol A.
Polycyclic and nitro-musks: cashmeran, celestolide, galaxolide, phantolide, tonalide,
taseolide, musk ambrette, musk ketone, musk mosken, musk Tibetan, and musk xylene.
Antimicrobial chemicals (excluding pharmaceuticals): chylorophene, chloroxylenol, o-phenylphenol,
3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-o-cresol, triclosan, and the preservatives butyl paraben, ethyl paraben , methyl
paraben, and propyl paraben.
Alkyl phenols: 4-n-nonylphenol, 4-n-octylphenol, tert-amylphenol, 4-tert-butylphenol, tert-
octylphenol, and total technical nonylphenol equivalents.
Flame retardants(and plasticisers): tetrabromobisphenol-A, tri-iso-butyl phosphate, tri-n-butyl
phosphate, tris-(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate, tris-(2-chloro-1-
(chloromethyl)ethyl)phosphate, tris-(butoxyethyl)phosphate, tris-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate, triphenyl
phosphate, tri-o-cresyl-phosphate, , tri-m-cresyl-phosphate, and tri-p-cresyl-phosphate.
Pharmaceuticals: acetylsalicylic acid (asprin), diclofenac, naproxen, paracetamol,
ibuprofen,17 - ethinylestradiol, mestranol, 19-nortestosterone, levonorgestrel,
norethisterone, and prednisolone,
Steroid hormones: 17 -estradiol, 17 -estradiol, estrone, estriol, androstenedione,
ketotestosterone, and testosterone.
Others: benzophenone (UV stabiliser), benzylbenzoate (plasticiser, topical insecticide, fragrance
fixing agent), N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET, insect repellent).