The Stormy 1960s
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Transcript of The Stormy 1960s
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The Stormy 1960sThe Stormy 1960s
Vietnam & the Great SocietyVietnam & the Great Society
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Lyndon B. JohnsonLyndon B. Johnson
LBJ’s hero was FDRLBJ’s hero was FDR Former Senate Majority Former Senate Majority
LeaderLeader Wanted to enact Wanted to enact
groundbreaking reform groundbreaking reform legislation= saw JFK’s legislation= saw JFK’s assassination, his assassination, his presidency & the presidency & the Vietnam War as an Vietnam War as an opportunity to improve opportunity to improve American societyAmerican society
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LBJ used national LBJ used national sadness over JFK’s sadness over JFK’s death to pass Civil Rights death to pass Civil Rights reform= Civil Rights Act reform= Civil Rights Act of 1964: outlawed of 1964: outlawed discrimination in discrimination in employment or public employment or public facilities based in race, facilities based in race, color, religion or gendercolor, religion or gender
Also used intimidation & Also used intimidation & his status as a his status as a southernersoutherner
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LBJ is re-elected in 1964 LBJ is re-elected in 1964 Goal= pass his domestic agenda called the Goal= pass his domestic agenda called the
“Great Society”= foundation of modern “Great Society”= foundation of modern welfare statewelfare state– Declared a “War on Poverty”Declared a “War on Poverty”
Project Head StartProject Head Start VISTA= domestic Peace CorpsVISTA= domestic Peace Corps HUD (Dept. of Housing & Urban Development)HUD (Dept. of Housing & Urban Development) Medicaid (medical care for poor)Medicaid (medical care for poor) Welfare & food stampsWelfare & food stamps
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Problem= funding both the Great Society & Problem= funding both the Great Society & the Vietnam War.the Vietnam War.
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Start of VietnamStart of Vietnam
Vietnam War started Vietnam War started between Vietnamese & between Vietnamese & FranceFrance at the end of at the end of WWIIWWII
Vietnamese wanted Vietnamese wanted independenceindependence & & France didn’t want to France didn’t want to give it to them.give it to them.
Result: Revolution led Result: Revolution led by Vietnamese by Vietnamese nationalist nationalist Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh
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the battle of Dien Bien Phu the battle of Dien Bien Phu During the During the
French/Vietnamese war, French/Vietnamese war, President President EisenhowerEisenhower sent in military sent in military advisorsadvisors to help the Frenchto help the French
USA didn’t want another USA didn’t want another domino domino (Vietnam) to fall (Vietnam) to fall to communismto communism
In 1956 the French lost to In 1956 the French lost to the Vietnamese in the the Vietnamese in the battle of battle of Dien Bien Phu Dien Bien Phu
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After Dien Bien Phu, the French agreed to After Dien Bien Phu, the French agreed to leave Vietnam, but to leave Vietnam, but to dividedivide Vietnam Vietnam between the North & South.between the North & South.– North Vietnam= North Vietnam= CommunistCommunist & led by & led by MinhMinh– South Vietnam- South Vietnam- capitalistcapitalist & led by & led by Ngo Dien Ngo Dien
DiemDiem– In 1960 there would be an In 1960 there would be an electionelection & the nation & the nation
would be reunited under whoever won the would be reunited under whoever won the electionelection
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Diem RegimeDiem Regime
Problem: no one in Problem: no one in South Vietnam liked South Vietnam liked Diem. He took away Diem. He took away their rights & their rights & imprisoned anyone imprisoned anyone who opposed himwho opposed him
Diem kept pushing Diem kept pushing back the election back the election because he knew he because he knew he would lose.would lose.
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To help Diem control To help Diem control South Vietnam, JFK South Vietnam, JFK sent in more military sent in more military advisors & CIA agents advisors & CIA agents
Still no one liked DiemStill no one liked Diem– Communists in North Communists in North
Vietnam= VietminhVietnam= Vietminh– Pro-communist guerillas Pro-communist guerillas
in South Vietnam= in South Vietnam= VietcongVietcong
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In 1963 JFK allows the In 1963 JFK allows the CIA to help a coup to CIA to help a coup to overthrow Diem overthrow Diem
Diem is assassinatedDiem is assassinated 2 weeks later JFK is 2 weeks later JFK is
assassinated & LBJ assassinated & LBJ takes overtakes over
LBJ could have LBJ could have withdrawn troops, but withdrawn troops, but refuses. Feels USA refuses. Feels USA can overwhelm any can overwhelm any opposition= increases opposition= increases “advisors” in South “advisors” in South VietnamVietnam
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Gulf of Tonkin IncidentGulf of Tonkin Incident In 1964 US Navy reports the In 1964 US Navy reports the
North Vietnamese sank a US North Vietnamese sank a US destroyer in the Gulf of Tonkindestroyer in the Gulf of Tonkin
LBJ goes to Congress & asks LBJ goes to Congress & asks for permission to respondfor permission to respond
Congress passes the “Gulf of Congress passes the “Gulf of Tonkin Resolution” giving LBJ a Tonkin Resolution” giving LBJ a “blank check” (authority) to do “blank check” (authority) to do whatever he feels necessary to whatever he feels necessary to protect American interestsprotect American interests
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EscalationEscalation Result: massive escalationResult: massive escalation
– Congress never declares Congress never declares war= UN police actionwar= UN police action
– Increased # of American Increased # of American troopstroops
– Increased bombing of Increased bombing of North VietnamNorth Vietnam
– Americanization of the Americanization of the war= US took over war for war= US took over war for South VietnamSouth Vietnam
– Americans told we’re Americans told we’re winning the war & it will be winning the war & it will be over shortlyover shortly
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Turning PointTurning Point In 1968 the Tet Offensive In 1968 the Tet Offensive
occurs= massive occurs= massive Vietcong uprising in all Vietcong uprising in all major South Vietnamese major South Vietnamese citiescities
Shocks Americans who Shocks Americans who think war was almost think war was almost over= realize the military over= realize the military exaggerated winsexaggerated wins
Public opinion turns Public opinion turns against the war because against the war because people feel lied topeople feel lied to
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War ProtestWar Protest
After Tet= war After Tet= war protests increaseprotests increase– Oppose the draftOppose the draft– Started at UC Started at UC
Berkeley & college Berkeley & college campusescampuses
New Left movement New Left movement starts by the SDS starts by the SDS (Students for a (Students for a Democratic Society)Democratic Society)– Anti-war protesters Anti-war protesters
called “doves”called “doves”
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LBJLBJ
LBJ goes on TV & LBJ goes on TV & withdraws from the withdraws from the 1968 election1968 election
3 people run for the 3 people run for the democratic democratic nomination:nomination:– Eugene McCarthy (anti-Eugene McCarthy (anti-
war)war)– Robert Kennedy (JFK’s Robert Kennedy (JFK’s
brother)brother)– Hubert Humphrey Hubert Humphrey
(LBJ’s VP)(LBJ’s VP)
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1968 Unrest1968 Unrest In April Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinatedIn April Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated Riots break out in 150 cities to protest the Riots break out in 150 cities to protest the
assassinationassassination In June democratic frontrunner Bobby In June democratic frontrunner Bobby
Kennedy is assassinatedKennedy is assassinated Assassinations convince many peaceful Assassinations convince many peaceful
change is impossiblechange is impossible In August riots & fights break out at the In August riots & fights break out at the
Democratic National Convention in ChicagoDemocratic National Convention in Chicago
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1968 Election1968 Election
Republican= Republican= Richard NixonRichard Nixon
Democrat= Democrat= Hubert HumphreyHubert Humphrey
Independent= Independent= George WallaceGeorge Wallace
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Nixon promised to end Nixon promised to end the Vietnam War & the Vietnam War & appealed to the “Silent appealed to the “Silent Majority” who were not Majority” who were not war protesterswar protesters
Humphrey was depicted Humphrey was depicted as being crazy & pro-as being crazy & pro-nuclear warnuclear war
Wallace ran on a pro-Wallace ran on a pro-segregation, white segregation, white supremacy campaignsupremacy campaign
Nixon wonNixon won
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VietnamizationVietnamization Nixon promised to end US involvement in Nixon promised to end US involvement in
Vietnam by replacing American troops with Vietnam by replacing American troops with Vietnamese troops= “Vietnamization”Vietnamese troops= “Vietnamization”
But he also increased the number of air But he also increased the number of air strikes into North Vietnam & started bombing strikes into North Vietnam & started bombing Laos & CambodiaLaos & Cambodia
Public opinion started to turn against Nixon Public opinion started to turn against Nixon when by 1972 we still were not out of Vietnamwhen by 1972 we still were not out of Vietnam
It looked like Nixon might lose the 1972 It looked like Nixon might lose the 1972 election to George McGovernelection to George McGovern
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End of VietnamEnd of Vietnam
Secretary of State Secretary of State Henry Kissinger finally Henry Kissinger finally negotiated a peace negotiated a peace agreement pulling US agreement pulling US troops out of Vietnam troops out of Vietnam in 1972 right before the in 1972 right before the electionelection
Nixon wins in 1972Nixon wins in 1972
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War Powers ActWar Powers Act
In 1973 Congress passed the War Powers Act= In 1973 Congress passed the War Powers Act= ends blank checks to Presidents. Says Presidents ends blank checks to Presidents. Says Presidents must get approval from Congress for any military must get approval from Congress for any military commitment lasting more than 60 dayscommitment lasting more than 60 days
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The Vietnam War The Vietnam War finally ends in 1975 finally ends in 1975 when North when North Vietnamese troops Vietnamese troops take over the South take over the South Vietnamese capitol of Vietnamese capitol of SaigonSaigon