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The Stone AgePrehistoric Art

35,000 – 15,000 BCE

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Painting Sculpture• The first known artists lived in Europe.

Early cave paintings have been discovered all the way from southern Spain and Sicily to southern Siberia. They might have been painted to teach lessons of survival, to portray legends, or to illustrate traditions. Cave art may have been part of initiation ceremonies for young tribesmen or some other rite. Some theorists think that because of their inaccessibility, they represented magical or symbolic figures. Although it is not known if the artists were men or women, it is known that the caves were used for thousands of years, with many surfaces overpainted a number of times.

Small carved stone female forms were found in western Europe. Female figures were also occasionally incised and painted on cave walls. Other naturalistic forms of animals skillfully carved of horn, ivory, or stone have also been found throughout Europe.

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Altimira Cave Paintings- Spain16,000 BCE

• -Images are incised or painted onto rock-often use natural projections of the rock to fit the drawing

• -bison is lifelike due to shading and roundness

• -animals only- no landscape backgrounds

• -painted from ochre and ash from the surroundings- used as much as 3 colors on one image

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Lascaux Cave Paintings-France15,000 BCE

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Venus of Willendorf (Austria)28,000-25,000 BCE

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Egyptian Art7,000 BCE – 500 BCE

• Considered the “cradle” of Western civilization because so much of the culture has survived due to its burial customs, climate and building materials, and because of the way its influence spread to Greece and then throughout Europe.

• Artists followed specified rules and did not deviate or innovate.

• The ideal age for the after-life was considered 23, so the deceased person was almost always depicted as young.

• Most paintings and sculpture were created specifically for a site such as tomb, temple or building.

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Painting• Elaborate painting were

created for tombs, to make the after-life at least as pleasant for the deceased as real life.

• Often life of the personage we recorded.

• Mummy cases were richly decorated, often with the same stories and details seen in the wall paintings

Fowling scene, from the tomb of Nebamun,

Thebes, Egypt, Dynasty XVIII,

ca 1400-1350 bce

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Great Pyramids at Giza, 2590-2470

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Palette of King Narmar, 3000 BCE

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Mentuemhet,Egypt, Dynasty XXVI, 650 BC

• Sculpture idealized-stiff in appearance, with figures facing frontward, with left foot always forward as if walking, but weight evenly balanced.

• Most still attached to rock in which they were carved

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Ancient Greece, 800-100 BCE

• Greek vases • Sculpture – personalized, realistic

statues• Architecture – Temples and

monuments based on mathematics

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Mentuemhet,Egypt, Dynasty XXVI, 650 BC

KourosGreece ca. 600 BC

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Kritios Boy, From the AcropolisAthens, Greece, ca. 480 BC

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Geometric Krater from cemetary, 740 BCE

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Exekias, Achilles and Ajax playing a dice game.Vulci, Italy ca. 540 -530 BC

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Iktinos and Kallikrates, ParthenonAcropolis, Greece, ca 447-438 BC

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Examples of all 3 columns

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Roman Empire, 500 BCE – 350 ACE

Architecture- concrete had been previously invented, but the Romans used it to create new architectural forms. Ribbed ceiling support enabled them to build large, domed temples.

Roman temples began as modest places of worship, but as Christianity spread and grew, the basilica form of design used in the meeting place was adapted to churches to accommodate growing numbers of worshippers inside.

Roman columns were adapted from the Greek Corinthian form, with a base added. Sometimes they were attached to the wall creating “engaged” columns.

Arches commonly used between columns. Niches with rounded tops were created for the display of sculpture.

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Colosseum, Rome, Italy72-80 A.D

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The Roman Architectural Revolution

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Pantheon, Rome, Italy. 118-125 AD

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Middle Ages (400-1000)Sometimes referred to as “Dark Ages” because of supposed lack of intellectual

growth.

• Painting- illuminated manuscript . Religious paintings with gold backgrounds to represent heaven.

• Sculpture – important part in the decoration of Romanesque and Gothic Churches so Religious based.

• Architecture- some consider to be THE artistic medium of the Middle Ages. Many churches took centuries to build, so there rarely was one unified style within a single church.

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Renaissance1400 - 1600

• Means “Rebirth”• Center of the world returns back to man from

God, individual is important. • Rebirth or revival of classical antiquity• Time of drastic changes in Math, Science, Art,

Music, Poetry• Dominated by the Great Masters who created

dramatic changes in art (Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Donatello, Brunelleschi)

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• Painting- Frescos, oils, displayed individuality, personalities, suffering. Specific light source.

• Sculpture- reached back to Roman times, equestrian statues portraying Italian rulers

• Architecture- refined and inventive. Colored marble often used to create stripes and designs on churches. Roman mathematical logic reintroduced

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Leonardo Da Vinci. “Last Supper” ca. 1495-1498. Fresco

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Leonardo Da Vinci, “Mona Lisa” ca. 1503-1505.

Oil on wood, approx 2’6” x 1’9”. Louvre, Paris

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Birth of Scientific Illustration

• Embryo in the Womb” by Leonardo Da Vinci. ca. 1510. Pen and ink on paper.

• Royal Library, Windsor Castle

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David: MichelangeloGalleria dell’Academia, Florence, Italy

1501-1504

• Larger than life, David reaches over 14ft tall. Is sculpted in perspective (top heavy) so if viewed from below, the figure looks proportional.

• Contraposto is apparent in sculpture

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Michelangelo , Ceiling of the Sistine ChapelRome, Italy 1508-1512

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Impressionism1870- 1905

• Originated in France• Interest in light and atmosphere and played with

light’s effect on color• Pure color applied to canvas with loose brush

strokes, then allowed viewer’s eye to mix the color

• Intent to show exactly what the eye sees, reject the emotions

• Plein air painting – painting outstide• School of Painting , pastels commonly used

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“Rouen Cathedral”(West Portal, Dull Weather, 1894)

painted 1892Oil on canvas“Rouen

“Rouen Cathedral, Harmony in Blue and Gold”dated 1894, painted 1893

Oil on canvas

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Haystacks, 1890-1891

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Claude Monet, Water Lilies, 1906

• One of many paintings from his Water Lilies series

• Almost becoming abstract

• Beautiful color relationships and immense size

• These paintings become trademark of Monet

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Mary Cassatt” The Bath”

Art Institute of Chicago. 1892

• American female, moved to Paris

• Painted mainly women and children

• Solid figures contrast with flattened background

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Post-Impressionism1886-1920

• Name given later to artists beginning after 1880.

• Many impressionists also Postimpressionists

• Post -Impressionists each have a unique, individual style that is recognizable

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Architecture

• Tremendous variety of influences and design from the past

• New technology and material are used, such as cast iron, glass, and steel

• Eiffel Tower and Skyscrapers are invented and completed

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Georges Seurat“Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jate”

Art Institute of Chicago. 1885

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Vincent Van Gogh” The Starry Night”

Museum of Modern Art, NYC. 1889

The Great Wave, Hokusai

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Paul Cezanne“Mont Sainte-Victoire”

Philadelphia Museum of Art. 1904

• Broken down into basic geometric brush strokes

• “All objects can be broken down into the cone, sphere, and cylinder” -Cezanne

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Fauvism1905-1907

• Worked in large color patches• Large brushstrokes of pure color• Used colors that often did not exist in

nature• Flattening of forms, color delineates space• Generally did not use perspective• “wild beasts” in french

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Henri Matisse“Red Room”, 1909 Saint Petersburg

Like van Gogh, Matisse expected color to provoke an emotional resonance in viewers. He declared: “Color was not given to us in order that we should imitate Nature. It was given to us so that we can express our own emotions.”

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André Derain“London Bridge” 1906,

Museum of Modern Art, New York

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Expressionism

• Abstracted forms and colors used to communicate emotional and spiritual states

• Generally linked to a group working in Germany at the turn of the century

• Simple, direct, bold stylization• Rejected sophisticated illusionism• The result of the artist’s unique inner or personal

vision often has an emotional dimension.• Expressing inner truth

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Scream, 1893Edvard Munch

“I was walking along a path with two friends-the sun was setting-suddenly the sky turned blood red-I paused,

feeling exhausted, and leaned on the fence-there was blood and tongues of fire above the blue-black fjord and the city-my friends walked on, and I stood there trembling with anxiety-

and I sensed an infinite scream passing through nature”

-Edvard Munch

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The Street, 1913Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

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Dadaism1916-1922

• Nonsense, irrational• Breakaway from representational work• Anti-art• Political because of Anarchy – against

rules; challenged all convention• Chance and the unconscious is “truth”• Art exists in choice: art in process, not

product

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Jean Arp, Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance, 1916-1917

• Pioneered the use of chance in composing his images

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Marcel Duchamp, Fountain,(second version), 1950

• Most influential of all Dadaists

• Invented the “Ready-Made”

• Free from any consideration of “good” or “bad” taste which were qualities shaped by society

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Surrealism1924 - 1940

• Realistic representation of fantasy• Aim to record the individual subconscious• Began as a literary movement• Sur = beyond, Beyond Real

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Persistence of Memory, 1931Salvador Dali

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Pop Art 1950’s – 1960’s

• Word derived from “Popular mass culture”• Created with a wide range of media, using

familiar objects (soup cans, comics) combined with words or numbers

• Objects usually magnified and presented in variety of media (silk-screen, collage, combine painting)

• Focus on Mass Production• Andy Warhol one of best known Pop artists

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Marilyn 3 Times, 1962Andy Warhol

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Wham, 1963Roy Lichtenstein

The End