THE STILL EXISTING OTTOMAN HAMAMS IN THE GREEK...

TTHHEE SSTTIILLLL EEXXIISSTTIINNGG OOTTTTOOMMAANN HHAAMMAAMMSS IINN TTHHEE GGRREEEEKK TTEERRRRIITTOORRYYEElleennii KKAANNEETTAAKKII

OOTTTTOOMMAANN BBUUIILLDDIINNGGSS IINN GGRREEEECCEE

Ottomans marked their passage by the Balkan cities with the offprint oftheir culture. Although they brought many of their cultural features fromAnatolia, they assimilated many of those found in the conquered landsand developed a multi-cultural character. This noticeable architectural‘Ottoman’ expression included many building types, that were formedwithin this cultural mix.

Islam prescribes ablution before prayer; this was a great encouragement tothe construction of fountains, public baths and water supplies. Similarly,its insistence on education and study from childhood to old age gave agreat impulse to the building of medreses, and since social and medicalassistance are among the basic principles of religion, hospices andhospitals were required to be built. Finally the importance attached inIslam to commerce created a demand for hostelries and caravanserais(Ünsal 1959, 11).

Ottoman buildings which are found in Greece belong to three basiccategories:

1. Religious buildings, such as cami, mescit, tekke, türbe, zaviye,medrese; 2. Secular buildings, as social- public and domestic buildings(including commercial ones, such as bedestens, social buildings, ashamams (11), imarets, markets, caravanserais, libraries, etc. andhouses, mansions, etc.);

3. Works of military architecture, such as fortresses, castles, towers.

In Greece, unfortunately, there has been no thorough registration of theexisting Ottoman buildings. They are legally protected by the Ministry ofCulture, supervised by the thirteen Eforeie of Byzantine and post-Byzantine Monuments Department, to which most of them belong. On the

11.. Hamam, as a Turkish word, is also usedin Greek, to refer to the Ottoman bath,which is a civic building for public collectiveuse.

METU JFA 2004/ 1-2(21) 81-110

RReecceeiivveedd:: 04. 01. 2004KKeeyywwoorrddss:: hamam; Ottoman baths; Greece;Ottoman public buildings.

Eleni KANETAKI82 METU JFA 2004/1-2

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FFiigguurree 11.. Typology of Ottoman Bathsaccording to K.Klinghardt (sketches: E.Kanetaki).

other hand, there are many cases where Ottoman buildings belong toprivate owners. A few articles have been presented (Vigopoulou-Papazotou 1989, 409-411; Theodorides 1994, 211-217; Kanetaki 1997, 87;Kanetaki 2000, 49-75; Kanetaki 2001, 16-20; Kardamitsi-Adami, Grafakou1989, 34-42; Tsitroulis 1981, 1-31; Tsitroulis, Souift 1978; 51-3;Hadjitryfonos 1988, 139-167; Hadjitryfonos 1989, 79-120; Tsioutras,Hadjitryfonos, Hadjitryfon, Aifantis 1997, 181-191), though on solitarycases, in opposition to the interest shown by Turkish researchers and theirpublications (Ayverdi 1982; Çam 2000; Çelikkol 1986; Eyice 1954-55;Yeniþehirlioðlu 1989; Anon 1992).

Apart from these, we must acknowledge the recent rising effort of Greekresearchers in regard to catalogueing archival material, as is done in theNational Hellenic Foundation for Scientific Research (Athens) and theMediterranean Studies Foundation (Rethymno) (Balta 2003, 20). What isstill missing is the necessary collaboration between scientists in differentfields, especially between architects and historians and wishfully, acollaboration between Greece and Turkey, that could enlighten importantaspects on the preservation of these monuments (22).

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Hamams were regarded as a major Islamic building type, since thefulfillment of rules concerning hygiene were interwoven within theMuslim religious regulations, according to which only running water wasused for ablution and in bathing. Thus, hamams form a unique buildingtype, that varies from the other kind of baths called ‘kaplýca’ (thermalbaths). Hamams were among the first buildings to be constructed in anewly conquered city, just like Bey Hamam, built at Thessaloniki in 1444by Murat II.

A number of preliminary monographs on the subject of Ottoman baths israther insufficient and they usually refer to hamams located in certainregions or cities of the Islamic world (Dow 1996; Aru 1949; Lane 1890, 308-314; Kreševlijakovic 1952; Ecochard, Le Cour 1942, Önge 1995). Greekbibliographical references are poor, since very few elements arementioned. Unfortunately no comparison or grouping has been attemptedand issues such as their restoration are rarely discussed. Meanwhile, acomparative juxtaposition is offered about the grouping made by certainforeign scholars, such as M. Kiel (1976, 87-96), K. Klinghardt (1927), S.Eyice (1960, 99-120), H. Glück (1921) based on the typology of thesebuildings (in accordance to the function of the ground floor and theespecially the disposition of the hot section).

The baths which were constructed in Greece during the Ottoman period,form a unique building category (Kanetaki 2001, 16).. They vary in size,quality of construction, as well as with their decorative elements, whilethe interior space still shows signs of excellent aesthetic expression. Theexisting hamams (which amount to sixty buildings) are widespread in allthe Greek territory, while it is very difficult to specify their exact dates ofconstruction, since no epigraphs are to be found on each, and in mostcases, the buildings are in a state of decay (Kanetaki 2000, 67-68, Aslanapa1971, 253). Their origin stems from former building types and theycontinue the ritual of the Roman and Byzantine baths.

22.. The recent steps towards collaboration ofthe two national scientific parties are first,promising in terms of developing mutualrelationships for the preservation of humanculture, and second, increasing the valueand validity of similar research.

THE OTTOMAN HAMAMS IN GREECE 83METU JFA 2004/1-2


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FFiigguurree 22.. Typology of Ottoman Bathsaccording to H.Glück (sketches: E. Kanetaki)

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The typical sequence of rooms (the disrobing room, tepid and the hotsection), whose existence was dictated by the rigid order in which theritual operations in the hamams were performed, has remained practicallythe same everywhere and no evolution is traced – the pattern in layout ofbaths remains unaltered throughout the Islamic world.

The disrobing room (soyunmalýk or camekân) was entered from the streetand people would sit on low wooden or stone benches (traces of them arefound in some hamams) around the walls. It was often provided with acentral fountain (þadýrvan), while the women’s section included adepilatory. The next room was the tepid section (soðukluk or ýlýklýk),where the bather would get used to the rising temperature inside thehamam and prepare himself for the hot part (sýcaklýk), that was situatedadjoining to it. On the center of the sýcaklýk was the göbektaþý, the navelstone or marble slab, on which the bather was to recline to be massaged.Basins (kurnas) with taps were around on the walls of this section, usedby bathers for washing (they would scoop the water from the basins usingtas, a brass or copper bowl, and pour it over themselves). The sýcaklýk wasa domed area in the center, that included private corner cells (halvet). Thefurnace (külhan) was built against one wall of the hot room and the firewas lit under a copper cauldron (copper warms up very rapidly, so theheat is transferred easily) built into the furnace, while the whole of itsupper part served as a water reservoir. Smoke from the fire and hot airpassed along a duct and circulated under the floor of the hot and tepidroom, the hypocaust (cehennemlik), before rising up the vertical, ceramicsmoke pipes (tüteklik) that were built in the wall during construction.

Hamams left the architect little scope for variation, who was obliged tofollow the accepted norms, arranging the various sections in accordancewith a pre-conceived plan. In spite of this, Turkish architects managed tocreate original forms by finding diverse solutions to the perennialproblems (Demetriades 1973; Moschopoulos 1959, 486-514; Mpiris 1959,44; Celebi 1991; Celebi 1999)..

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Greek Ottoman baths are found widespread in the Greek territory. EvliyaÇelebi’s Seyahâtnâme, written during his visits to many places, give us alot of information on the historic existence of Ottoman buildings (Kiel1971, 300-329). Other travellers have left narrations, which helps us nowtrace the site where important buildings were constructed.

This study presents for the first time, a well documented list of all the stillexisting hamams that are now found in the Greek territory, according toits geographical division, many of which still remained unknown (FFiigguurree11). A few of these were constructed during the last decades of 1300s, suchas the Gazi Evrenos Hamam, Giannitsa in 1392 (Kiel 1981, 127-146), andthe Oruç Paþa Hamam, Didymoteichon, in 1398 (Demetriades 1983, 416-417).

Most of these buildings were constructed during the 15th, 16th and 17thcentury, according to the information given by historians, basically peoplewho had the possibility to check the Ottoman Archives. Inscriptions areunfortunately present in rare cases, just like in the Bey Hamam,Thessaloniki, where the year and the building’s donator are mentioned onthe main façade (Kanetaki (2003, 136-137).



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FFiigguurree 33.. Typology of Ottoman Bathsaccording to S.Eyice (sketches: E. Kanetaki)

Some of the baths are half-demolished, in a bad state of decay, while a fewhave been restored and had the luck to be inserted into the modern urbantissue, as a new use has been introduced. Two of them are still functioningas hamams. We should at this point mention the rising interest for suchbuildings, which led to the following, but quite recent, restoration projects(Balducci 1932, 31-58)::

Bey Hamam, Thessaloniki, was partially restored and housed in the 1997exhibition of Secular Medieval Architecture in the Balkans, 1300-1500 andits Preservation. The bath was endowed with a new function, as fewmodifications were necessary in order to re-arrange it for culturalpurposes, while the building itself ‘behaves’ also as a ‘living monument’exhibit.

Pazar Hamam (known also as Louloudadika, Kadýnlar and Yahudihamam), Thessaloniki, was also partially restored as it was included in theworks made for the city’s celebration of Europe’s cultural capital (1997).While many researches have been done on this building (like thesis forgraduate and post-graduate studies, scientific research programmes andeven publications), unfortunately it remains closed to the public.

A thesis on the restoration project of the Apollonia Hamam (Pazargâh),Lake Volvi, was presented at the Postgraduate School for the Protection,Rehabilitation and Research of Architectural Heritage at the ArchitecturalSchool of Beograd (1986) and the Specialization Course Protection,Conservation and Restoration of Architectural Monuments at AristoteleioPanepistimio Thessaloniki (1998-99). Similar interest has been shown forthe Zambeliou and Douka Str. Hamam, Chania, whose restoration projectand adaptation to the city’s Historic Museum was presented as a graduatethesis at the Architectural School of National Technical University Athens(1994); the Niceforo Foca Str. Hamam, at Rethymno, whose restorationand rehabilitation into a gallery was prepared as a project and waspresented as a postgraduate thesis at the Corso di Specializzazione inRestauro dei Monumenti, Universitá di Roma La Sapienza, (1997); the SaltWarehouse, at Kos, was studied as a postgraduate thesis at theSpecialization Course Protection of Monuments of the National TechnicalUniversity Athens, 2000.

There are also renewed and restored cases. The Abid Efendi Hamam (orthe ‘Hamam of the Winds’) in Athens, was allocated to the Greek Folk Artin 1984, and during the 1990s its restoration and reuse project waspresented, where the hamam is now housing the Center ofDocumentation for Body Embellishment (2000). The Yeni Hamam inThessaloniki, a double bath, which is partially preserved (the hot sectionswere destroyed in 1917), was formerly used as an open cinema and is nowconverted into a cultural center and musical stage. The Çarþý Hamam,Mytilene, is currently restored (2003) and will be open to public soon. TheYeni Hamam in Rhodes, which is a double bath, was restored in 1992-95,financed by the European project Rebuild, which sustained the use ofrenewable energy sources in historic buildings. It is one of the two stillfunctioning hamams in Greece, as the Mpoukaouri Str. Hamam, Patra.The Halidwn Hamam, Chania, has been restored and re-arranged forcommercial use, while a restoration project is under preparation for theGlykidwn Square Bath in Ioannina.



FFiigguurree 44.. Suggested Typology of GreekOttoman Baths (according to E. Kanetaki)

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A few historians and archaeologists have dealt in the past years with thestudy of baths. K. Klinghardt (1921), H. Glück (1927), S. Eyice (1962), M.Kiel (1981) offered a grouping based on the typology of these buildings, inaccordance to the function of the ground floor and especially thedisposition of the hot section. They base their conclusions on a study ofbaths found either in Ýstanbul or in other areas of the Ottoman Empire,such as Asia Minor (i.e. Konya, Bursa,), while H. Balducci (1932) mentionsthe basic typological groups of Ottoman hamams, in an article on theTurkish Architecture in Rhodes (Eyice 1960, 120). All of them describe thebuilding types, referring to some well-known buildings in big Ottomancenters, such as Ýstanbul (namely the Mahmut Paþa, 1466, Bayazid, 1501,Haseki Hürrem, 1556, Çemberlitaþ, 1584, Caðaloðlu Hamam, 1741), Bursa,Konya and others. None of them, except S. Eyice (Kanetaki 2003, 98-103),referred to the necessary design layout, which would give the readersufficient details in order to fully understand the basic typology each onesuggests and belongs to. Our first contribution will be a thoroughexamination of the grouping proposed by each scholar (FFiigguurreess 11,, 22,, 33)and at the end, a comparative confrontation of their basic points (Ünsal1970, 73). According to K. Klinghardt (FFiigguurree 11), H. Glück (FFiigguurree 22) andM. Kiel, baths are categorized under five groups, while S. Eyice (FFiigguurree 33)presents six categories.

In Greece we find small, medium-sized and big Ottoman baths. Some ofthem are single and some others double (çifte), with separateaccommodation for men and women. The two sections show signs ofsymmetry, since one is placed with its big axis parallel to the other, butthey present and share a common water reservoir and furnace. We do notnotice mirror symmetry (symmetrically designed about the longitudinalaxis) (Kanetaki 2003, 388-390), just like in the Haseki Hürrem (Roxalane)Hamam (1556) in Ýstanbul.

As far as the men’s part is concerned, it is usually richer in decorationthan the women’s part, the dome in the disrobing hall is higher that theone at the female department, just like in the Yeni Hamam, Rhodes.

One might explain this as first, a sign of social discrimination, whichdictated this differentiation associated with the two sexes, and second, asdue to high number of male customers using the hamams compared tothe females.

As was mentioned, the typical sequence of rooms (the disrobing room, thetepid and the hot section), whose existence was dictated by the rigid orderin which the ritual operations in the hamams were performed, hasremained practically the same everywhere and no evolution is traced; thepattern of the bath layout remained unaltered throughout the Islamicworld. The comparative study of hamams in the Greek territory leads to agrouping into five typological categories (FFiigguurree 44,, 55), based oncomparisons and confrontation between them, with the criteria of theirsize and especially the disposition of the hot section, that is regarded asthe basic functional part of each building (Sezgin 1993, 298).

In the first group, the hot room is cross-shaped, forming four eyvans withfour private small cells (halvet) situated in each corner. A semi-sphericaldome rests on the intersection of the two axes: transition of loads from thedome to the walls is implemented through solutions such likependentives, squinches and Turkish triangles (haçvari dört (4) eyvanlý ve


Α/Α NNaammee CCiittyy DDaattee SScchheemmee

1 Bey Hamam (Paradeisosbaths) -men’s section Thessaloniki 1444, double Α

2 Glykidwn square, Ioannina Ioannina 17th - 18thcentury Α

3 Hüseyin Paþa, Castle (Figure 6) Nafpaktos 1701 - 1702 Α

4 Halidwn str. Chania double Α

5 Bar Hamam Kos Α

1 Þeyh Ýlahi Efendi Giannitsa beginning 15thcentury Β

2 Mytilene Castle Mytilene 19th century Β

3 Zambeliou and Douka str.(Figure 7) Chania Β

4 Yeni Hamam Rhodes ~1500, initialground floor Β

1 Bey Hamam (Paradeisosbaths) -women’s section Thessaloniki 1444, double C

2Pazar Hamam

(Louloudadika, Yahudi,Kadinlar)

Thessaloniki 1500, double C

3 Paþa Hamam (Phoenix)(Figure 8) Thessaloniki 1520 C

4 Emm. Pappa str. Serres C5 Mpoukaouri str. Patra C6 Çarþý Hamam Μytilene 1800 - 1825 C7 Νew bath, Chios castle Chios C

1 Oruç Paþa Hamam (Fýsýltý)(Figure 10) Didymoteicho 1398 - 1399 D

2 Ferres Ferres before 1455 D

3 Makri Αleksandroupoli 16th-17thcentury D

4 Kilkis Hamam Kilkis 18th - beginning19th century D

5 Gazi Evrenos Giannitsa 1385 - 1395 D6 Stageira bath (Sidirokausia) Stageira early Ottoman D

7 Yeni Hamam (Aigli) Thessaloniki 1575 - 1600,double D

8 Tuzci Hamam Veroia end 14thcentury, double D

9 Zixni Zixni 15th-16thcentury D

10 Ýç-Kale Hamam Ioannina D11 Platykampos Platykampos D

12 Tyrnavos Τyrnavos 18th - beginning19th century D

13 Abid Efendi (Hamam of the Winds) Athens D

14 Nafplio Νafplio D15 Castle, A' bath Methoni D16 Castle, B' bath Methoni D17 Monemvasia Μonemvasia D

18 Hrakleias and Karavangeli str. Mytilene 19th century D

19 Parakoila Lesvos D

FFiigguurree 55.. Suggested Typology of OttomanBaths in the Greek territory (sketches: E.Kanetaki).


FFiigguurree 66.. Hüseyin Paþa Hamam, Nafpaktos,plan (drawing : E. Kanetaki). Kanetaki (2000,60).

FFiigguurree 77.. Zambeliou and Douka str.Hamam, Chania, plan (drawing: E.Kanetaki). Kanetaki (1997, 87).

20 Klappados Lesvos D21 Old bath, Chios castle Chios D22 Salt warehouse Kos D23 Northern Therms Kos24 Lalakia Lalakia Syros D25 Bath in a Turkish mansion Chania D26 Katre str. Chania27 Radamanthyos str. Rethymno 1670 D28 Niceforo Foca str (Figure 9) Rethymno D

1 Feridun Ahmed Bey Hamam Didymoteicho 1571-1572,double Ε

2 Apollonia, Lake Volvi (Figure 12) Langadas 1550-1600 or

1566-1574 Ε

3 Mythimna (Molyvos) Lesvos Ε

1 Polykastro Polykastro small2 Agios Vasileios Langadas small3 Pisiona, Vasilika Vasilika small

4 Faik Paþa Arta partiallydemolished small

5 Larissa Larissa partiallydemolished

6 A' bath Ancient Corinth small

7 B' bath Ancient Corinth partiallydemolished small

8 Rio castle Rio partiallydemolished small

9 Karytaina Karytaina partiallydemolished

10Ypsilometopo Lesvos partially

demolished11 Sigri Lesvos small12 Pyli Kos small13 Kastellorizo Kastellorizo small

köþe hücreli tip). There is a hypothesis that this type originates from thedwelling model found in Central Asia (four eyvan and four halvet plan)(Moutsopoulos 1990, 124).

The four eyvan scheme is found in many building types, such asdwellings, hospitals even medreses. They look very much like traditional(vernacular) houses at Kastoria, in Central Macedonia and Mount Pelio(Kuban 1976, 447-459, fig. 11). The doors in the corner rooms are placed at45° degrees cutoff walls, just like in many other places of in the Balkans,like Bosnia, Bulgaria and Kosovo.

The scheme A is traced at Bey Hamam, Thessaloniki (the men’s section),at Hüseyin Paþa in Nafpaktos (FFiigguurree 66), at Ioannina Hamam, Halidwnstr., Chania and at the Bar Hamam, Kos.

The next group includes baths, where the hot part forms an inverted Tplan, with three eyvans and two private hot rooms (halvet), situated at theend of the bath against the wall of the water container. This plan has beenused in other Ottoman buildings such as mosques, just like in the AlacaÝmaret Cami, Thessaloniki and the Mehmet Bey Cami, Serres. The schemeB is recognizable in the Þeyh Ýlâhi Hamam at Giannitsa; the A’ Hamam atMethoni castle; the Zambeliou and Douka str. Hamam, in Chania (FFiigguurree77) and was applied to the initial phase of the Yeni Hamam, Rhodes (beforethe addition of the women’s section).

In the third group, the sýcaklýk still gives the impression of a two-eyvanroom, but the third one between the two halvet areas has been omittedand rooms have been placed directly against each other. The firstrectangular room is covered by a dome, which rests partly on thetransversal walls, partly on the two arches (ortasý kubbeli, enine sýcaklýklýve çifte halvetli tip). This type is found in many hamams, such as the Paþa(Phoenix) (FFiigguurree 88), Pazar (Louloudadika, Yahudi or Kadýnlar Hamam),the women’s section of Bey Hamam, all of them at Thessaloniki, the Emm.Papa str. Hamam at Serres, the Çarþý at Mytilene, the Old and the NewHamams within the Chios castle.

The fourth type is very wide-spread throughout the Greek territory and ischaracterized by a square-shaped domed hot room, that is surrounded bysmall hot rooms (kare bir sýcaklýk etrafýnda sýralanan halvet hücreli tip).Many buildings can be grouped under this typological unity, such ashamams found in Kilkis, Veroia (the Tuzci Hamam, a double bath in an L


FFiigguurree 88.. Paþa Hamam, Thessaloniki, plan(drawing: E. Kanetaki). Kanetaki (2003, 187).

FFiigguurree 99.. Niceforo Foca Hamam, Rethymno,plan (drawing: E. Kanetaki). Kanetaki (2000,67).

FFiigguurree 1100.. Oruç Paþa Hamam,Didymoteichon, plan (drawing: E. Kanetaki).Kanetaki (2000, 51).

shaped plan), Tyrnavos, Larissa and Nafplio (in both cases partiallydemolished), Methoni (two baths in the castle), Monemvasia, Mytilene(Hrakleias and Karavangeli str. Hamam), Kos (the former Salt warehouse),Niceforo Foca str. (FFiigguurree 99) and Radamanthyos str. Bath, both inRethymno. Two of the oldest Ottoman hamams, the Oruç Paþa (Fýsýltý) atDidymoteichon (FFiigguurree 1100) and the Gazi Evrenos Bey at Giannitsa, followthis scheme. The first is characterized by a special constructional system inthe disrobing hall, that resembles the dome in the soðukluk (ýlýklýk) of thefemale section at the Gazi Mihal Hamam in Edirne (FFiigguurree 1111) (Eyice 1991,48-49). The semispherical dome is decorated by an impressive rhombicpattern, that is very likely to be playing a structural role. The GaziEvrenos Bey presents a dome ornamented on the inside with spiral lobes,a feature also found at the Ýsmail Bey Hamam, Ýznik, a building of theearly 15th century (Kiel 1981, 127-146).

The last group shows a polygonal hot part with niches (alcoves,maksuras), a feature that refers to the octagonal sýcaklýk found in Bursa(yýldýzvari sýcaklýklý tip), such as the Eski Kaplýca (1389?-1511) and theYeni Kaplýca (1520-1566). Buildings of this type show morphologicsimilarities also with the Mahmut Paþa Hamam (1466), the oldest Ottomanbath in Ýstanbul, and the Sokollu Mehmet Paþa Hamam (1574) atLüleburgaz. Scheme E applies to the Feridun Ahmet Hamam,Didymoteichon (1571-2) (Eldem 1987, 206 and Cerasi 1989, 89), a doublebath partially demolished in 1970s, the Apollonia Hamam, at Lake Volvi(FFiigguurree 1122) and the Mythimna Bath (Molyvos), Lesvos.

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General remarks that can be made, resting on the comparisons of the maintypological groups suggested by scholars such as Kiel, Klinghardt, Glückand Eyice are:

a. Baths in the Greek territory do not form original prototypes, since theirarchitectural characteristics match the rhythmological and structuralfeatures found in all the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman architects based theirplans on a code of constructional techniques and rules of proportion.Greece at that time, was a province of the Empire and if we recognize thisfact, we shall understand the reason of this homogeneity, as the process ofa building’s construction there did not differ from the one in the Asiaticregion.


FFiigguurree 1111.. Gazi Mihal Hamam, Edirne, ýlýklýkdome. Kuban (1976, Fig. 11).

FFiigguurree 1122.. Apollonia Hamam, Lake Volvi,Langadas, plan (drawing: E. Hadjitryfonos)Hadjitrifonos (1988, 144).


b. The ground floor of the buildings was adopted by a certain model. Thestate architect plainly concerned himself with establishing the mainstructures of buildings under his supervision, after which they were left inthe hands of master craftsmen, occasionally overseen by him. It wastraditional materials and building techniques which decided the eventualstructure of the building, beyond the architect’s very basic plan. Theofficially appointed architects that supervised the construction and guidedthe workers, followed the formal design (Moutsopoulos 1967, 51).

c. Craftsmen bore a common vocabulary, which was used for all aspects ofbuildings. This is also supported by the following facts that, as builders’corporations, the esnaf (συντεχνίες) (Goodwin 1971, 22), were movingfrom one place to the other. They applied their construction techniques, inaccordance to the site, regional materials and the financial aid of eachdonator.

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Their analysis offers information as far as the construction methods, thematerials in use and their morphology are concerned (masonry, domes,architectural elements such as functional and technical equipment,ornamentation). Small private baths are found in houses or monasteries,while the public hamams, single or double, are of middle or larger sizeand present similar rhythmological and constructional features with theother Ottoman buildings.

MASONRY

Masonry in hamams did not differ one from the other in Ottomanbuildings which were built in Greece. Their thickness varies from 0,60 mto 1,20 m., while both surfaces of walls (external - internal) were usuallyplastered. Turks used local Byzantine construction methods for everydayarchitecture, but in order to create monumental expression, they returnedto stone and continued to embellish their buildings in the Muslimexpression. Walls were constructed according to local techniques andconsisted of :

a. Alternate brick and stone layers: The geometrically designed brickcourses in wall-faces have the function of reinforcing the rubble masonry.This type of masonry is found in the four Thessaloniki hamams, Bey(1444), Pazar (Louloudadika, Kadýnlar, Yahudi), Paþa (Phoenix) and Yeni(Aigli), (1575-1600); at Oruç Paþa, Didymoteichon (FFiigguurree 1133); A’ bath atStageira; Gazi Evrenos at Giannitsa; Apollonia at Lake Volvi, Langadas;Tuzci Hamam at Veroia (FFiigguurree 1144).

b. Hard-hewn cut and rubble stone: Examples can be traced at the A’ bath,Ancient Corinth; B’ bath, Methoni castle; the Platykampos Hamam (FFiigguurree1155); Hr. Karavangeli str. at Mytilene; Pyli at Kos.

c. Ashlars: Masonry, in which all stones are squared, giving a uniformpattern of vertical and horizontal joints. We can mention Yeni Hamam,Rhodes and Feridun Ahmet Hamam at Didymoteichon.

DOMES – VAULTING

a. Construction of domes-vaults:

Domes (kubbes) were constructed either by bricks or close-fitting ashlarstone (although small stone pieces and rubble were sometimes used, set inmortar) or rough-hewn stone.

FFiigguurree 1133.. Oruç Paþa Hamam,Didymoteichon, exterior (E. Kanetaki).

FFiigguurree 1144.. Tuzci Hamam, Veroia, exterior (E.Kanetaki).

FFiigguurree 1155.. Platykampos Hamam, interior (E.Kanetaki).

a.1. Construction by bricks is found in the Glykidwn Square Hamam,Ioannina; Hüseyin Paþa Hamam at Nafpaktos (FFiigguurree 1166); Platykamposand Apollonia Hamam at Lake Volvi, Langadas (FFiigguurree 1177); TuzciHamam, Veroia (FFiigguurree 1144); Pisiona at Vasilika; Þeyh Ýlâhi Hamam atGiannitsa; Oruç Paþa in Didymoteichon (FFiigguurree 1133); Abid Efendi Hamamin Athens; Pazar (Louloudadika, Kadýnlar, Yahudi) and Yeni (Aigli), bothin Thessaloniki. a.2. Construction by rough-hewn stone can be traced at Pyli and Kos atMonemvasia; A’ bath at Methoni castle; Lalakia in Syros; Old bath inChios castle.

b. Form of domes-vaults:

We notice semispherical domes, lowered semispherical domes, barrelvaults (continuous vaults of semicircular section = semicylindrical ones)and in some cases also cloister vaults.


FFiigguurree 1166.. Hüseyin Paþa Hamam,Nafpaktos, sýcaklýk dome (E. Kanetaki).

FFiigguurree 1177.. Apollonia Hamam, Lake Volvi,Langadas, sýcaklýk niches (E. Kanetaki).

FFiigguurree 1188.. Larissa Hamam, horasan coateddome (E. Kanetaki).

b.1. Semispherical domes are evident in hamam buildings, such as in theLarissa Hamam (FFiigguurree 1188) at Kilkis or Glykidwn Square Hamam atIoannina (FFiigguurree 1199); Zambeliou and Douka str. at Chania; LalakiaHamam in Syros. The disrobing hall (soyunmalýk or camekân) was alwaysa domed room, while in a few cases, just like in Hüseyin Paþa Hamam,Nafpaktos, we have indications that it must have had a timber roof. b. 2. Lowered Semispherical domes are found in baths such as the TuzciHamam at Veroia (FFiigguurree 1144); Katre str. Chania; B’ bath, Methoni castle,Platykampos (FFiigguurree 1155).b. 3. Semispherical domes are sometimes equipped with a lantern(aydýnlýk feneri), such as the Çarþý Hamam, Mytilene (FFiigguurree 2200) or theHr. Karavangeli str. Hamam at Mytilene.b. 4. Domes with a hyperboloidal profile, like in the Old Bath in Chioscastle, (disrobing hall).b. 5. Barrel vaults, usually found in the ýlýklýk, like in the Abid EfendiHamam, Athens, or barrel vaults with a lantern, such as in the ÇarþýHamam, Mytilene.b. 6. Cloister vaults are noticed among others in baths such as Kilkis, YeniHamam (Aigli), Thessaloniki; Oruç Paþa Hamam, Didymoteichon.

c. Transitional elements:

The vertical loads of domes were transferred through an externallyoctagonal drum, to the square-plan space. The corners of the drum thatwas employed, were filled internally with transitional elements, such aswith, a. Turkish triangles (triangular prismatic elements), b. squinches (tromp, ημχώνια) = (an arch, or corbelling, at the base of adome or cloister vault used for transition from a round to a square-planned space below), and c. pendentives (λοφία) = (triangular segment of vaulting at the base of adome used for transition from a round to a square-planned space).

Most of the domes and vaults were decorated in stucco with mukarnas,that followed the Seljukid tradition, but unfortunately a few exampleshave been preserved. They can still be noticed at the Bey Hamam,Thessaloniki (halvets in the men’s section), while a similar solution isfound at Ýstanbul Mahmut Paþa and Gedik Paþa Hamams; the Þeyh ÝlâhiHamam at Giannitsa, where the dome in the hot section rests on acantilevered ring, adorned with mukarnas just like in the Mahmut Paþa


FFiigguurree 2200.. Çarþý Hamam, Mytilene the mainfacade with its portal and the lanterneddomes (E. Kanetaki).

FFiigguurree 1199.. Glykidwn Square Hamam,Ioannina, sýcaklýk (E. Kanetaki).


Hamam, Ýstanbul; the Glykidwn Square Hamam, Ioannina, at the hot partof the bath; in the Feridun Ahmet Hamam, Didymoteichon, wheremuqarnas are found at the four angles of the disrobing room.c. 1.Turkish triangles: They are found in hamams such like Oruç Paþa,Didymoteichon, (ýlýklýk) of Tuzci, Veroia, (sýcaklýk or halvet, women’ssection) of Bey Hamam at Thessaloniki (FFiigguurree 2211).c. 2. Squinches: It is a very common solution, distinguishable in A’ bath,Methoni castle; Tuzci at Veroia; Hr. Karavangeli str. in Mytilene; Old bathin the Chios castle; Kilkis, Paþa (Phoenix) at Thessaloniki; Yeni at Rhodes,(FFiigguurree 2222), decorated with plaster stalactite in forms of shells, as well inPazar (Kadýnlar) at Thessaloniki; Niceforo Foca str., Radamanthyos str. atRethymno; Çarþý in Mytilene; Feridun Ahmet in Didymoteichon;Glykidwn Square at Ioannina.c.3. Pendentives: This solution is applied among others to Oruç Paþa,Didymoteichon, (disrobing hall) (FFiigguurree 2233), Platykampos (FFiigguurree 1155),Zambeliou and Douka str., Chania; Abid Efendi Hamam in Athens; Paþa(Phoenix), Thessaloniki (two halvet); New bath in Chios castle; Old Bathin the Chios castle; A’ bath in Methoni castle, (in halvet).d. Coating of Domes:

At first buildings were roofed in tile, as in Byzantine times, but thenOttomans designed special ceramic tiles to fit the curvature of their domesinstead of chipping them to size. Once lead became available, it waspreferred (kurþunlu=leaded) (Önge 1978, 121-136).. In Greece most of thestill existing hamam tiles are used on top of the vaults, while in a fewcases horasan is used (33). This waterproof plaster coating was alsorequired for the inside surfaces of cisterns. Unfortunately the bad situationin which many of these monuments are found doesn’t allow us to come toconclusions about this.d. 1. Coating with tiles: Bey Hamam, Pazar (Louloudadika, Kadýnlar,Yahudi); Paþa (Phoenix) at Thessaloniki; Hüseyin Paþa at Nafpaktos; Tuzciat Veroia (FFiigguurree 1144); Çarþý in Mytilene (FFiigguurree 1199); Parakoila at Lesvos;Yeni at Rhodes.d. 2. Coating by horasan (khorasan): Larissa (FFiigguurree 1188); Kilkis and B’ Bathin Methoni castle, Monemvasia; Lalakia at Syros; Old Bath at the Chioscastle; Zambeliou and Douka str., Chalidwn str. and Katre str. at Chania;Radamanthyos str. and Niceforo Foca str. at Rethymno; Salt Warehouseand ‘Bar’ Hamam in Kos.

e. Lighting in the hamam:

Lighting was obtained from the top of domes and vaults. Numerouspottery tubes (either cylindrical, conical or pyramidal), specially prepared,were built into the dome overhead to allow daylight into the room below.These tubes were closed by bottle-glass covers with a typical raisedprofile, in different patterns (fil gözü = elephant’s eyes) (Aslanapa 1971,113), that were inlaid in the thickness of the dome during construction.They gave the impression of “glass eyes” and it is very likely that theywere coloured, imported from Venice (Kiel 1976, 94). These openings oftenform interesting decorative motifs: placed according to a geometricaldesign, these light-channels caused a diffused light fall into the roombelow, in an ever-changing direction (The Encyclopaedia of Islam 1986,Hamam, 141). They are round, square, polygonal (pentagonal, hexagonal,octagonal) or star-shaped and are distributed in concentric circles.

FFiigguurree 2233.. Oruç Paþa Hamam,Didymoteichon. The disrobing room and itsentrance. The rhombic patterned dome withthe oculus (E. Kanetaki).

FFiigguurree 2211.. Bey Hamam, ThessalonikiTurkish triangles in a halvet dome (E.Kanetaki).

FFiigguurree 2222.. Yeni Hamam, Rhodes, squinch (E.Kanetaki).

33.. Horasan (khorasan; κουρασάν ): hydraulicmortar like the Roman cocciopesto, whichcontains volcanic rock, sand, slaked lime,used with broken pottery pieces.


We have tried to establish a certain rule, if it exists, regarding thedisposition of these “elephant’s eyes” in the domes: these studies andtheir results are shown in the diagrams that follow (FFiigguurree 2277,, 2288,, 2299,, 3300).e. 1. Round openings: They are noticed in baths such as the Abid EfendiHamam, Athens; Salt Warehouse, Kos; Zambeliou and Douka str. atChania; Mythimna (Molyvos) in Lesvos; Platykampos (FFiigguurree 1155), OruçPaþa in Didymoteicho (FFiigguurree 2211); Bey Hamam at Thessaloniki; Makri andTuzci at Veroia (FFiigguurree 2200); Pyli at Kos, and Tyrnavos.e. 2. Square-shaped openings : Zambeliou and Douka str., Chania; B’ bathat Methoni castle.e. 3. Pentagonal shaped openings:: Hüseyin Paþa Hamam, Nafpaktos(FFiigguurree 1166), Nafplio, Monemvasia.e. 4. Hexagonal shaped openings: Pisiona at Vasilika; Mytilene castle andÇarþý, Mytilene; Apollonia, Lake Volvi (FFiigguurree 1177); Old bath in the ChiosCastle; Zixni, Lalakia Syros, Niceforo str. at Rethymno; Radamanthyos str.at Rethymno; Zambeliou and Douka str. at Chania; Pazar Hamam inThessaloniki.e. 5. Octagonal shaped openings: Kilkis hamam.e. 6. Star-shaped openings: Pazar Hamam (Louloudadika) Thessaloniki;Yeni (Aigli) Thessaloniki; Hüseyin Paþa, Nafpaktos (FFiigguurree 1166), Çarþý inMytilene, Pisiona in Vasilika; Platykampos, Radamanthyos str. inRethymno; Old bath in the Chios Castle; Mythimna (Molyvos) in Lesvos;Yeni in Rhodes. Bottle-glassed covers still exist at Radamanthyos str. inRethymno (FFiigguurree 2244) and Mythimna (Molyvos) in Lesvos.

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

a. Storied suites (Attics):

Disrobing rooms often contained storied suites of changing cabins madeof timber, around it in general, usually constructed at a second phase,according to the growing needs for private cubicles in the soyunmalýk. Wetrace signs of their existence in Bey Hamam, Thessaloniki; Abid EfendiAthens (Bath of the Winds), Çarþý in Mytilene.

b. Þadýrvan:

It is located at the center of the disrobing room, both in the men’s andwomen’s section. A fountain (þadýrvan) still exists at the Yeni Hamam inRhodes; Çarþý in Mytilene (FFiigguurree 2266); Molyvos (Mythimna) at Lesvos. Itsplace can be traced at Glykidwn Square at Ioannina and Hüseyin Paþa,Nafpaktos.

c. Mihrab niches:

They are usually found in the disrobing hall, just like in Pazar(Louloudadika), Thessaloniki, (men’s section), Glykidwn Square,Ioannina, while in some cases also in the hot part, as in Çarþý at Mytilene(FFiigguurree 2255), Agios Vasileios in Langadas.

d. Kurnas:

Hot sections in the hamams were equipped with sits (seki), marble basins(kurna), that are still existing in a. Elliptic shape, i.e. Bey Hamam Thessaloniki, Radamanthyos str. atRethymno. and b. Rectangular shapes, like in Bey Hamam Thessaloniki; Paþa atThessaloniki; Tuzci in Veroia; Çarþý of Mytilene; Hr. Karavangeli str. inMytilene.

FFiigguurree 2244.. Radamanthyos str. Hamam,Rethymno The still existing “glass bottles”at the domes (E. Kanetaki).

FFiigguurree 2255.. Çarþý Hamam, Mytilene Theentrance to the two halvets and thegöbektaþý (E. Kanetaki).

FFiigguurree 2266.. Çarþý Hamam, Mytilene disrobingroom (E. Kanetaki).


e. Göbektaþý:On the center of the sýcaklýk was the göbektaþý, the marble slab, on whichbathers used to recline and be massaged. It still exists in;a. octagonal shape, Yeni in Rhodes (men’s section); Molyvos (Mythimna)at Lesvos. b. hexagonal, Abid Efendi in Athens, and c. rectangular shape, Radamanthyos str., Rethymno; Bey Hamam atThessaloniki; men’s section, Salt Warehouse, Kos; Çarþý in Mytilene(FFiigguurree 2255).

f. Floors:

Floors were paved, provided with runnels to carry off the water. Theseelements can still be seen at Paþa and Bey Hamam in Thessaloniki; Yeni inRhodes.

g. Openings:

External openings: Gateways in the facades of some hamams areornamented with “stalactite” decoration, as in Bey Hamam, Thessaloniki,(similar to the entrance of Mahmut Paþa Hamam, Ýstanbul). Monumentalportals, such as the ones in Paþa, (Phoenix), Yeni (Aigli), both inThessaloniki and Çarþý in Mytilene are still existing (FFiigguurree 2200), while thepointed trefoil arched entrance in Oruç Paþa at Didymoteichon shows aninteresting example of travertine stone.

Internal openings are usually arched. We notice cases where a semi-circular arch is used (i.e. Abid Efendi, Athens; Radamanthyos str. andNiceforo Foca str. at Rethymno), while the pointed arch is often applied(Glykidwn Square at Ioannina (FFiigguurree 1199) and Hüseyin Paþa atNafpaktos). Arches presenting a mixed curvature are also found, acombination of an ogee and ‘shouldered’ arch (flat in the middle with aquarter circle at each side), like in Yeni at Rhodes and Apollonia Hamamat Lake Volvi (FFiigguurree 1177). Lintels can sometimes be with gradual heights,such as in Çarþý at Mytilene (FFiigguurree 2255); Þeyh Ýlâhi, Giannitsa, (in theentrances of the two halvets); Apollonia at Lake Volvi (entrance to thesoðukluk) (FFiigguurree 1122); B’ Bath in Stageira (from which only the twoportals remain, since a new construction has been added to its remains).

TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT

a. Hypocaust:

The furnace (külhan) was built against one wall of the hot room and firewas lit under a cauldron built into the furnace, while the whole of itsupper part served as a water reservoir. Smoke from the fire and hot airpassed along a duct and circulated under the floor of the hot and tepidroom, the hypocaust (cehennemlik). It can still be seen in Hüseyin Paþa atNafpaktos; Glykidwn Square at Ioannina; Apollonia at Volvi; B’ bath inthe Methoni castle; B’ bath at Ancient Corinth.

b. Ceramic tiles:

Vertical ceramic pipes (tüteklik), embedded in the walls, warmed thehamam rooms, since smoke and hot air circumnavigated through them.They can be noticed at Bey Hamam (men’s section) Thessaloniki; B’ bathin the Methoni castle; Lalakia at Syros; B’ bath at Ancient Corinth;Hüseyin Paþa at Nafpaktos.

c. Furnace:

The furnace consisted of an upper water reservoir with a waterproofplaster lining and a fireplace below it, that was continually stoked, inorder to maintain the temperature of the cauldron of boiling water (3344).The original furnace of many hamams has now disappeared, but thosewhich have remained give us the necessary information, such asGlykidwn Square Hamam at Ioannina; Old Bath in the Chios castle;Apollonia at Lake Volvi Langadas; B’ bath at Methoni castle; B’ bath atAncient Corinth; Abid Efendi at Athens.

DECORATION

a. Decorative relief motifs:

Plasterwork and stucco elements which decorated the interior of the bathhad to withstand excessive moisture and water vapor condensation, so a2,5-3 cm layer of plaster horasan was applied. Walls are adorned withpalmettes in relief (i.e. floral decoration, anthemia), noticeable today in afew monuments, like in the Pazar (Louloudadika, Kadýnlar, Yahudi) andBey Hamam in Thessaloniki, as also in Hüseyin Paþa at Nafpaktos.

b. Paintings:

Painted decoration is found in Bey Hamam at Thessaloniki (in theoctagonal shaped disrobing hall of the men’s section), Tuzci Hamam ofVeroia, (women’s section), Old Bath (sýcaklýk) and the New Bath in theChios castle.

CCOONNCCLLUUSSIIOONN

This article has presented that, the Ottoman baths and hamams asbuildings now in the Greek territory, were formed with features fromAnatolia: they display elements of cultural mix stemming from the formerplans of Roman and Byzantine baths, reflecting even the historic rituals,which constitute a multi-cultural character. Hamams, on the other hand,can be regarded as a major Islamic building type, for the Moslem concernfor cleanliness and ablution created an entirely new concept that becamean institution.

Scholars such as K. Klinghardt, H. Glück, E. Semavi, M. Kiel have offereda classification according to the layout of the ground floor and especiallythe disposition of the hot section. They have based their conclusions onthe study of baths found in certain areas of the Ottoman Empire, such asÝstanbul, Konya, and Bursa, although none of them proposed acomparative juxtaposition of their conclusions. In Greece, there are small,medium and big sized Ottoman hamams. Some of them are single, whilesome others are double, with separate accommodation for men andwomen. The comparative study of hamams in the Greek territory has ledto a grouping into five typological categories depending on plancharacteristics:

1. In the first group, the hot room is cross-shaped, forming four eyvan andhas four private small cells (halvet) situated in each corner (haçvari dört(44) eyvanlý ve köþe höcreli tip).

2. The second group includes hamams, where the hot part forms aninverted T plan, with three eyvan and two private hot rooms (halvet),situated at the end of the bath against the wall of the water container.


3. In the third group, the sýcaklýk still gives the impression of a two eyvanroom, but the third one between the two halvet has been omitted and therooms have been placed directly against each other. The first rectangularroom is covered by a dome, which rests partly on the transveral walls,partly on the two arches (ortasý kubbeli, enine sýcaklýklý ve çifte halvetlitip).

4. The fourth type, which is quite wide-spread throughout the Greekterritory, is characterized by a square-shaped domed hot room,surrounded by small hot rooms (kare bir sýcaklýk etrafýnda sýralananhalvet höcreli tip). Many buildings are grouped under this typologicalunity.

5. The last group shows a polygonal hot part with niches, a feature thatrefers to the octagonal sýcaklýk, like the ones found in Bursa (yýldýzvarisýcaklýklý tip).

This paper has shown for the first time that hamams constructed inGreece during the Ottoman period vary in size, in quality of construction,in compositional components, as well as in their decorative elements. Theexisting hamams (sixty buildings) are widespread in the Greek territory,while it is very difficult to specify their exact dates of construction.Hamams in the Greek territory do not form original prototypes, sincetheir architectural characteristics match the morphologic and structuralfeatures found in the other hamam buildings throughout the Empire.Ottoman architects based their building activity on a code ofconstructional techniques and rules of proportion and as Greece was aprovince of the Empire, the reasons for this homogeneity are quiteapparent. The ground floor of the hamams was adopted by a certainmodel from the underlined typologic categories: it was traditionalmaterials and regional building techniques (as well as the finance of eachdonator) that decided the eventual structure of the building. Craftsmen,the esnaf, also bore a common vocabulary, which was used for all types ofbuildings.

Although most of the hamams are half-demolished and only two are stillfunctioning, there is a rising interest for the restoration and preservationof these buildings, which recently has led to several restoration projects.

THE OTTOMAN HAMAMS IN GREECE 101


FFiigguurree 2277.. Disposition of light openings athamam domes in the Greek territory (1),(sketches: E. Kanetaki).


FFiigguurree 3300.. Disposition of light openings athamam vaults in the Greek territory (4),(sketches: E. Kanetaki)

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YYUUNNAANNÝÝSSTTAANN’’DDAA VVAARRLLIIÐÐIINNII SSÜÜRRDDÜÜRREENN OOSSMMAANNLLII HHAAMMAAMMLLAARRII

Osmanlýlar, egemenliklerinin niþanesi olarak Balkan þehirlerine kültürelizlerini býraktýlar. Her ne kadar Anadolu’dan kendi kültürel özelliklerinigetirmiþ olsalar da, fethettikleri topraklardaki birçok þeyi özümseyip, çokkültürlü bir nitelik geliþtirdiler. Bu dikkat çekici mimarî ‘Osmanlý’ tabiri,hamamlar gibi, bu kültürel karýþým dahilinde þekillenmiþ birçok yapýtipini içerir. Osmanlýlar, hamamýn temel islamî bir yapý tipi olduðunudikkate alarak, müslümanlar için temizlenme ve arýnma açýsýndan birmüessese halini alacak yepyeni bir anlayýþ yarattýlar. Kendi eski yapýtiplerinden yola çýkmakla birlikte, Roma ve Bizans hamam geleneðini desürdürdüler.

Klinghardt, Glück, Eyice, Kiel gibi araþtýrmacýlar, zemin kat planýna,özellikle de sýcaklýk düzenine göre bir tasnife gittiler. Vardýklarý sonuçlarýOsmanlý Ýmparatorluðu’nun Ýstanbul, Bursa, Konya gibi bazý þehirlerindebulunan hamamlara dayandýrsalar da, hiçbiri bunlarý karþýlaþtýrmayýdenememiþtir.

Osmanlý egemenliði boyunca Yunanistan’da inþa edilen Osmanlýhamamlarý, farklý bölgelerde dekoratif unsurlar açýsýndan olduðu kadarölçüler ve inþa kalitesi açýsýndan da deðiþiklikler gösterdi. Yunantopraklarýndaki kimi hamamlarýn inþa tarihlerini belirlemek mümkünolmadýðý gibi, bu konuda fakir olan Yunan bibliyografyasýnda bir tasnifede henüz teþebbüs edilmemiþtir. Yenice-i Vardar’daki Gazi Evrenos,Dimetoka’daki Oruç Paþa gibi 1300’lerin son on yýlýnda yapýlmýþ olanlarvarsa da, çoðu, Osmanlý arþivlerine dayanan verilere göre 15, 16 ve 17.yüzyýllarda inþa edilmiþlerdir.

Hamamlarýn çoðu kýsmen tahrip olmuþ ve çürümüþ durumdadýr. Ancakbir kýsmý, son zamanlardaki bazý restorasyon projeleriyle artan bir ilgiyemazhar olurken, iki tanesi de halen iþlevini sürdürmektedir.

Hamam ritüelinin uygulamalarýnýn katý bir þekilde zorunlu kýldýðý tipikoda düzeni (soyunmalýk, ýlýklýk, sýcaklýk) pratik olarak, taþra dahil heryerde bir evrim geçirmeksizin varlýðýný sürdürmüþtür.

Yunanistan’da ufak, orta ve büyük ölçekli Osmanlý hamamlarý bulunuyor.Bazýlarý tekli iken, bazýlarý erkek ve kadýn yerleri ayrý olan çiftehamamlardýr.

Yunanistan’da hamamlar üzerine yapýlacak karþýlaþtýrmalý bir araþtýrma,beþli bir tasnif sonucunu verecektir:

Plan A’da görüleceði üzere, Selanik’teki Bey Hamamý’nýn erkekler kýsmý,Nafpaktos’taki Hüseyin Paþa, Ýstanköy’deki ‘Bar’ Hamam, HalidonCaddesi’nde bulunan Hanya Hamamý, Yanya Hamamý gibi her köþededört eyvan ve dört küçük halvet bulunan haçvarî sýcaklýklý birinci grup,(haçvari dört eyvanlý ve köþe hücreli tip);

Plan B’de görüleceði üzere, Yenice-i Vardar’daki Þeyh Ýlahi Hamamý,Methoni Kalesi Hamamý, Hanya’da Zambeliu ve Douka caddelerininköþesindeki hamam ve Rodos’taki Yeni Hamam’ýn ilk dönemindeuygulandýðý gibi, ters T planlý; binanýn sonunda ve su deposu duvarýnýnkarþýsýnda üç eyvan ve iki halvetli þeklinde sýcaklýklý ikinci grup;

Selanik’te bulunan Paþa, Pazar (Yahudi veya Kadýnlar Hamamý), BeyHamamý’nýn kadýnlar kýsmý, Serez’de E. Papa Caddesi’ndeki hamam,Midilli’deki Çarþý Hamamý ve Sakýz Kalesi’ndeki Eski ve Yenihamamlarda bulunduðu üzere, dýþarýda býrakýlmýþ üçüncü eyvaný


AAllýýnnddýý:: 04. 01. 2004

AAnnaahhttaarr ssöözzccüükklleerr: Hamam, OsmanlýHamamlarý, Yunanistan.

karþýlýklý yerleþtirilmiþ iki halvetin arasýnda olduðu halde iki eyvanlýizlenimi veren dikdörtgen planlý giriþ mekaný kýsmen iki kemere kýsmende enine duvarlara yaslanmýþ ve kubbeli olan, sýcaklýklý üçüncü grup,(orta kubbeli, enine sýcaklýklý ve çifte halvetli tip);

Kýlkýþ, Karaferye’deki Tuzcu Hamam, Týrnova, Yeniþehir (Larissa),Anabolu (Nafplio), Methoni Kalesi, Monemvasia, Ýraklias ve Karavangelicaddelerinde bulunan Midilli, eski tuz deposu olan Ýstanköy,Retimno’daki iki hamam, Dimetoka’daki Oruç Paþa (Fýsýltý) ve Yenice-iVardar’daki Gazi Evrenos hamamlarý gibi, Yunanistan’da çok yaygýn,küçük halvetlerle çevrelenmiþ, merkezi kubbeli, kare planlý sýcaklýklýdördüncü grup, (kare bir sýcaklýk etrafýnda sýralanan halvet hücreli tip);

Plan E’de görüleceði üzere, Dimetoka’daki Feridun Ahmet Hamamý’nda,Volvi Gölü’ndeki Apollonia Hamamý’nda ve Midilli’deki Mithimna(Molivos) Hamamý’nda uygulanmýþ, aslen Bursa’daki sekizgen planlý Eskive Yeni kaplýcalarýn özelliðine gönderme yapan niþli, çokgen planlýsýcaklýklý beþinci grup, (yýldýzvarî sýcaklýklý tip).

Bir genelleme yapacak olursak, biz de, yukarýda anýlan araþtýrmacýlarcaönerilmiþ olan tipolojilere ulaþýyoruz. Yunanistan’daki hamamlar,imparatorluðun diðer taraflarýnda bulunanlarýn üslup, mimarî veyayapýsal özelliklerinden farklý olmayýp, orijinal modeller olarakþekillenmemiþlerdir. Osmanlý mimarlarý, orantýlama kurallarýný ve biryapýsal teknik kodunu temel almýþlardýr. Yunanistan’ýn imparatorluðunbir eyaleti olduðu gerçeðini unutmazsak, türdeþliðin nedenini ve yapý inþaetme süreci açýsýndan neden Anadolu’dan ayrý olmadýðýný anlayabiliriz.Bunun yanýnda, yapýlarýn zemin katý muayyen bir modeleuydurulmuþtur. Binanýn karar verilen nihai yapýsý, mimarýn basitplanýndan çok, geleneksel malzemelere ve yöresel bina tekniklerine(baðýþlayanýn malî yardýmýna olduðu gibi) dayanýr. Ustalar, yapýlarýnbütün tiplerinde kullanýlmýþ bir bütünsellik uygulamýþlardýr.


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