THE ADVOCATE OF INDUSTRY, AND JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC. MECHANICAL AND OTHER IMPROVEMENTS.

VOL. XIV. NEW YORK, NOVEMBER 6, 1858. NO. 9. -

THE WINANS STEAMER IN COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION AT BALTIMORE. Two weeks ago, we noticed the novel

I being 16 feet broad and 180 feet long. This

steamship in course of construction by Messrs. whole .length .is made av,,:Unble to secur"

Winans of Baltimore Md. We now O"ive a water-hnes, whIch are matenilly more favor-' . ; 't t k f '

b I able to fast speed, and also to diminished re-VIew � 1. a en r�m a photogr

.aph, and also I sistance to mo"ing power at all speeds, than

a longltudmal sectlOn, from WhICh our read- the water-lines of any of the sea-going ers will be able to gain a proper idea of the I steamers now built, the best of whicb, looking vessel. In their own words the explanation to spetd a,,!d eas� of mov�ment, have a length of its merits are � II . ...:.. ?,f only .elght tImes theIr bre�dth of beam.

as 0 ows. I he portIOn of our vessel not Immersed has

,,-It has been with a view to obtainhlO" the same lines as that immersed, so that it great�r safety, dispatch, nniformity and cer"­tainty of action, as well as economy of trans­portation by sea (taking shipwrecks and other casualties and risks into consideration) that we have devised and combined the ele: ments exhibited in the vessel in question.

" Experience has shown that steam power on board sea.-going vessels, when used in aid of !!a�ls, insnres, �o a great extent, dispatch, c.ertamty o.r actIOn, and nniformity in the tIme of theIr voyages. Now, we believe that, by discarding sails entirely, and all their ne­cessary appendages, and bnildinO" the vessel of iron, having reference to the �se of steam alone, the most desirable ends may be even still more fully obtained.

" The vessel we are now constructing has reference to these objects, and is for the pur� pose of experiment, to enable us to test the accuracy and practical value of our peculiar \ views. It has no keel, no cut-water no blunt bow standing up above the water-line to re­ceive blows from the heaving sea, no flat deck I to hold, or bulwark to retain, the water that a rough sea may cast upon the vessel; neither m�sts, spars, nor rigging, The absence of salli not only renders the parts thus abandon­ed by us useless, but their abandonment in a vessel such as ours will, we believe most ma­t�ri�l�y promot� safety, easy mo�ement, or dl?,l111shed stram of vessels in l'Ough weather, �lll s�,:e deaa or non-paying weight, insure sl�ph�lty and economy of construction, and "':ill. g1V� greater speed in smooth water, less d�m�n?-tlOn of �peed in rough water, as well as dlmlllls�ed reslstanoe to moving power at all speeds, III all water, and resnlt in shortening the average time of making sea voyages.

"The length of the vessel we are building is more than eleven times its breadth of beam,

ml111mum hold of the water will be much greater in. proportion to tunnage of vessels than the maximum hold of the propelling wheel or wheels in ordina.ry steamers, thus en­abling the full steam power to be applied, with it maximum effect, at all times, and uni­formly, thus making available those proper­ties of the hull of the vessel which p.llow it to be propelled at half speed in the roughest sea.

" The engines are high pressure, and have a _cut-off that is variable from one-sixth to fUll stroke. They are four in number, and, com­bined, will exert three-fold more power in pro­portion to displacement of water than those of the most powerful steam-packets now built.

will pass easily through the heaviest Bea; while, from its form aud coustruction, no water can be shipped that will �sibly aug­ment the load, or endanger the sarety Qf the vessel, which may, we believe, be propelled at its highest speed in rough weather with an impunity which is far from being attainable with vessels, as now built, to be propelled wholly or in part by sails. It is believed, also, that the plan and position of the pro­pelling wheel in this vessel is such that its

"The boilers are similar to locomotive boil­ers in plan and construction. and can con­sume about 30 tons of eoal in 24 hours.

"The above peculiariti'ls of construction, it is believed, will enable the- present vessel, even notwithstanding the decided disadvantage she will labor under from her small size, to make better speed in smooth water than usual. It is believed, however, that the great­est advantages will be those exhibited in heavy weather, enabling her to exceed the average speed heretofore made npon the ocean.

"Again, the vessel being built entirely of iron, she will be free from all danger from fire and, from the number of hel' distinct and water-tight compartments, she will be com-.

paratively free from dang.,r of sinking in case of collision or other misha 1', as any one or even several of the compartments might be filled with water witheut seriously endauger­ing her safety. And further, the form of the vessel, while it makes her stronger than usual, is suoh as to afford the least possible hold for the wind and waves : so that the danger of in­jury from heavy seas or storms is small. For these reasons, it is believed that the vessel will be an unusually safe one.

"The fact that every portion of the hull or outer shell of the vessel is arched in all direc­tions and the entire material is in the best position and fonn to resist the various strains that it can be Subjected to at sea, gives it an important advantage in point of strength, safety, ana buoyancy over any other sea-go­ing vessel

"The form and construction is remarkably plain anq simple, resulting in great economy of material and workmanship, and facility of �onstruotion. The less the weight of mate­rial the greater, of course, the cap&eity for carrying 'paying fr'eight, and the less will be the resistance to moving power in proportion to such freight. With 200 tuns of coal on board, the present vessel will displace about 350 tuns of water, and will accomodate about 20 first-class passengers and the United Stales mail, with room to spare for small valuable packages, specie, &c.

" We believe that shorter average ocean passages than have yet been obtained are de­sirable, and may be had by vessels construct­ed on our plan; and if they are confined to carrying passengers, the mail, specie, and such other freight as can well afford to pay a high rate, in consideration of extra dispatch and safety, we believe that they will pay bet­ter and be more useful than the vessels now used for these purposes."

Thus far we have given Messrs. Winans' own remarks; Figs. 2 and 3 we will describe in our 0 wn sty Ie. Fig. 2 is a vertical longi­tudinal section of the ship, and Fig. 3 a view of the propellers which are arranged between the two halves of the ship, and are protected

by a sieeve or guard, I, from being damaged

© 1858 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

by floating timber, drift, or the piars at which it may be lying.

A is the ventilator; B the look-out; C the ribs, connecting I with the sections or com­partments '; D D are the blades of the pro­peller; E the main shaft to which is secured K, t'le propeller drum ; F F are the smoke stacks; G G the boilerii; H H the frames; L the rudder; and M: the pilothouse. Such are the construction and principle. to be demon­strated in this steamboat, which is without sails, so that it' any accident occurs. to the machinery, it must lie a helpless log upon the waves. However strongly its parts may be secured together, its shape is an unstable one, as any one can see for themselves by observ­ing the motion of a barrel on Waves or any rough water .

Thcocy and practice have demonstrated that the " wave line" system is the true one on which to construct vessels that are to cleave the waters with safe rapidity, but this boat does not admit of these lines. Again, the long and narrow ships have been found to roll almost too much as it is, ; whl\t then may be expected from a ship much narrower in proportion than any ship now built alld which is so shaped as to sail equally well in any position ? Iron ships are now construct­ed, and the use of this material, and the con­strnction of ships in compartments, on which Messrs. 'Winans lay so much stress, is, as per­haps our readers are aware, not novel. On the whole, looking at past experience in ship­building, we have no hesitation in saying that the cigar bnild will prove no success, and that the experimental one will most likely be the laBt. Messrs. Winans have patented the no­velties of the ship, as will be found by looking to the List of ClaIms in another column.

., •.. Brotller JOnatllan at some of his'Tricks.

The London News of the 16th contains a letter from St. Petersburg which makes the following remarkable disclosure :-

The rA.nlt of the calculations lately made by the well-known astronomer, Profeslior Struve, of the University of D�rpat, relative to the trne geographical positions of St. Peters-. bm'g and Moscow, and the distance between tho two capitals of the empire is, that the ac­tual length of the railroad is by astronomical observa�ion, no less than 88� versts (about 60 miles) shorter than its nominal length of 607 versts, or, in other words, that the gov­ernment on whose account the railroad was constructed, has had to pay about one seventh of the value, or twelve millions of roubles more than it ought to have paid . As the rolling stock of the St. Petersburg and Mos­cow Railway is furnished by an American oompany, who are p aid for the same at so much per verst, it follows that in this quar­ter the government have been paying also a most fearful overcharge. The poles erected along the line to denotc the distances have been systematically fixed in the wrong places 80 as to mislead both the government and the public.

The Emperor was in the most violellt state of excitement On learning the above, and gave immediate orders for the strictest inves­tigation into the facts of the Case to be made, with a view to inflict the most summary pun­ishment on the parties incul�ted in this nefa­rious transaction; but as so many persons of the highest rank and importace anre compro­mised in the affair, it is not likely that the in­vestigation will be continued, but on the con­trary the matter will be hushed up to prevent the public scandal of the real delinquents be­ing exposed and made to suffer the penalty they so richly deserve, for the share they have taken in this atrocious fraud.

[Mr. Thomas Winans has, in a communica­tion to the Baltimore Sun, denied in the most indignant terms the truth of the foregoing atatements. He attributes them to the jeal­ousy of English engineers, and asserts that as the route was surveyed by Russian engineers, even if there wP-re errors committed, Ameri­cans cannot be held respoIuible for this-an incontrovertible argument,

� titntifit �meritan+

Issued from tile United States Patent omce

FOR TilE WEEK ENDING OOTOBER 26, 1858.

[Reported officlally /Dr the SCl,ent'tfic Amer�can.]

* .. * Circulars giving full particulars of the mode of ap-gfh��

gi�fui����;�' �::f�� xro

o����;l�����:�\�h��

gratis by addressing MUNN & CO .• Publishers of the SOlENTIF'1O AMEBIOA.N, New York.

TOOLS FOR MANUFAOTURING WIRE R[DDLES-�an­ford Adams. of Boston. Mass.: I claim the described ����!tfn�i�l������:e���t�t�n�i:li;r

g a!

e:;tfOrl�

nd 5,

WASH[NG MAOHINES-William T. Armstrong. of Sandwich. Ill.: I am aware that rubbers for washing machines have been made with alternate ribs and small smooth inverted curves, therefore I do not claim such rubbers, but only claim a rubber for washing ma� chines, when the inverted curve is ribbed as described in the specification.

I claim in the described washing machine. making 6��ti:V�d

o���b:i����:l��ti�11;

r::

sde�r?be��

an arched

SORunnrNQ MAOHINEs-Samuel �f. Ba.rnett. of New Orleans, La. : I claim the trilateral frame, A, provided with the soap and water boxes, d e, arbor, B, with brush, c, attached, and the movable bars. G. with brushes· and sponges, m n, either or both, or their equivalents attached, the whole being arranged as and the pUl:pose set forth.

[This invention consists in having a trilateral frame provided with a vertical arbor, to which a brush is at­tached, the frame being also provided with adjustable bars, to which small brushes and wipers, or mops, are secured; the frame being mounted on casters provided witll soap awl water reservoirs, so that by this arrange­ment the operation of scrubbbing can be performed quickly with very little labor.]

GRAIN-D[SClIABGING ATTACHMENT TO HARVESTING MACHINES-J. P. Black. of Lancaster, Ill.: I do not claim the employment or use of the endless apron, P.

Nor do I cla.im an il:ltermitting rotary discharging device in connection with said apron, for they or their equivalents have been previously used for the purpose specified.

But I claim operating the gavel discharger, that is to :leel�c:�h���:h

a��

s, �'edlu��t�' tt'ef;h�el�iI��

i;;�i�

ded with the slot, a, and tooth, e, and the pinion, r, provided with a quadrilateral plate. 11. as and for the purposes shown and described.

[Tllis is an improvement in that class of rakers, or ra.ther, grain-discha.rging attachments, for reapers, in which an elildless apron is used for carrying the cut grain from the platform. The object of the iuvention is to obviate, by a very simple means, a difficulty hither­to attending the simplest form of tho above class of discharging devices, to wit, the irregular discharge of the gave19 due to the casual movement of the intermit­tingly moving parts.]

CAR SEATS-A. C. Blondyn. of St. J osepb. Mo.: I claim the combination and arrangement of the swmg-��fi:��D�S:�f��tiI�d��fle��dH��I��� C�l�;

rG,

s�: il;��

equivalent, for operating said mattress, and the sectors, N, to which the seat bottoms! M, are secured, by which a sea� facing either enti of the car, or a reclIning or or sleeping couch, capable of accommodating the two occupants of the seat, can be obtained, the whole being constructed an{l operating Bubstantially as described.

[Thi! Beat is .placed within a swinging frame, its backs being formed of a Sluffed mattress, capable of being partially turned upon a small roller or windlass when the seat i.S used for sitting purposes, or extended to the full length of the frame when employed as a couch. The seats and backs are so combin�d as to form seats with their backs toward either end of the car, or comfortable couches overlapping each other.]

CHullNs-James H. Bump! of MorriS, N. Y.: 1<1;0 not claim, broa1jly, the invention of a hollow dasher rod for the ad uiasion of air to the cream.

I do not claim forcing air into cream, or supplying cream, while subjected to the operation of churning, with oxygen, for this has been previollsly done.

But I claim the arrangement and combination with the churn of a chamber, (J, through which the air that mingles with the cream is: made to circulate, substan­tially as and for the purposes sllown and described.

[A current of air of a proper temperature is forced through the cream. "hile the latter is being subjected to the process of churning, in order that a full supply of oxygen may be obtained. and all the butter the crsam contains may be separated in the best possible condition. The invention is in the peculiar means em­ployed to attain this end.]

EXTENSION SPLINTs-William Bunce, of Sullivan, Ohio: I do not claim any of the described devices, se

J;�taie�fa�

ntsG�

e:�!bination and arrangement of the

,ide pieces, B D E, forming with the band, c c' g g', and set screws, an adjustable spUnt, the foot piece, A. with its joint, b, and set screw, the flexing braces, F, ��rl��!���d� i1�

r��

, ;�:is�f2

d�4,

salr c��tic::g'a�J ��

ranged as d�scribed. so as to form an extension splint operating in the manner substantially as set forth, for the purposes specified.

STE.&..M PUMPING ENG[NE-Ezra Cope, of Cincinnati, Ohio: I am aware that steam and water passages have been employed in the trunnion for engin.e and pump, as shown in Sprenkle & Basstord's patent, of December 22. 1857; also that guide rods have been employed to connect the piston rods of stationary cylinders, and by myself and J. W. Bragg, as shown in patent of March 23. 1858. I do not claim these singly.

I claim the arrangement of steam and water pas­sages, both in one trunnion, and guide rods to ·comptete an independent pu:oc.ping engine.

I further claim arranging the escape steam passage� to separate the steam supply and water passages, to pre­vent condensation of the supply steam, all substantial. lro��

and for the purposes set forth in the specifica-

W ASBING MAoHINE-Theodore G. Ei ..... ald. of Provi­dence. U. I. : I claim the washing of clothes by means of the arrangement, construction and combination of the two cylinders A B, revolving in different direc­tions. snbstantidily as and for the purposes shown and deSCribed.

CIDER MILLs-John Eiberweiser, of Cincinnati, Ohio: I claim the particular construction and arrange­ment of two cylinders, constructed in such a manner as described.

BRICK MAOHINES-Thomas Forbes, of Kansas City. Mo. : I claim the arrangement and combination of the variable rods, H, with the sockets, hi pinion�t g g'. and spur wheil, I, as and for the purposes shown and dew scribed.

[A peculiar pressing device and 1'.1. reciprocating dis· charging bar, arranged relatively with a mud mill, arc employed in this invention, together with an adjusta­ble bed piece. rrhe m:wliinc is more especially designed for the application of horse or other power, and with a view to facilitate the manipulation. to wit, the ready adjustment of the empty molds into the machine, and the discharge of the filled molds therefrom, and also graduating tho pressure to which the clay is subjected as circumstances may require.]

GRAIN SEPARATORs-Aaron Foster. of Quincy. Ill.: I claim the alTangement of the annular recePtacles, m and n, in combination with the .trumpet-shap�d cone, 0, and also the employment of the interior of said cone 0, as an additional receptacle together, for the purpose of assorting the mixed grains, after separation from the wheat, according to their respective qualities, substan­tially as described.

BEDSTEAD BOTTOM-Samuel E. Hartwell. of New York City: I claim the adjustable rack. f. carrying the �i::�:

ce�o��bs�antia�l;

o�sn��d

dfo�O th�

e p�!��OS�S

blv:�i:

fied. SELF-MOUSING HooK-John R. Henshaw. of Middle­

town, Conn.: I am aware that catches and devices similar to the hook described, have been used in the way of jewelry, for chain catches and watch hooks, but so far as I am aware, such devices in which springs are employed have had the springs exposed and would not answer the purpose designed, for the invention de� scribed. sn�g����l�i��b'a;

h�tr!�h�'d

tht� e;nl���k���!s��gt��g

f:r

the arrangement of the sDring, for the purpose of pro-tecting it. -

I claim as an improved article of manufactnre, a self­mousing hook, having a socket, e, and ear{f, and a horizontall:!pring, k, the whole made as shown and de­scribed.

[This invention cOlleista in attaching to a hook a snap or spring, so arranged that it will yield or give, to allow the hook to be passed through the thimble, or other article to which it is to be connected, the snap or spring bar being thrown back to its original position when the hook has passed through the article, by a spring, which is fully protected from injury or casual displacement by the article through which the hook passes, and which is retained upon the hook by the snap or spring bar. This device is specially designed for naval or maritime purposes.]

RA.ILROAD SWITOHEs-Simeon Heywood, of Clare­mont, N. H.: I am aware that movable frogs have been used, and are now in general use! especially in city roads, but so far as I am aware, they have in all cases been used separately or detached, performing the office of a switch rather than that of the original sta­tionary plate, which was known by the term of frog. I therefore do not claim, separately, any of the parts shown.

But I claim the arrangement and construction of the bent or curv�d bars , F G, having racks, H, attached, and operated by a pinion, J, a.s and for the purpo.scs shown and described.

[In connection with the ordinary. switch rails this inventor uses a movable. frog, so a.rranged that the switch and frog will be operated simultaneously by the movement of a single lever or shaft, and the frog, as well as the switch, moved in line with the rails over which the train is to pass. By this improvement a con­tinuous track is formed, thereby obviatmg the objec­tions to the usual stationary frog, to wit, the danger of the cars being thrown from the track, and the wear and tear of the switches, as well as the wheels and run­ning gear generally of the cars, in passing over switches.]

Ph'"N FOUNTAINs-Josee Johnson, of New York City: I claim the application to 'the ordinary pen of a spiral spring fountain. A, when constructed with an adjust­able band, B, In the manner described and for the pur­poses set forth.

MAOIlINES FOR MAKING CANDLES-J oIln Jones, of Baltimcre, Md.: I do not claim the supplying of the wick as described,- nor the cutting of the candle by bringing two knife-edges together.

But I claim the feeding and packing roller, A, with blades moving alternately ill and out by the calll, G, as shown, or by an eccentric or any other deVice, for the purpose 01 teeding· and working tallow, wax, or other plastic material. .

I also claim the combination of one or more feeding and p�i.cking rollers, A, with the various molds for the different purposes to which it is applicable.

I alBo claim the entire comiJination of the machinery for the purpose of cutting a.nd removing the candles, as described.

CHEESE PREss-Hartwell Kendall, of East Dorset. Vt. : I do not claim applying the power either directly to the eccentric, or through the same, by means of the additional gearing. fr���,\�l�H R;

lb�nk���l�f

et1e

t������

t�1:�

il�

iO�

and the pawls, lever, and crank, connected therewith, �h���

i;h:l\

u���

le�gh S�n�

h�o��

e :�:i!c��:�i�,

r�\

cfti�

same time serving as an anti-iriction roller, whereby simplicity, lightness, Rnd compactness of construction, and greater efficiency of action are securedt as speci­fied.

CHIMNEY CAPs-Bernhard Kihlholz. of St. LouiE, Mo.: I claim the described chimney smoke regulator, consisting of the pipe, F, deflector. E, and cap, D, en­closed in cylinder. C, atta.ched to cover, A. the whole constructed and arranged substantially 8.S and for� the purpose set forth.

DIN[NG AND OTHER TABLES-Alexander Kinkead, of Washington county, Ohio: I claim the combination and arrangement of the adjustable drawer�like or chambered rotating tablet. L L2. wil>h the hinged up­wardly folding disk, J J K K, when constructed as shown, and used with a dining 01' other table, for the purposes substantially in the manner as set forth and described.

GASOMETERs-George W. Kraft. of Philadelphia. Pa.: I do not claim the ordinary square cup represented by the outer section, Fig. 2.

But I claim the construction and application of the V -shaped cup or lute, whether as shown by the inner 3��

t!d

niJ;

gi �l��!'h��he��i�e

aa�����is��j

i��e�!�:

��du�rri�r��b�la�tl�h;n[he�:�e�e:�t:valent thereto,

FLAT lEON-David LithgoW'. of Philadelpbia, Pa.: I claim the combination of the two jet pipes, E E, and the heating plate. F, in the manner substantially as described.

SPOKE MACHINE--Luke L. Knight and D. H. Rice. of Barre, Mass.: We are aware that expanding cutter heads have been previously used and arranged and op­erated in various ways, and we therefore do not claim, separately, tIe expanding cutter heads, 0 O.

But we claim the employment or use of two car­riages, L' L', in combi:Q.ation with expanding cutter heads, 0 0, or any proper cutting tool, arranged to op­erate substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

We also claim the circular saw. U. in comhination with the expanding cutter heads, 0 O. when the parts are cOJlnected E'O as to operate conjointly, 8S shown, to wit, a8 regards their lateral and rotat,ing movemeEts, and used in connection with the carriages, L' L', for the purpose specified.

We further claim the loaded arms, e, attached to the swivels, d, the arms being forked at their outer ends and used in connection with the curved bars, j, the whole being arranged substantially as and for the pur­pose set forth.

[In this invention two carriages are employed in con­nection with a proper cutting tool or tool!!, so arranged and operated that, when the machine is in full op­eration, two spokes are in course of construction at the same time, and the desired work is produced in a rapid and perfect manner, and a simple machine obtained.]

BRICK lIACHINEs-John Kutt,. of Philadelphia. Pa. : I claim the main cylinder. F, when constructed and ar­ranged in the manner and for the purpose specified, that is to say! with the stationary hollow axis with the beams or truss, J, throttgh the same the eccentric col� ��ci ��fs\���\a':es��� �t

ses�

n����ial

jo��.�t:\�i��

e���

structed, arranged, and operated as and for the purposes Bet forth.

I also claim the arrangement of the double chamber or box beam. W, over the cylinder, F. as described, in combination with the back horizontal pistons, b, and cut-off slide, e, propelling bars, m and n, and levers, i and k, all arranged for joint operation in the manner a.nd for the purpose set forth.

I also claim the compound or double levers, A and B, in the box, H', over the press beam, X, when these are constructed and arranged in connection with the gear­ing or fly wheel, J, substantially in the manner and for the purpose set forth.

I also claim the double rimmed elevating and filling boxes, T, D2, Nos. 9, 10, and ll, when constructed as and for the purpose speoified:

I also claim the pulverizers, A2 3, when constructed, arranged, and operated in the manner and for the pur­pose specified.

I also claim the fly or wing wheel for lowering the brick from one belt to another belt at right angles �i��tf�il;��d���rit"e

uJ.ted, arranged and operated Bub-

BmDLES TO PREVlL�T HORSES FROM KICKING OR RUNNING AWAy-John M. La.nier, of Eufaula, Ala. : I do not claim the employment of two bits operating up-on

N�eJ:i �far�

e :;�::ting one bit by means of two

sets of reins. But I claim the employment of two bits, !!!O arranged

with two sets of reins that one bit will operate upon the lower jaw. while the other operates upon the roof of the mouth and upper jaw, the sa.me being combined and operated in the manner and for the purpose ipeci­fied.

LAMP WICKs-James Y. Leslie. of Brooklyn. N. Y. : I claim as a new article of manufacture a lamp wick composed of a single ;varn when double looped as shown and described.

(This improved lamp wick Is made by enchaining a seriei of loop� in a single yam by a peculiar procesl!! of looping. slY that a very perfect wick is obtained.]

PADDLE WHEEL-Richard B. Locke , of Stapleton, N. Y.: I do not claim the' use of buckets havin" the form of parallelograms, arranged with their angle!!! directed toward and from the axis of the wheel

Nor 00 I claim the making of bucket. of zig-zag form.

But I claim connecting the plates, Dt to each other, or to staying rings at their adjacent a.ngles, d d, sub­stantially as shown and described, for the purposes eet forth.

[There have been many unsuccessful attempts to im� prove the paddle wheel, each in its turn discovering that some important consideration had been omitted. This inventor, who has seen much of naval matters, has produced a wheel in which everything that can benefit has been taken hold of, and all the unnecessary appurtenances thrown away \Vhile giving more hold on the water, whichever be the direction of rotation, no more friction is introduced, and there js no lift wa. tel'. foam, or disturbance in its passage through the sea or river. Although constructed Ok the most scientific principles it is simple iu the extreme: The buckets are tormed like three�fourths of a W, and are cut diamond­shape. From experiments that have been made, its power has been fOllnd to exceed that of the ordinary wheel by a large percentage.]

HYDRO-CARBON VAIJOR BURNERs-Alonzo M Ma.ce. of Springfield, Mass.: I do not claim any particular form of a. chamber connected with the crown of a va. poriziog tube.

But I claim the use of a heating chamber, A, con .. nected with vaporizing tubes at the crown or upper part and over the llame, the same being constructed sub. stantially in the manner and for the purpose set forth.

COTTON PRESSEs-Cornelius Martratt, of \Vaterford, N. Y.: I do not claim the lever 01' the follower with movable fulcra to be new, as they have been used in other presses.

Nor do I claim the racks or pinions, as they are also used for various purposes.

But I claim the application of the racks connected to the frame. in combination with the pinions and side shafts revolving freely, and connected to the sides of said follower, for the purpose of distributing the pres­sure equally over the surface of follower as it Ii raised, and. obviating the tipping and end-strain, and dimin­ishing the friction, substantially as Bet i"orth.

TRANSIT INSTRUMENT-Robert C. Matthewson. of San :Francisco, Cal. : I claim the manner in which the instrument is constructed, so as to a.scertain the longi­tude, and run a true parallel of latitude by fore and back sights.

ORNAM&'''ITI1iG GLA8s-Jasper S. Miles, of Ann Arhor, Mich. : I do not claim the mere ornamentation of glass by the application on one side of it of coloring matters, to produce a variegated appearance, as I am aware that tortoise shell and other substances have been imitated in this way.

I am not, however, aware of the existence of any method of ornamenting glass which produces the su,me variegation and tree coral-like distribution of color as there is in my coral glass, which I regard as a ne \V" manufacture.

-I claim the said manufacture produced by the combi­

nation of two plates of glass with coloring matters by a process like that specified.

['£he colors, which may be zinc wbite, vermiUion, Paris green, ultramarine blue, or others! nre ground very fine, and mixed with boiled linseed oil and Damar varnish. '£hese are then laid on two pieces uf glass with a dubber or brush, and one piece of glass placed on the other, with their painted surfaces in contact. They are then worked upon one another.sll(5htly with the hand, separated, arid left to dry; they are again placed

�@�=========================================��

© 1858 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

in contact, and secured together. and when .een with the light shining on them, have a highly ornamental appearance. When viewed placed hetween the observer Bnd the light, the coralline or foliated appearance Is distinctly visible. J

REFIlIGBBATOR-Jas. Naughten, of Cincinnati, Ohio : I claim the combination of the VIll.VfB, H I, and rods, M K, arranged and operating sub.tantlally a. and for the purposes .et forth.

DEVIOE FOR ELEVATING WATER BY TBE COMBUSTION 01' A VOLATILIZABLiI HYDRO-CARDON-Robert Nelson. of New York City : I am aware that a vacuum has been produced in receivers by the explosion of inflammable compounds. Gunpowder has been used, and also in· lIammable gases compounded with atmoopherlc air. Many explosive engines have been devised in which it has lieen eBBayed to obtain �wer both directly and in­directly by tne explosion either of inllammable solid. and fluids, or thin vapor or gases.

But I am not awa.re that a water-elevating device has ever been devised in which hydro-carbon fluid has been :g����

i�lge:r,�;��h:a:�:p�!�

lgl���lu!r:g8rhe

er:����

ite vacuum within & receiver. I therefore do not claim., broadly, producing a vacuum

within a receiver, by expelling the air through the agency of an explosive substance or compGund. But I claim elevating water by producing a vacuum

with a proper receiver, A, by means of any hydro-car-��g����� ���t·�h�PKM�d:ftt ��":af:�II�!�

hi���;!� or desired qu .. ntitles, and exploded by one and the

same source of heat. I further cl .. im the particular (means employed for

volatilizing and exploding the h}'dro·carbon lIui�

to ():

t�����t��h::t't���

I���. �:

tM�":�i;,r:iJ:'.:'tube,

vl:

being provided with a cock, L, which, as well as the

:�����3i!iI�P:!·�t��Wa��ed:gJ�d:nt of & slide, g, [Water Is �Iev .. ted by this invention by producing a

Vacnum in a suitable receiver by the combustion of the vapor of any volatile hydro·carbon. so applied and used in connection with suitable mechanism that the vapor will be generated .. nd ignited irom the same .ource of heat. The inventor has assigned a portion of hi. patent to J. H. Lidgerwood, No. 9 Gold st. , New York. J

RAILS FOB STREET RAILROADs-Samuel Nicolson, of Boston Ma.. : I do not claim making the railroad car wheel bearing surface of the rail witil a lIat or slightly curved top, hA.viag its corners rounded down to quad­rantal arcs, such being the common way of forming the laid rail. sl���d c�� i���!�� st.:'r�a�

i�r W�l�n!�: ���:!a�g��

with respect to the surface of the street, as shown, and for the purpose as specified. I do not claim a concave curved guard, d e, for the lIange guard.

But I claim as an improvement in the guard, making it a flat plane , arranged as shown at d e. I also claim making the inside comer of the rail an­f�:�:

::���;;;;,r:f�

e to the uJlper surface of the horse

COOKING STOVEs-John Pearson, Jr .• ofNO\vburyport, )la88. : I claim the combination and arrangement of the hollow back, E. of the fireplace, with the oven, B, the fireplace, c, and the lIue, I, whereby tbe heat of the fireplace and -the said flue is made to warm the alt· which passes Into the hollow back, sucb air being sub-se

�';j:�llta1:

cn������i�

oa���

o:�� ��r�����:�t of the

���r: J!'t:g' Jis�o�e::wr�d r���e�[ ��e�h� o�e� � •• ���

tially ... described. I also cloaim the air guard. S, a. arranged on the up­

�r smoke flue, and with respect to the air register and ::e��fi.��� pipe thereof, substantially in manner as

RllLlIOAD CAli COUPLING-Philander Perry, of Troy, �l�e�ti;al�::Ov\�� fi'n��:n!

i��t�ft��"p��[:�t

nt'II,

:��cJltf:�u:t h'tgi�!D�8Pl�t�o��:;:��i��{trU�e :��ic�Y lever, L. and horizontal rod, R, for moving the links

apart horizontally, so as to disconnect the cars, and with the sliding spring boxes, a a, wbich allow the c .. rs �:tlr�o:a��� ���

o��oii;::�

i:u�st��tr�ll; :a

h:� ���

the pnrposes set forth. COPYING Pl!.Ess-Edwin Platt and Jacob B. Platt of

Clarke county, Ga. : We claim the stirrup; F, .. nd its ��'::'::�s����8�

d and operating snbstantially as .et forth

We also claim the frame. A A' A", in combination ro��!�s

l:l�:tt:�y a��n�

d e��r/�::!fi3��0a:de�Jh other • . and then packed to form a portable copying press.

WA8BING MAoIDNE-Joseph F. Pond, of Cleveland, Ohio : I claim the suspension of the rollers. R' R" , up­on the vibrating bars. f f, at the extremities of slide rods, b b, in combination with the .pring, d, and upper ��

es';I:'t;:t�';\li�O� �':!.s��

c:��'p����:":e�,}�r'tE:

rat.

MODD OF OPBBATING PuMps-Daniel J. Rogers. of Magnolia, N. C. : I claim the arrangement of tbe In-�t!i::::��\�:..���I�I<l��er�h:��� ef��::t!'d ��g�t:d rod, G H, and pendulous handle or lever, I, in the re­lation to each other shown. as and for the purpo.es set forth.

[This invention greatly facilitates the operation and leBBen. the labor and fatigue of operating pumps, as the power Is applied with a greater leverage in a small comp .... through the flexible frame. and when the han­dle Is attached to the rOCking shaft of sald framing. than when connected directly to the rocking brake or lower part of the lIexible fr .. me, and ... the gravity alld mo­mentum of the elevated hall can, by ri.lng the flexible frame. be made to ald and augment the force applied, when each reciprocating movement Is near its termin .... tlon.)

MBTHOD OF INSULATING AND SUPPORTING LIGHT­NING Rons-Elkanah C. Rogers, of Boston, Mass. : I claim making the in.ulator cap, c. with the adjustable ��:atei:Jb!r�Eii:il;P�!r!:�l,�d�nd arranged so 88'tO

I al.o claim combininll with the rod or conductor an �l::::�rl:lf;stn <;h:P��':.��� �n"t�;

h:s

i��"J;!���"�

.pecified. c, �;

l:g;

lr!�r;>t��

i�

n! :l:: ��s:�clt�

if:e

i�!�rtJ>g

material an annulus or ripg, L, apl'lied substantially In the manner and for the purpose set forth. TILLER RoPB PIIOTIIOTOR-John Sample, of Mead­

ville. Mise. : I claim placing a double casing of metal. made in sections, so as to reach their. interior, and with r:' �::.": �!:.��Y��:��r:�:ih�:;:,��g� ���",!'c�!e��; of fire, substantially as described.

CONNECTION O.J" STEAM ENGINES WITH PBOPELLKBB OF STEAM VESSELs-ROBS Winans and Thomas Winans, of Baltimore, Md. : We cla.im the combination of two en­gines or sets of engines with an intermediate veIijcal transverse propelling wheel, to tile shaft of whioh the 7.:'rf:

es are directly connected. substantially as set

� tientifit �lneritan+ STF.AM ENGINES-C. A. Schultz, of New York City :

I claim the revolving cam wheel, M, with the openin� ��d��rIb:E.d adjustable cut-off cams, d' d' , constructe

Second, I claim the socket, L, with guide rod., e e. l.\l&CIDNlII FOR MINING COAL-Elisha Simkins, of

All.gheny, P... : I claim, firs\ The arrangement of the double or compound elide! C, and sliding frame, d, when used in connection wlth the stationary frame., a, and operated by the screws t and u . and the nut. St as described and for the purpose set forth.

Second, The arrangement of the cam, r, slide rack, ��t,;�::;ge:��t;

, f'a��i���li:;:, :at!��:l�;a:'���i

:�:f�' :�rb;�k P::a

of�r:�l�J

ov��� }�� �E�:ti��

d tl�!

screws, t u, 8S described and set forth. Third, The anangcment of lever, 10, and the con­

necting rod, j, for the purpose of regulating the angle of the picks, g, as described and as set forth.

Fourth, 'fhe arrangement of the flexible connecting ���k �:e��i�":'����n� !het���:'!;�,..sa d��ritr,:�·.;.!<d ��� the purpose specified.

W ASUING MAOIlINE-II. E. Smith, of Philadelphia. P ... : I do not de,ire to confine my.elf to the use of a coil for superheating the water, as other heating ap-P .. ��lu: �I���llh:sv���i�n� m�1�� ��s

u��iding v .. lved

diaphragm, J. and the perforated diaphragm. I, or it. equivalent, in combination with n. pipe, G, communi� cating with t i le vessel at a point above, and the pipe H , at a point below the said di .. phragms. and both pipes communicating with any suitable heating apparatus, substantially as and for the purpose .et forth.

l\IAOIHNE FOB. DRAWING BOLTS-C. L. Stevenson. of Charlestown, lIas;s. : I claim a machine for drawing �g��h�:i"�����eb,co:hl��nrs "j'�i��"t:� �� t�h'e r��t

i��

pressure applied through the roll. E, or it. equiva­lent.

APPLYING POWER TO CRANKS OF ENGINES-Thomas �;:���'F: �h

;!:t.e!.!:��:t ��e' :r���':' ��

eE1�e�

h:bPj�t

one-fourth of its revolution on each opposite side of an imaginary line passing across the ocnter of said crank's shaft. at right angles with another, Buch line passing }��r��

tt;:e��� �i t��

eyE�e

t,oD, �dit:���i�ie�t�

n��:

structe;?'so as to operate upon the Qrank, sub.tanti .. Uv In the manner and for the purpo.e descnDed.

BEE ·HIvEs-Peter Taltavull, of Washington, D C. : I do not elaim hives nor honey boxes \Vith sloping bot­toms and outlets therefrom Simply.

But I claim the arra.ngement of a simple rectangu­lar containing box, suspended diagonally in combina­tion with honey boxes therein arranged similarly, all having outlets or passages downwards from their ex­treme lower edges, whereby the entire hive is render­ed self-clearing, and a sloping roof, by Ihe same ar­rangement Is produced, .ubstantlally as specified.

MAOHINERY FOR PEABJ.ING, POLISHING AND FINIBII­ING RWE-R. P. W .. lker. of New York City : I do not claim the cylinders with rubbers having reverse mo­tions, 88 the same have been ueed in hulling coffee. &c. Neither do I claim rubbere and sheepskin in rna· ���nC�lr����:!�� t����3:J. rN���r:red�eI�i�fm �o�:r� face of emery, as the same has heretofore been used for a variety of purpo.e., and I have made nse of the .ame in machInery for hulhng rice. e':e�!/a��i�:li,:�h�I���fio��t

n���be� ��

ai�� :i��

tic or equivalent material, ill combina.tion with the holloW' cylindet', f, revolving in the opposite direction to the cylinder. d, for the purpose of pearling and pol­ishing rice or grains in Bubstantially the manner sve­cified . I also claim the.cylinder. f, constructed SUbStantially

as specified, with alternate screens and emery surfaces, to act in connection with the interior revolving cylin­der, d, to remove and pass away the douse and chits, as set forth,

ApPARATUS. FOR GENERATING · GAs-A. B. Wilson, of Waterbury, Conn. : I claim, first, The combination of a still with passages leading therefrom downward to R. pipe, and so combined therewith 8S to protect the still from heat, the two being constructed and acting sub­stantially as specified.

Second, I claim in combinatioD, a gas still, convert­ing ]lassages and a valve, all combined substantially in the maImer and for the purposes set forth

ApPARATUS FOR COOLING WARTs.-John Wilkins. of ;hi�h �cJrr�t!t �t :O�� cl:�ie;n���� i��drle�i:!���� trary to that of the materi .. ls which are to be cooled where the channels containing the hot materials are otherwise arranged than as speCified, nor where they are made to be operated on by 1I0wing through spaces which cannot be opened to be cleaned , nor do I claim any regulating apparatus witilout reference to its appll· cation to the speCified uses.

But I claim, first, The cooling apparatus as describ.qd, with the thin metallic oper .. ting plate placed horizon­tally and fastened so as to be ea.ily removed for the i:!�ts:f�rb�:��ifot:�g��h:he'i;����:afe�l�Co;�t�g .. s and for the purpo.es .et forth.

Second, I claim the distributing and collecting

"t�����: :1\\�l�:d�e:F:�!

i����:tfua:�la't�� waste water Tilu'd, I cl .. im the combination of the said parts,

namely, the oper .. ting plate with it. joists, rib., modes of fastening troughs at each end, and regUlating valve as described, or of parts substantially the same, when they are employed as a cooling apparatus, in the man­ner set forth.

WINDOW STop-Turner William., of Providence, R. �h� �il:��c,

t�a:::�!

bs��:g����n�ly��;,

n:�

s��ntte�:

�?�re�:;!hl;;�i�i���o�:���:h;;Cs����i�il�rf:sc::i forth.

HULLS OF STEAM VESSELs-Ro.s Winans and Thos. �1ft�

Sih�

ff=

i��r:il:'2ie: :�.��"i!U'af:�

r�����fI,��

STEAM VESSELS-Ross WinaD.8 and Thomas Winans, of Baltimore Md. : We claim, first, The combination of a .pindle-shaped hull, formed of two separat

\water-

:��!r�e:�n�':l

t���

y ���ir:1l 0�!����f.JI� .... P�t forth. Second, The sleeve, in combination with the ribs or ·standards, tor connecting the two end portions of the ����\�:�J�:�������:'!?fi��ih;:.o ... :e

�sa�t"e�;:�::'a

leaves the space occupied by the propeller. Third, The combination ot" the two end portions of the spindle·shaped hull, with the tower. and the bridge

���W::�B:lf;�;n;0:a��'e��5foi�eo'u�0��n� i��:�� tgf communication -between them, and also snpplying a suitable me .. ns of ventilation of the two part. of the ilull, substantially a. set forth.

CONSTRUCTION OF OCl!AN STEAMERS-Ros. Winans and Thomas Winans, of Baltimore, Md. : We are a ware that it has been proposed to use an anuular pro­peller revolving around a vessel, but such 8 form, from the great amount of friction produced, 8nd its liability to distortion, owing to its want of strength could not be employed with success, besides our invention is easily distinguished from such a contrivAuce, as this reters ��is���td0fr���t:!';;�I�f���nO�s a continuous ra-

All such arrangements are therefore e.sentially diffe­rent from ours, and we claim the combination of' I'l vertical trslJsverse trunk within the hull of a vessel , with a Bcrew propeller ot' lar

fe diameter whose blades �l:.�l� �oJ:tc}o�l.°nd the ou line of iheJlI1ll s"bstan·

PREPARATION OF ALUMINUM-Luige Ferrari Corbelli, of Florence, Tuscany, and Vincent Paitti, of the Duchy of Modena, assignors to L. Ferrari Corbelli, aforesaid : We are aware that some of the materials which we pro� pose to employ in our improved process have been used in processes for obtaining aluminum : we do not there-!�r:h �:b���C���

eb! �h��a�hi��

e ����rd:;���!O n�� in the described process, and desire to claim iB-

First, The combination of operations set forth, where ..

�at'teers ac�ent�i:�:ditt�s ii�:, ��Ui�i:o�{ri�UO�a:i�h

other matters. Second, We claim the .. pplicatlon of the prussiate of

potash to the clay or e .. rthy matters and the treat­ment of such clay or earthy matters with prussiate of potash in the presence of heat. substantially ao de· scr.ibed.

AIIITnMBTWAL PROOF RUI.E-S. S. Younl<, of Eaton. Ohio : I do not desire to elaim the inventions hereto­fore p .. tented by me, July 24, 1849, for adding numbers, and Sept. 2, 1861, lor calculating interest. a. these differ from the described instrument, both in their construc­tion and in the end. effected.

But I claim the described instrument for proving the result of arithmetical calculat ions, when constructed alld operated substo.ntlaUy in the manner and for the purpo.e set forth.

MANUFACTUIIE OF ALUMINUM AND CALOMEL-Luigi Ferrar.i Corbelli. of }�lorence, Tuscany, and Vincent Paitti, of the Duchy of Modena. aosiguors to LUigi Fer­rari Corbelli, aforesaid : We do not claim, broadly, the :��I�l���

i���vaDic precipitation in the manufac-

But we claim the proce.s described of manufacturing at the same time aluminum and protochloride of mer­cury by means of galvanic precipitation, as set forth .

PATOllING BALLS FOR BREECH·LOADING RlFLES-L. H. Gibbs <.tSsignor. to the Glbb. Arms C" mpany), of Ne .... �.s.e.��:i

.. �ttu��"'!.�I.t�:t [git�Od of patching a rille

.i::;;��sT.�. 1i�n' ':fr����!�t!t.0'b .. �u,nr'c���' t'l:;

employment of the .hlfting yoke, y, and in combination therewith of the spring, s, constrlJcted, arranged and ��:����Fo���tantiallY in the manner and 1'01' the pur-

I also claim the combination of the hook or part, k, having a salient angle, a, constructed and arranged subst .. ntially as above set forth, with the inclined pl .. ne for closinft and opening gates and doors

BUREAU BEDSTIIAD-Francis Hoffman (a .. ignor to him.elf and John Muzeli) . of New York City , I am aware that uureau bedsteads have been previously co� ��li;!����;;i��

t���sr!��\i� ���:�i�h'tn

tM[�1�;

e:!�

rendering it diilicult to place the bed clothes in and remove them from the box. but 130 far as I am aware none have been devised to lold horizontally .. nd occupy Bucb a small space within the box, so that when folded no obstruction will be offered to the space above the bottom and the open .pace by mean. of the lid, e, ren­dered perfectly accessible for the stowing away of the bed or m .. ttres. and all necessa,ry bed clothIng. I do llot claim therefore, broadly, and irrespective of con­struction, a folding bed bottom in connection ,,'ith a box, so that the former, when the device is not in use , may be folded within the latter. and \vhen de.lgned for use withdrawn from it. But I claim as an improved article of manufacture, a bureau bedstead, in which the bed bottom. B, is hinged so as to fold and expand horizontally when opened or closed, a. shown and described.

[This invention relates to an Improvement in that class of folding bedsteads which, when in a Iblded or compact form, are enclosed within boxes constructed to imitate bureaus and similar pieces of furniture, The invention con.ists in constructing the bed bottom in sections, and connecting or jointing the sections to ... gether in such a manner that the bottom m .. y be fold­ed together horizontally within the box, and occupy but a comparatively small portion of the space therein, leaving abundant room to receive the bed 01' mattress nd all necessary bed ·clothing. J COMPOSITIONS FOR RooFING-Ja.ee Johnson (aBBiguot

to J. Ditto & Co) , of New York Cit;.: I claim the use of r;�: l�:k:���::t f?oD����� A�:c:lb:d.

of buildings and WATER MOTOIls-Caleb Rider, of Plymouth , M ..... .

assignor to G. '1'. McLauthlan, of BOston, Mas •. : I claim the union or combination of the following ele� ments or features. viz. :-

First, Making the inlet aperture of the tub, an:! the outlet apertures of the wheel of the .ame aggregate area.

Secon� Forming the buckets of two planes or ���;::h;u[s ,

l�ith

r th�e pTa���f :Oiaii��l:f O[h:�hee��

and 900, \Vith the 1I0at or upper portion of the bucket. Third , Making the tub circular and of sufficient

hight and diameter to allow free action of the water therein, and causing the water to enter from the flume on a tangent thereto, whereby the inlet current is re­lieved from immediate and direct contact against the 1I0ats and buckets of the wheel. and caused to spend ,ts forc. upon the waters already accumulated in the tub and through that upon all the 1I0ats aud buckets of the wheel itself, the whole forming a water motor, arranged and oper"ting substantially ... de.cribed.

SEWING MAOHINBS-A. W. Sangster (as.ignor to V. M. Rice. Joel Thayer, James Sang.ter and Eliza Rem­mington) , of Buffalo, N. Y. : I claim the rombinat!on of the cam or wheel. H, provided with one or more pro­jectioDs on its periphery, with tho adjustable footpiece,

gt�1t�:qr�ri:�1n;f �1�t.�dl�

gt��

e :;:��

hn:�

d d���t and without the use of an intermediste feed pie"", FORMING BATS FOil FELT CLOTH-�f. D. Whipple. of

�����t"l'@a¥:,

sfir�t�

ig���r\�nt;"fth�

l�i�JI!i'�

tr�.;

manner and for the purpose substantially as set forth. previous to forming the bat.

Second, I elaim the combination of the draw roll., 1 :�� �e,;l�� �:o"��h���

i��

eF�r� �h�o��t', C�p���tt,�

ul�

the manner substantially as described for the purpose .pecifie�.

MAOlIINl!IIY FOR FULLING CLOTH IN TBE PIlIOE-M. �i;;�Jf��o�: ������

st�:

nth�

ad:�cri:�n����i!e,Bi

have spoken of four roUs, but I do not confine myseli' to this number, as three or more may be used.

I am aware that continuously revolving rolls have been employed in macbines for felting hat bodies and other single articles, but such rolls would manifestly not answer in machines for felting a continuous piece of cloth. for if the latter were rnn through lengthwise as in some fulling machines an even cloth could not be made, and if the goods were wound upon a beam or �gll: i�'!.<l"n��bJl��db!Ow��'i,rN��t �P�':,c�h�e�\�� else entirely unwound therefrom, and in either case

��:i:I:��� !�;;li��:j.,{,:::��\':i�e�rohs�o not therefore

But I claim fulling or felting Jioth in the piece hy the action of rolle,'S revolved alternately in one direc­tion and the other, when the cloth is wound loosely on a spool. in the manner sub.tantially ... set forth.

MAOHINEIIY FOR COMBING COTTON-M. D. Whipple, of Charlestown, Mass'j; assignor to A. B. Ely, of New-���� ��sp�";"'�:�'floiJ:t�(;!,:�o;i�o��i� �l;':t:t'!;fe� as Bet forth. d���n�h! ����ei�::,���a���tn�.f:�: ��!!,�';:'-card, a' , and nippers, aud the stationary cards, t\ an! b' , operating in the manner .ubstantlally as de.cnbed.

BE-IBSUEB. VENTILA.TING ATTACHMENT TO DE ApPLIED TO PuMPS

N.Gy�' .ff;f.� �:,s;��i�I�1f; �. �f.:r�)t'�� ���:�:i':!�i

and combination of the perforated baBe, D, cap and perforated tube, or other equivalents� with the pump

r:���� �� ��l���:-�;::�i��e ����!��1r !.':�����:.t ELLIPTIO CUBBION FOB RAILROAD CABE!-R. Jone8,

of York, Pa, Dated April 27, 1868 : I claim. first, The local relation and mode of application of the semi.ellip­tic buffer to any and all CMS wherever applied , in such manner as is repr •• ented by the letters, and for the purposes set fartb.

Secoud, The combination and arrangement of the elliptic cushion for eaoing off collisions as described and arranged in every part thereot in the framework, ns represented by the letters, and operating �mbstan­tially in such manner, and wherever applied to CBTS, as described and for the purpose set forth.

ADDITIONAL IMPROVEMENT. METALLIC Hoops FOR FASTENING COTTON BALE!­

James R. Speer, of Pittsburg, Pa. Dated Dec. 1. 1867 : I claim as an improveme.t on my improved clasp of March 23, 1868, the use of " clnsp for metal lic bands, constructed a8 desoribed, having a Bingle n.perture only for the insertion of the l looked ends of the band, the plate of iron of which it ia formed being bent ncroas the aperture, so 8.8 to present a suijicient opening for the re .. dy insertion of the hooked ends of the banda in tho manner described.

DESIGN. CAST MBTAL TABLBTs-Ezl'a Clark, of Portland,

Me., assignor to Seth Ctark. of Westbrook; Me. • I • • •

A CARD TO INVENTORS AND PATENTEES. INVENTORS who have made improvements upon

. wbich. they' de.ire to procure Letters Patent, will do weI! to bear in mind that the Proprietom of the SOIlINTIFIO AMERIOAN have had upwards of thirteen years' experience in the examination ot inventioIlB, and during thle time have unque.tlonably had more cases brought under their immediat� notice than any other Patent Agency in the United States. It would be abeurd to .uppose that this extended experience did net afford them unparalleled facilities for the rapid and .uc .... ful prosecution of this department of pro­fessional business. Messrs. Munn & Co. have made tho ... and. of personal examination. at the United States Patent Office into novelty of inventions, and are fa­miliar with the law, the rule. and the regulation. tl>at govern the examination of cases, and are having daily intercourse with the Honorahle Commissioner of Pa­tent. and the Examiners. Me •• rs. Munn & Co. have, during the I ... t few years, Bncce •• fully prosecuted hun· dreds of rejected cases, not for their own clients mere� Iy, but for .. gents of limited experience. whose offices are remote from that great storehouse of American ge­nius, the United States Patent Office, They venture the assertion that, possessing such advantages a.nd faci­lities as they do. no other Patent Agency in the United State. can offer equal inducements to the worthy in­ventors of this conntry. In proof of the nnparalleled amount of busine88 transacted througil the Scientific American Patent Agency, it is only necessary to refer to the letter of the Hon. Charles Mason, the late re­spected Commissioner of Patents, published below, and to the still more .ignificant fact that nearly ONE THOU­SAND PATENTS were issued, during the past year, to inventors whose cases were prepared and prosecuted through the Scientific American Patent Office.

Notwithstanding the multiplicity of Patent Agents in the United States. the bu.in ... of Mes.rs. Munn & Co. is steadily on the increase. At no former period has their professional practice been Bo extensive as at pre­sent. which fact indicates that inventors throughout the country have the most pe,ofect confidence In their in­tegrity and mode of tran.acting this ciao. of business. Tileir experience covers the moat remarkable years of inventive progre.s ; their knowledge could not be pur­chased by money, any more than an abstruse science could be .. cquired without laborious study and many experiments. They h .. ve facilities within their power by which the entire business of the United States Pa­tent Office could be succe.sfully carried on through their Agency alone. If case. are rejected, they are ri­gorously Investigated. Appeals, interferences, and ex­tension. are al.o conducted with the greatest care. In faet, every department of the husiness connected with the Patent Office receives their attention.

If an inventor wishes to procure ,atents in Great Britain, France, Belgium, Austria, Russia, Prussia. Spain, Holland or any other foreign country where pat­ent laws exist. Messrs. Munn & Co. , through their old established agencie� in London

hPari. and Brus.els. can

.. ttend to It with great dispat. , and wUI, upon appli­cation. furnish all needful infonnation, either in person

f;tt���irI.:'v����;:s�.:':rd ;���mag� �:t����'l (j'0�1.

office in Washington is not a m.rtf UAgencyt" in which inyentions are exposed to the view of out8f,d6 pa.rties, but it Is a Br .. nch Establi.hment, managed by Messrs. Munn & Co. , and their confldential cle rks.

Meosrs. Munn & Co. wisil it to be distinctly under· stood that they milMr buV nor .011 patents. They reo

f:'l�te:sl:�c;.d�l!Y��s ';;�t�:e�t�r:� t�;��li��:� � the least apparent .peculation in the rigbts of patentees.

[;�:'i!t'ou�J:'':� =�\r.,ten

et,';::.!� ��:x��;��

llo ';l'i�:

pose of their inventions. �earll fonrteen years' ob­.ervation has convinced M. & Co. that the selling of patents cannot be conducted by the .ame parties· who .o

i������� f�h;h;T.bw��O

U!rs":�!W: d:���� with Messrs_ Munn & Co. can freely do so, and receive

r:ft��t!ii�I�.:':ie��ld a:,v��:';fi�:�ti'!Lcharge . and their

PRINCIPAL 0.,.,10E-128 Fulton .treet, New York

Cijf;;ANOH OI'FIOII-Corner of F and lieventh street, Washington. D. C. , opposite the United State. Patent Office.

FOI!.EIGN OFFIOII6-London, 66 Chancery Lane. .. H Paris, 29 Boulevard St. Martin. : ., Brussels, 26 Rue deB Eperonniers

The annexed letter from the late Commissioner. of Patent. we commend to the perusal of all persons !D­teres ted In obtaining patents :-

lIIES8118. Mmm & Co.-I take pleasure In .tating that while 1 held. the office of Commissioner of 1'alento. MOBB THAN ONB-J'OUBTH OJ!' .A.LL THE BUSINESS OF 'l'HB OFFIOE came tilrongh your hands. I have nO doubt that the public conlldence thns indicated has been fully de­served, as I have always obeerved. In all your inter­coume with the Office, a marked degree of promptneBB. skill, and fidelity to the intere.ts of your emplovero.

Yours. very trnly, CHAB. MASON:, Communloatlonl and remittances should be addre •• ed

to No. �W�,;i:" �t�r.���'york.

© 1858 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

Jl nhcntinns +

Improved RORCh Trap,

It is a great pity that roaches will not be­have themselves better duriug the necturnal hours, because if they did, their lives m ' ght be spared, but as it is, every careful and cleanly housekeeper feels herself bound to do her utmost toward their extermination. In­ventors, gallant men as they are, of eourse provide them with the artillery, and our ene graving represents a piece which is capable of doing very great service in the war of woman VS. roach. We need only mention that two quarts of ro�hes have been caught in a single night by one of these traps.

A i s the body of the trap, made of metal or other suitable m aterial, the outside of which is coated with sand, to gin it a roughness, so that the roaches can climb up with facility. On the top of the body of the trap is an an­nular ring, B, made o r' smooth metal. This ring is inclined inward and downward toward the center of the trap, and must not be made fast to the body of the trap, as it is neeessary to detach it when the trap requi res to be emptied.

In the center of the trap is an upright stem, C, which supports the bait pan, D ; this pan must be al�o made loose, so as to be lifted off when the trap is to be emptied, oth.erwise the bait would be spilled over the floor or into the trap. This bait pan must be placed nearly on a level with the top of the tr.ap, so that when the roaches ascend the out side of the trap they are enabled to see or smell the b ait in the pan, in doing which they descend the in­elined annular ring, and drop off the edge into the body of the trap. The p an, D, is b aited with sugar, molasses, or other suitable bait ; and it will be perceived that the roaches are caught before they get to the bait, which remains to entice others to follow, while it is out of the reach of those that are already in the trap .

This trap is the invention ef A. N. Shell, who has assigned his invention to W. L. Wood and T. N. Shell, of Richmond, Va., who may be addressed for further information . It was patented October 5, 1858.

---------..-, ... � ... ---------

New Force P u mp.

When Torricelli first discovered the theory of the common pump, he was not a ware of the numorous applications which would be made ef his discovery, one of the most striking re­sults being the extended use of the force pump, and gradmil ab andtmment in many in­stances of the old suction pump as it is im­properly termed. As it is well k nown, a com­mon suction pump will only r aise water about 33 feet, and as it is oftener necessary than not, to rai se water from a well consider­ably higher than this, a force pump has to be used. The subj ect of our illustrations is a new force pump, which is simple, efficient and compact--the invention of Jacob O. Joyce, of Cincinnati, Ohio--requiring no stuffing-box, that from the difficulty of keeping it thorough­ly p acked and preventing it from leaking ren­der the pumps using it so objectionable, for as soon as the vacuum is destroyed, the pump becomes useless until overhauled and re­packed. Upon ceasing to work the handle, the water leaves this pump, thus preventing freezing in winter and the water becoming

£)tientifit 6\mcritan.

I stale in summer. It gives all the agitation

I chamber, C at a. To the nozzle, D , may b�

necessary to keep the water in the cistern pure, attached a flexible tube and nozzle, E E', of lind being placed in the water does not rust, any length desired. To the handle, B, at the valves are always wet and will not decay, equal distances from the. point, a, are attach-and this pump never requires priming. ed by pins, b, two rods, F, that puss down to

Fig. 1 i s a perspective view of the pump the bottom of the well, their other ends being fixed in a well or cistern. A is the case, and connected wUh the arm, J, that operates by B the hanole of the pump pivoted to the air means of the shaft, I (Fig. 2), the semi-cir-

JOYCE'S IMPROVED FORCE PUMP. Pig, l

cular piston rods, K, that work in the pumps H. G' and G is the water exit of the pump, and the tube that the water is sent up to the air chamber, this the inventor prefers to make of galvanized iron with a nice soldered j oint where two pieces have to be connected.

Fig. 2

being of leather, and always under water they are always soft and in working order .

The operation is simple in the extreme, the handle, B, being given an up and down mo­tion, the same is communicated to the piece, J, by the rods, F ; this moves the pistons in the ,·.ylinders, and as one is coming to its low­est position it allows the water to pass freely into its cylinder, while its port, i, is closed by the valve, N. The other piston ascending having its valves, 9 f, closed by the weight of the water above it, and so it forces t he water through the port, i, in its side of the valve, M, up through the tube, G' and G. This motion is of course reversed at each movement of the handle, and it will raise a great quan tity of water with very little labor. All the parts of the p'lmp being of cast-iron, leather and gutta pm" ,ha, it is cheap and easy of repair, and can b e adapted to garden or fire engines, and in fact to every use to which the force pump can be applied.

Any further information can be obtained by addressing J. O. Joyce & Co., No. 222 Front street, Cincinnati, Ohio. It was patented by the inventor March 23, 1 858.

· 'e· .. I1i1Ps Plottin g Instrument.

The pump, H, is cast in two halves, the inte- ./1 rior surfaces of which are ground on an emery wheel until when plit together they form a perfect curved cylinder, and the two halves have a groove i n their edges which is filled with soft gutta perch a, so that when they are screwed together, they are perfectly water and air tight.

Fig. 2 shows the pump, with one-half re­moved. L are the two pistons, seen better in Fig. 3, supported on and moved by the atms, K, cast with the shaft, I, of which d is the hub . The pistons are formed of a hlather cup, e, in which a register valve, f, is free to

::J work, ann this is covered with a leather c ap .J?i,{f. .2 D

. plate, g. In the top part of the pump, also packed with gutta percha , is placed the valve seat, M, having two ports, i i, and a small bed, h ; on this bed rocks the valve, N, resting on its lower edge, k, the faces, j, being formen This instrnIDent is especially designed as a of leather riveted to the casting. These parts pocket companion for the surveyor, so that are seen separately in Fig. 4, All the valves

I while taking his observations and measure-

ments he may have an assistant, by whose means he will quickly be able to produce a plot with all the meridians, angles, &c. As it combines in one simple instrument the pro­t ractor, sector, scale, parallel rule, and mov­ing meridian line, it is useful to all who are in the habit of using such instruments. The whole i s mad� of German silver, or some sim i­lar metal, and it is small and compact.

A is a protractor, properly graduated into the angles and minutes, and forming pa,rt oi" the leg, B. The other leg, J, is attached to it by an eyelet, H, so that it can move upon it as an axis, the point, g, being the center of the instrument. This leg, J, has a vernier on its end, that reads to the two-hundredth of an inch, and J can be secured at any point by the clamp and screw, K. On each leg is an angular piece, C, that serves as a guide for the piece, D, carrying the spring point, E, which has a rebate in its base (seen in the section, Fig. 2), that fits on to C. The leg and D are both divided, so that any distance c an he read off and marked on the paper by pressing on E, the spring bringing the point up. In making a plot on paper, the meridian is first drawn by either leg, and the other moved until the angle is got on the protractor, the legs secured by K, and the distance being pricked off by D and E, the line is drawn of the required length and at tha proper angle ; another meridian then being made, the same process is repeated until the plot is perfectly drawn to the required scale.

B.f thus taking the course and distance to­gether, the liability to error is lessened, and with this device the area of fields can be cal­culated, let its sides be ever so numerous, i n a very short time. The " traverse tables " and double the meridian distances, are dis­pensed with, by simply dividing the plot into triangles, to which the accurate scales of this i11lltrument being applied, the unknown parts are readily determined . The survQyor can also b alance his eastings, westings, 110rthings and southings, thereby correcting his field operations, and properly apportion his errors.

It is the invention of C. R. Iliff, of Fal­mouth, Ky. , and was patented January 12th, 1 858. Tkey can be obtained from James Prentice, No. 1 Chambers st . , New York, and J ames Foster, corner of Fifth and Race sts., Cincinnati, Ohio. Further information can be had by addressing A. G. Gower, Coving­ton, Ky.

. , •. . Curing }{ alils-Recipc No. 2.

A correspondent--Mr. Wm. H . Bennett, of Warwick, R. I .--sends ns the following de­scription of a method practised wlth great success by him for several years in curing hams : --

H e first takes the c ask in which the hams are to be salted, and smokes it for half an hour over " low fire made with walnut chips. He then makes a pickle for two hundred pounds of ham by dissolving fourteen pounds of Turk's Island salt, half a pound of saltpeter, and two quarts of molasses in sutHeient water to cover the meat when placed in the b arrel. This pickle is skimmed while the salt is being dissolved at a scalding heat. When cooled down this brine is poured upon the hams in the barrel, and they are allo wed to lay in it until they are salted. They are then lifted out, hung up to dry, and arc after wards rubbed over with a composition of fine salt, black and red pepper, and some ground cloves. When this operation is performed, they are' sewed in bags, and hung up with shanks downwards. A dry, cool attic cham­ber is the best place to keep them. Hams thus preserved h ave a very excellent flavor, and do not require to go through the smok­ing process.

The simple smoking of the cask will have the effect of communicating a mild, �moky savor to the meat. Of this we are con­fident, because we have scen it done, and can endorse Mr. Bennett's experience in regard to this feature of the process. We believe his practice is a good one.

© 1858 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

� ti£utifit �m£ritau + NEW YORK, NOVEMBER 6, 1858.

I " Tunneling through ll'Iountnins.

The method generally employed in boring long tunnels consists in first sinkin/t several shafts along the line, then tunneling from both ends and in each of the shafts at the same time, by as m any gangs of workmen . This method, by providing for a great number of operators to execute the work, hastens its completion, and the short run of each gang in the tunnel admits of easy ventilation. Under a high mountain this system of tunneling is impossible, because shafts cannot be sunk, therefore a tunnel in such a situation can only be bored from two points at once-the termini at each side. On the Piedmont Railroad, now being constructed through the Alps, a long tunnel of several miles is required between Modane and Bardoneche. It will pass 6,000 feet below the summit, ands of course, the sinking of shafts was impracticable in such a case. By the common methods of tunneling, it has been calculated that it would require thirty-six years to complete the operations, and it was also held to be impossible, by known means, to ventilate the tunnel when it had attained to a gr�at depth, owing princi­pally to the great amount of blasting required, which would vitiate the atmosphere. Unless some new means were devised to overcome such difficulties, the execution of this great tunnel could and would not have been under­taken. By the ingenuity of three Sardinian engineers, Messrs. Sommeiller, Grattone, and Grandis, provision was made for snrmounting all these obstacles. On the mountain, adj a­cent to the line, there was a large �tream of water on a fall of sixty-five feet. This they have applied to operate a hydraulic motor, which condenses air in a reservoir to the pres­sure of 90 lbs. on the square inch ; this is con­ducted in an extension tube into the tunnel, where it first operates machinery which drives the drills, then it esc.pes and supplies the miners with fresh air, thus performing two duties, namely, drilling and ventilating. By this machinery eighteen holes are bored in the same space required for six miners in drilling, and each hole is bored in one-twelfth of the time taken up by hand labor. When it is taken iato consideration that three­fourths of the time in tunnelling is occupied in boring, the immense saving of time by these arrangements is obvious. With such original applications of condensed air to tun­neling, it is calculated that this sub-Alpine tunnel will nOw be completed at a greatly re­duced cost in six years-a very great difference from thirty-six, by the ordinary means of boring.

In this tunnel some pecl1liar phenomena of of temperature are witnessed. The common heat of the air, at such a depth, is over 1000 Fah., too hot for the miners to work comfort­ably, but this is modified to a pleasant tem­perature-700 Fah.-by the condensed air which is fed into the machines. By' the re­frigerating effects of expansion, when this compressed air at 90 Ibs. pressure escapes, it absorbs heat from the surrounding air and thus cools it down. This power of absorbing heat by expansion is so great that water placed close to the escape air valves is con­gealed into ice. A sufficient supply of fresh air is secured for the ventilation of this tun­nel at its greatest depth. No less than 14,320 cubic yards of six atmospherell pressure can be furnished every twe](ty-four hours. The progress r:ow making in excavating this tun­nel from both sides is ninetee... feet per day. When completed it will be one of the wonders of the world.

The USQ of condensed air as a motive and ventilating power for tunneling power should arrest the atteution of engiueers in every part of the world. On all mountains where deep

long t unnels are to be cut, there are

�ti£ntifit �m£ritau+ usually high waterfalls, which can be applied to drive a simple turbiue wheel, capable of coudensing air in a re�ervoir by working pumps, and this air can be made to operate drilling machines, and also to ventilate the tunnel, as in tae one described, The same use of water power and condensed air is appli­cable for mines in hilly regions. To our miners in the mountains of California, and those engineers who must at some future day tunnel through the Rocky Mountains, in con­structino- a Pacific railroad, the foregoing in­formati:n should be treasured up and carried into practice when the favorable opportuni­ties are presented. We live in an age of won­ders, and the boy may now be living who will be called upon to undertake the work of letting daylight through the mountains be­tween us and the Pacific coast.

. · e · · Steam on Canals.-Steam Engines.

The subject of using steam on our canals is deservedly exciting much attention. Where practicable, it will cause a great saviNg of time and cost of transportation through those channels. A prize essay on canals and canal conveyance, by W. O 'Brieu, for which £100 premium was awarded, published by John Weale, 57 High Holborn, 1858, gives some interesting fact s and statistics, In it, a com­parati ve cost of horse and steam power on canals shows a saving of one-third of the ex­pense by using steam, besides having an in­crease of power at command ; and being self­dependent, the boat can go anywhere. There is also a saving of half of the time required for a trip, as almost any speed is attai'.'able, on which account also the number of boats may be diminished one-half ; additional sav­ing may be made by towing, &c. It states that boats have been built for the Grand and Regent's Canal with two screws astern, one on each side of the rudder, revolving in oppo­site directions, and worked simultaneonsly by the same engine. These boats are said to he very good, and to steer well when going stern on. There may be less wear on the sides and bottom of a canal by the use of two small screws instead' of one large one, yet a medium screw may give as much speed as is wanted without injuring the canal, and may be less expensive.

In the work above mentioned is a note to the author from H. Parish, Esq., of New York, as follow :-" My opinion is that the application of steam to canal navigation has been more successfully carried out in S weden than elsewhere ; the vessels are all screw steamers, and travel at the rate of nine to ten miles an hour, excepting where the canal is narrow, and they are obliged to go at half speed, to avoid washing the banks ; the en­gines are small and compact ; the cylinders are inclined, and rest upon a hollow bed plate, which is the condenser ; the air pump and feed pump are worked either by eccen­trics on the main shaft, or directly from the cross-head of the piston rod-the hand gear is on deck. This engine is almost universal in Sweden, and is well known, having ob­tained a medal at the great Paris Exhibition. The vessels convey from 150 to 200 tuns freight, and could tow several barges. "

While they are making experiments with boats on the Erie Canal, would it not be well for some of our steam engine manufacturers so turn their attention to the preparation of engines suitable for general use, to combine economy in cost, in space, and in keeping in repair ; to be simple in arrangement, and easy to be maNaged ; and to be uniform in sizes and parts, so that any part could be re­placed, and thus save cost in making or re­pamng. There must be a great demand for such engines when t'bey begin to use steam on the Erie, and our other canals. The Dela­ware and Hudson Canal has more than a thousand boats on it ; and they h!tve made arrangements for a greatly increased produc­tion of coal the coming year and h�reafter. Their boats being of uniform si�e would re­quire engines which could have uniform parts. Having fnel at a cost almost nominal, they

have every inducement at once to introduce steam, if practicable, which there is no reason to doubt.

• I .. .. Disease Charms-Mad Stones.

On page 19 of the present volume of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, we briefly alluded to

the notions entertained by many persons of the virtues of what are called "mad- stones" in cur­ing hydrophobia. Since then we have received a letter from Junius F. Mallpin, editor of the Whzg at Moorefield, Va., in which he states that

there has been a "mad stone " in their family for seventy-five years, and that it has been the means of curing hundreds of persons d nr­ing that period, as applied by his grandfather and father ; and in no instance had it ever failed to effect a cure. He believes in the curative vi rtues of this stone as firmly as he does in his own existence, and says : - "1 would not be afraid to venture my life that you m ay take the most violent case of a per­son poisoned with virus, and by the applica­tion of this stone, the poison will be abstract­ed in half an hour. This stone is about the size of a chestnut, and when applied to a wound caused either by a dog or snake-bite, it adheres to it like wax until it becomes sa­·tarated with the poison, when it drops off. When placed in a bowl amollg water, it im­parts to the Ilttter a greenish tinge." This "mad stone" is now in the possession of J en­nings Maupin, of Marshall Mo. and we are in­formed that a great many persons of the high­est respectability in Virginia will endorse his statements regarding its curative merits. We are well aware that many persons of respecta­bility and intelligence have great confide nce in the virtues of such stones, but we have never had any confidence in them ourselves. If these stones act only ul'on the principle of absorbing the poison when applied to wounds, of course, the operation of cupping must be more effectual and rapid. But the poison of snake and dog bites seems to affect both the nervous system and the blood ; therefore, to cnre a person affeeted with hydrophObia, something more is required than the mere ab­straction of the virus from the wound. The "mad stone" to effect a cure, must have the power of communicating its virtue through the whole system in two methods, namely, by neutralizing the chemical decomposition of the blood, and also by allaying the nervous or spasmodic action. When it is known, how­ever, that smallpox may be communicated by the touch, hydrophobia by virus entering through a break in the skin, and fever by the air we inhale , it must be acknowledged that there are mo re things on earth than can be explained by man's philosophy. Cures, there­fore, in II. great many instances, may be ef­fected by means as simple as disease,g are communicated.

H;rdrophobia charms, in the form of "mad stones, " have been knowlil and used from time immemorial. Most of them have COme from Asia, together with the traditions of their powers. During the Holy Wars several .of these stones ware brought to Europe from Syria, having been taken from the Saracens by the Crusaders. One of these has been in the possession of the noble family of Lock­hart, in Great Britain, for over six hundred years. It was obtained by one of the knights of this name from a Saracen lady of rank, as a ransom for her husband whom the island warrior had taken prisoner in battle. For several generations during the dark ages, this "mad stone" had a high and very exteu­sive reputation for curing hydrophobia, but its fame has waned before the light of mo­dern knowledge, and it is now held to be noth­ing more than a relic of a dark age.

It is rumored that Commissioner Holt is about to take his seat in the President's Cabi­net. He would ably fill any Cabinet appoint­ment, but we hope he will not leave the Pat­ent Office. His administration is in general very satisfactory, and we should be very sorry to have him leave his present post of duty.

69

Some Results o f Acclimation.

One of the great benefits which all the dis­co veries and inventions of new places, and a facilitated mode of transport and travel con­fer upon mankind is, the exportation and dis­tribution of the products of different climates, the one to the other. Thus, in the East In­dies, Spanish wintl is cooled by American ice, and in England, Jersey apples are cooked with West India sugar. As we learn the flavor and use of the products of foreign climes, we naturally wi�h to possess them, but to make any of them, whether animal or vegetable. able to live in what is, to them, a foreign climate, they have to be acclimatized. This is best done by a gradnal change ; and although the imported specimen is often of little use, yet its seed or offsprins- can be made useful or eatable as tJ.e case may be. Thus, the camels which have been imported to Texas, are not capable of so much labor in that climate as their offspring which are born and matured there will be. There is in France a society which especially pays attention to this subj ect, and some of its results we will now enumerate . The " yak, " or Thibet bull, has been introduced by them ; and in 1835 they distributed several thousand bulbs of the yam, which now in France promises to riv!tl the potato. They have encouraged the growth of the Sorgho, and in some parts of the country it is now the staple food of the cattle, leaving the heets to be made into sugar. The loza, a kind of buckthorn, from which is extracted the beautiful Chinese green, has been accli­mated by their endea-vors ; and the Angora goat, so long noted for the fineness of its wool, is now a permanent resident of the empire. Not only has this society succeeded in intro­duciug a species of silkworm which feeds on the castor oil plant, but it has modified its food, and substituted the leaf of the common teasel for the former, which is difficult to cul­tivate in that country. With a view of re­storing the fine quality of the potato, which, by too extensive cultivation in Europe, and by disease, has deteriorated, the society has imported a large number of roots taken from the Corderillas. A plot of land has been ­granted to them by the city of Paris, which is to be made into It zool,ogical and botanic garden, for the acclimation and propagating of foreign animals and vegetables that may produce articles either of luxury or utility. This is putting our knowledge of geography and steam to good use, and �tudying in the most practical way the great problems of social science.

. . • . . Sewing Machine Patent Case.

On page 13 of the present volume of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, we noticed the suits which had been entered at New Haven, Conn., by Wheeler & Wilson against other parties for infringing their patent. We pointed out the peculiarities of the oase, stating that the dQfendants contended that the patent upon which the suits were entered must be void, be­cause it was a re-issaed patent, obtained without the consent of a party who own9d a portion of the original one, and that only one patent could exist for the same invention. As this was a novel and intricate question of law, much argument was heard from counsel on both sides, and the Court-Judges Nelson and Ingersoll-deliberated on their decision until the 21st. ult. It has been given in favor of the validity of the reissued patent, but we un­derstand it will be carried up to the United States Supreme Court for ·final adjndication.

• I • • • New Level.

We have received from H. Chapin of Union Factory, Pine Meadow, Conn. a very handsome level, suitable for all purposes to which this instrument can be appl ied. It contains tbree bulbs so arranged that horizontal, vertical or angnlar levels can be taken. The bulb for tak­ing levels of angles being placed in a divided adjustable circle, in order that the angle can be read off, or any required angle obtained in the work. It is a very valuable imtrument, we mean in its utility, not price.

© 1858 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

70

Iron Girders.-No. �. MESSRS. EDITORS-It ha� been conjectured

by writers on ber-ms (professed civil engineers) that the forces produced within structures of this kind by loads placed upon them, act in all possible directions ; but the opinion .seems to be most general now that they act in hori­zontal directions, compressively i n the upper p arts, and tensively in the lower parts ; that between these two opposing forces there is a line quite free from strains, and therefore they call it a " neutral axis . " It seems strange that such notions should be entertained ; but Barlow, who has written largely on this sub­ject, and many other writers of distinction, and the eugineers in charge of our govern­ment works, give this theory t.heir sanction, by an exclusive use of beams and girders formed and made in accordance with it. That is, they are rectangular, and of very nearly uniform cross-section. The upper and lower parts or chords made to sustain the compress­ive and tensive forces a1·e large and broad, and parallel to each other from end to end, and in the rolled beams there is but a slight connection between these chords, consisting of a thin vertical web, its thickness often less than half the thickness of the chords, and this web is of uniform width, apparently for the purpose of keeping every part of the chords as far apart as possible. These beams are con­structed as if there were no kind of relation existing between the forces that act in oppo­site directions in the upper and lower chords, and as if their duties were entirely distinct, and so divided by the neutral axis that they must not unite, or even approach towards each other. The side plate of the rectangu­lar tubular girders are also made compara­tively thin for similar reasons, and for the same purposes as the vertic al webs in the rolled beams or girders, though the upper chords of tubular girders have, in a few instances, been slightly cambered.

If further proof is wanted to sustain this interpretation of the meaning of the theory of a neutral axis and of parallel forces, it may be found in the circulars published by the makers of most of the girders and beams used by our government. In forming girders 18 inches deep out of two 9-inch T beams of uniform cross-section, by uniting their stems by means of splioe plates riveted along the sides and over the j unction of the stems, which line is at the midille of the depth of the girder, and extends from end to end, and is parallel with the direction of the chords, they say : " The rivet holes are thus all made near the neutral axis of the beam, and none of the metal cut away in the part of the sec­tion most effective for strength."

They thus show conclusively that t�ey sup­pose the neutral axis to extend quite through the entire length of the structure. And as they make the cross-section of their . beams and girders uniform throughout the entire length, and the parts parallel and of equal length, they suppose that the forces do not act in these directions only, and with equal intensity at all points ; and they also suppose that their action is wholly confined within the length of the beam ; f,)r, as it is well known that a beam bending under a load becomes shorter, horizontally, in consequence of its ends being drawn towards e.ach other, the forces c annot produce strains outside or be­yond the ends ; and as the cross-section of the beam is made uniform, and of equal size throughout, it is but fair to conclude that it is made so b ecause they suppose the forces act with equal intensity at all points within its length. This theory will not admit of a sup­position that the forces can act downward, in the manner of pressure, for then they would act upon the neutral axis, which is supposed to be quite free from strain ; nor is the form of the web well calculated to sustain vertical pressure or 0 bliq ne strains. The provision for the pressure, then, according to thi s theory, is wholly confined to horizontal direc­tions; and is boundQd by the ends of the beam and the neutral axis, as if a force acting ver-

� tientifit 6lmeritan. tic ally, such as a load on a beam, could be sustained and held in equilibrio by another force or forces that act only in horizontal di­rections, or at right angles to the direction of the first force . That learned philosophi­cal (?) writers should fall into so bald an error, and that mathematical engineers should try numerous experi cn ents to prov:e this theory right, seems strange indeed. This theory is simply preposterous ; and structures formed in accordance with it are sadly defective, as results already alluded to prove most conclu­sively.

The pressure of a load on the upper side of a beam, must extend downward through its entire depth, producing vertical pressures on every possible horizontal line or plane withiu its depth, equal to the weight of the load, and finally result in the pressures on the bearing's under its ends. This simple statement, so obviously true, ought to be sufficient to dis­pose of the absurd notion of a neutral axis. If, however, it should fail to convince, let the doubting divide a beam horizontally in two parts in any line where they suppose the neu­tral axis to be situated. Then if they will place their hands between the upper and lower parts thus divided, they will become painfully impressed with a conviction that the supposed neutral line is not free from pressure.

D ivesting this question of all mystification, and considering it in this direct way, it will become plain that every horizontal line or plane within the depth of a beam (or any similar structure) must not only bear a verti­cal pressure equal to the weight of the load and snch portion of the beam as may be above the line, but it must also bear a full propor­tion of oblique strains, and consequently the theory of a neutral axis can be nothing more than a myth ; and it w ill also become plain that the forces act horizontally only at the middle of the upper chord (compressively), and (tensively) in the lower chord through its entire length. At the extreme ends of the upper cllOrd there is no strain in any direction whatever, therefore these parts of rectangular beams contain a large proportion of waste material. While the vertical webs are great­ly deficient in strength, not for want of ma­terial, but because its distribution is bad, and the forms uusuited to their important duties­being deficient in both vertical and lateral strength-they become distorted, and cause the lateral deflection that has so confounded those who act upon the theory of a neutral axis and horizontal forces.

BENJAMIN SEVERSON. Baltimore, Md., October, 1858.

· ' e , .. Uses of Soluble Glass.

MESSRS. EDITORS-This substance, which is a silicate of soda, was discovered in 1825 by Professor Fuchs, of Munich, Bavaria, and it created considerable sensation at the time. Its power of resisting the action of fire · was early demonstrated, in the presenee of the King, and several eminent scientific gentle­men. A small hut was prepared, having its boards saturated with the silicate, and it re­sisted all attempts to destroy it by fire. It was not, however, until within a few years past that its merits as a protective coating, and as a vehicle in the painting and coloring arts, came to be generally apPleciated. Lie­big was really the first chemist who success­fully directed public attention to its versatile qualities, and since then its use has been ex­tending. At the Paris Exhibition of Indus­try, Kuhlman, a distinguished French chemist, exhibited its application as a substitute for linseed oil in the mixing of paints, and as a transparent surface varnish for wood, brick, stone, and metals. As a substitute for linseed oil, it is ground up with the paints, has no offensive smell, soon dries, is more durable and purer in color, and at the same time is not above half the price. Chalk, whitening, baryta, lampblack, ultramarine, indian red, terra sienna, and various· other pigments, mix readily with the soluble glass, as does blanc fixe-a precipitated sulphur of baryta, a fa-

vorite brilliant white pigment now used in Europe. Fresco and stereo-chromic painting are now executed in soluble glass as a vehicle, and the effect is brilliant. It is now employed for mixing with some colors as a substitute for gum and starch, and as a detergent in place of ammoniacal substances ; also for washing, as a substitute for soap. It is em­ployed for this purpose in the state prison at Spandau, in Prussia. It has also been used for mixing with the pigments or colors in oil­cloth printing, and for white military belts, when combined with Paris white. It is also a good varnish for p aintings, and such docu­ments as are designed for long preservation ; also for all kinds of metals, to preserve their polish, and to prevent them from oxydiiing. The writer of this communication coated several thousand cannon balls with it in the Brooklyn Navy Yard, in 1832, and they re­mained for several years unaffected by the at­mosphere. By coating the walls of cellars or underground apartments with it, they are pre­served from dampness ; and it protects rails, bridges, and soft' sandstone surfaces from be­ing destroyed by the action of rains and the atmosphere. When mixed with marble dust and slacked lime it forms a hard cement, and with ground fluorspar it will make 110cks nearly as hard as iron. A cement compose d of equal parts of soluble glass, white clay in powder, pumice stone, and ten parts of sand, becomes very hard, and can scarcely be sur­passed for making roofing.

As a protective against fires, soluble glass, perhaps, holds the most important position, especially in our country, where we have so many wooden structures, and because we suf­fer such immense losses annually by fire, . On Tt�esday, the 12th ult., the railroad bridge at Hamilton, C. W., was destroyed by fire from a spark of the locomotive. Had it been coated with soluble glass, at an expense of only a few dollars (fifty cents per gallon for the liquid) it would have been standing yet. In Vol. XII., page 1 65, SCIENTIFIC A'IERI­CAN, some experiments are described in the Woolwich marshes, England, on a wooden hut, in order to test its fire-preventive proper­ties ; these w ere very successful. The surface of the timber was merely washed with a thin coating of the silicate, yet although the planks were submitted to a very high heat, in fact, a roasting temperature, they did not blaze, they merely singed away , and when the fire was put out they presented a charred appear­ance. As a fire preventive for steamers and all wooden structures-to which it may be applied as a coating-it certainly wottld insure greater safety of life and property. F.

[The above communication, from a practi­cal chemist, showing f.1rth the valuable pro­perties of soluble glass, will be found very in­structive, and no doubt it will attract atten­tion.-EDS.

Platinum.

The heaviest and the lightlllSt substances with which we are acquainted possess the pro­perties which chemists recognize as "metal­lic. " The lightest substance we know is hy­drogen and although a gas is yet presumed with good reason, to be a volatile metal. Platinum is remarkable as b eing the heaviest of all the elements which constitute the world. If we take a certain bulk of lead weighing one pound, and the same bulk of platinum, we shall find that the latter will weigh more than one pound and three quarters. It is now about a hnn­dred years since Europeans became acquaint­ed with platinum through Mr. Wood, Assay­master of Jamaica. The sandy beds of the rivers wh,ich have their rise i n that portion of the Andes which separates the Atlantic (near the Carribean Sea) from the Pacific Ocean, yield gold, silver, platinum, and other metals. Near Carthagena, a city of South America, in the republic of New Granada, is a famous mine called Santa Fe. From this place most of the platinum of commerce is procured, but it is also found in the Brazils, Mexico, St. Do­mingo, and on the eastern declivity of the Ural mountains in Russia . It is also found

in Borneo, and will probably be discovered in Australia, if proper search be made for it. By some extraordinary process, the laboratorian chemists can liquify this metal ; but it cannot be melted by the strongest blast-furnace, nor by any of the appliances in ordinary use by metal-workers ; hence it is said to be infusi­ble ; and did it not possess that property call­ed welding, that is of uniting or adhering to­gether when squeezed or hammered at a white heat, it would be almost useless. As however it can be welded, various useful vessels are made of it ; and thus we find that it has quali­ties peculiar to itself. No single acid will dis­solve it ; hence its very refractoxy nature ren­der it invaluable to philosophers. In a plati­num crucible they can submit other substances to experiments either with fire or chemicals without any fear of modification from the con­taining vessel. Magic, according to the lexi­cographers, is " th e secret workings of n atu­ral powers. " Such being the case, platinum is truly magical, for it possesses a property or power, the secret of which we are unable at present to define, which singular quality has been brought into practical use by the manu­facturing perfumers. At several of the per­fumery factors' ware-houses may be seen what they call the " Philosophical Incense Lamp, " which is a marvelous realization of " Aladdin's Wonderful Lamp, " so graphical­ly described in the Arabian Nights' Entertain­ment. This lamp once ignited will nenr go out unless purposely extinguished, provided of course that there b e material to consume. This property is due to a little platinum ball placed iu the wick, which once being made red-hot with the flame will remain incandes­cent to the end of time. It is this property which is a still unexplained secret of nature . The incense lamps are trimmed with sweet­smelling spirit, and the red-hot platinnm causes this to evaporate, thus perpetually flinging fragrance around. Some few years ago platinum was used in Russia as money, and stamped as coin of the realm . Why it was abandoned we are unable to learn. Should there be any future scarcity of gold or silver, it is probable that platinum will again be used as a medium of exchange. If a stream of water, passing steadily through a pipe of a certain size, were suddenly caused to flow through another pipe j oined to it of half the size, nothing more would be noticed than thltt the water in the smaller pipe would flow with increased velocity ; but if a current of electricity, while passing alQng a copper wi re, be made to pass over a smaller one, or link of platinum wire, then a marvellous ef­fect takes place ; the platinum becomes red­hot ! In this way-for igniting gunpowder at a distance, and blasting rocks, engineers find platinum of the greatest service.

SEPTIMUS PIESSE.

AMERICAN TRADE WITH RUSSIA.-Our Minister to Russia, Mr. Pickens, writes that the increa sing settlements and trade in C ali­fornia, and on the Pacific, are bringing us into intercourse with Russian possessions on the Amour River and the Asiatic coast, as well as with their possessions in America. The trade of the Amour River is immense­something like $30,000,000 a year, and grow­ing rapidly. American ships at Cronstadt are more numerous than those of any. other na­tion except Great Britain.-Thirteen ships ar­rived there this season direct from Charleston and New Orleans loaded with cotton, without having touched at Liverpool at all, as h as heretofore been t he case. The direct trade must increase every year. Manufactures in cotton are increasing immensely about Mos­cow ; and one may see loads of cotton there every day in the streets, passing to the r ail­road for that point . --Baltimore Daily Exchange

. . • , .. A FRESH importation of eighty camels at

New Orleans is announced by the Picayune. They are to be sent to Texlts, to be employed by government offici&ls in traversing the wilderness between California and Texas.

© 1858 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

- PXRSONS who write to us, expecting replies through * ihis column, and those who may desire to make con­

tributions to it.of brief intercsting facts, mu�t always observe the stnct rule� viz. I to furnish .thalr ;names, otherwise we Cannot pla.ce confidence 1n theu com­munications • D. S. & F., of Ohio.-In our last number you will find

an answer to your query in tho article on h Telegra.ph Conductora. I I It is there stated .that a second wire for the return current would not be of any benefit to the Atlantic Cable.

C. C. , of Pa.-You can safely remit money to Mes"s. Wiley & Halstead. They are very reliable parties, and keep a good assortment of books of all kinds.

A. W. , of MaB8.-To obtain the Bame amount of power on a low as on a high waterfall, a relatively greater amount of water must be employed. As there is always some loss by leakage, it is considered by many that the wheel which iB required to pass the I.Bs amount of water through it h8.8 an advantage, and that high fall, are tbuB proportionally Ibe most efficient.

C. S. G., of N. Y.-We consider it impracticable to llropel a balloon by means of an Ericsson engine, with a propeller built upon the principle of a windmill. You had better not bolher your brain with any such Bcheme.

A LARGE BREWERY.-AlldoPP & Sons' new brewery, now in course of construction at Burton·on· Trent, Eng­land, will be the largcst ill the world, an(1 is calculated to brew 1 ,440,000 bushels of malt per annum , the gross value of which will be $10 ,000,000. The filting-llp of the working plant and brewery apparatus is being COll­ducted on an entirely novel and ingenious principle.

J. C . . of Pa.-You may form Bome idea of the mag­nitude of the British iron and steel trade when you takc into aecount that from 1621 to 1857, over one thousand pa.tents were granted for alleged improve­mente in this branch. Sterling, Mushet, Bessemer, and Nasl1lyth are among the most promincnt inventors.

G. B. S. , of C. E.-Your communication will receive attention in our next issue.

R. D. A., of Pa.-You ask " if a shaft, AI be makin:: 200 revolutions per minute, and B be Do plane metal plate 20 inches in diameter, fixed on and revolving with the shaft, C being a plate of similar diameter not revolving with the shaft, and D being another plate movable towards B, and placed on a square portion of the shaft, what amount of pressure applied to D will be able to lift a weight. W, of 200 or 400 pounds ?" The friction of your plates depends upon the material uflcd, and upon the condition of their surfa.ces, but it iH al­ways in direct ratio to the power with which the sur-

faces of the plates "re forced against each other. The co-emcient of friction between cast iron sliding on cast iron when the surfaces arc dry, is generally assumed to be ·15 to '16, that is to say, their surfaces must be forced together with a force of 100 pounds in order to be able to su�tain 15 pounds ; and as you employ two plates, you will be able to raisc 30 pounds. To elevate 300 pounds by this means, you must bring the plates, B

and D, against C, with a force of 1.000 pounds. The diameter of the plates makes no difference when the friction takes place near the periphery.

Y AKXEE ENTERrnrsE.-An American schooner called the Harvest. from Lake Erie, al'rived at Cowe8, Eng­land, on the 9th of September , wilh a cargo of carpet sweepers, walking sticka, and fancy woods. Good for Brolher Jonathan.

THE librarian of the Univer.5ity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., wishes us to ask some of our readers to send him by mail, No. 38, Vol. XI. , SCIENTU'W AMERI­

OAN. N. B. H. , of Ohio.-Thc combination of two wcU­known devices to produce a useful result is patentable.

therefore there is a chance for success on "the combi­nation Qf a boy and a hatchet," for husking corn. In order to secure a patent for this discovery, you must make a model showing the combination, and it must not exceed twelve inches in any of its dimensions. You may be troubled to find a boy in your thrifty State capable of being compresaed into this small compass, but in New York City you will fi,nd one for suitable pay.

TUBBINES,-J. R; Clark, pf Cohoes, N. Y. , Informs us that he has recently put in operation for the Harmony Mills, of that place, a turbine of 14M horse power, which on a fall of 21 feet gives 86)i per cent of its power. An­other feature is that it can be adjusted so as to derive &8 £l"eat a percentage of power fl'om a low as a high fall.

J. A. , of Fla.-The air at· a hight of fifteen mile. is Bupposed to have so small a pre�surc from the super­ambient Bpace and attenuated air. that Ihe barome.ter would Btand at ·45 of an inch, and to be of a tempera­tnre of 2400 Fah. beloW" Ihe freezing point, while at five mileB hight from the level of the eea, the barome­ter would Btand at 10·41, and Ihe lemperature i. about 80"60 below freezing. At tbe level of the Bea Ihe bar­ometer indicates 30 Inches, and the temperature is 600 above the treezin, point of water, or 00.

�.d£ntifit �m£ritan+ COPPER IN TISSUE-Messrs. Oiding and Dupre, two

eminent chemists, have recently publii:lhcd the analy. sis of 100 different specimen,!! of vcgf'.tablc and animal tissue ; a.nd it appears from their resulta that copper is an essential element in tissue. The quantity is not large, but still positive. }"'rom 100 grains of wheat ash, the authora had obtained '023 gnl.in. and from a. �heep's liver, '515 grain of oxyd of copper.

J. W. H. , of IIl.-The weight of 46 gallons of watcr will be equal to 375 '7 pounds, and the absolute power to raise this weight 25 feet in onc minute would be equal to 0 '285 horse powel'. The loss arising from the friction of the working parts of the pump and from the friction of the wa.ter in tho discharge pipe, will be egu:!} to at least 50 per cent ; so that a power of about 0 '6 or 3·5 horse pOlfer, will be required to work a pump whieh will lift 45 gallons of water 25 feet high in OIle minute.

M. A. J. , of Ind.-The reason why frosty mornings arc usually clear, is beCf\Use in the cold atmosphere whi"ch preceded the fr03t;;there was but little evapora­tion , and when the frost came, aU the vapors are frozen into Iloar·fl'o:;t, a.ud the air is left dry.

S. F. C., of Mexico.-It is a law of optics that the angle of incidence and reflection is always the same, that is .to .ay, that If a perpendicular be con­structed from the poin t on the reflecting surface which a ray of light Btrikes, it will be reflected Ihe other side the straight line or perpendicular at exactly the same angle.

OIL·SILK. PooKET-BooKB.-We would caution bank· ers and others against using leather pocket books as a receptacle for valuable l)aperS when deposited in iron safes. '1'he leather absorbs the moisture from the safe, and thus renders the contents liable to mold ; bnt this is not the worst feature, for in case ot' fire: intense heat will act upon the leather, and the moisture and heat will liquify it so as 10 render the contents of Ihe pocket­book a mass which it will be difficult to separate. We would recommend an oil·silk case as a good substitute for leather, as it will not only resist the moisturc of the safe, but will obviate the trouble likely to arise in case of fire, which leather only increases.

I. E' 1 of Va.-Your U experience" hus afforded some amusement� and we would sladly find room for it if we could put it into a shape belter filted for publication. An amusing personal experience might not always af­ford good materials for the general reader's benefit.

PALATABLE CASTOR OIL.-A correspondent informs us that thi'3 useful cathartic may be made palatable by the following process, which was communicated to him oy an old experIenced doctor :-Pulverized gum arabic, 1 drachm, water, two tablespoonfuls ; rub together in a mortar, and add castor oil, two tablcspooufuli!, common spirit's of lavender, one teaspoonful ; rub the whole to· gether, and flavor with four or five drops of essence of pepllcrmint. Dose to snit age and habit of person. Valuable ill cases of violent irritability of stomach.

BOILER INQUIBY-Your boiler containing forty·three 6·feet tubes with 2-inch bore, and 27·inch square fire­box, i\s 8�-horse power, is capable of driving a single run of 36·inch burr-stones with. your engine for grind­ing com, witb a pressure of from 35 to 40 Ibs. to the square inch.

PATENTS ATTAOnABLE.-Letters Patents are not ex� empt from attachment by a person' s creditors on an execution. The interest of a. patentee or assignee of a patentee may be sold out in the same manner a piece of real estate is sold under like circumstances. This position is sustained by Curtis on the law of patents, page 226. It is in aecorda!,ce with the pracl.ice of Eng­lish courts.

---------.�,�..,�.---------A WORD TO OUR PATRONS.

RECEIPTS-When money i. paid at Ihe office for Bnb­scriptions, a receipt for it will always be given ; but when subscribers remit their money by mail, they may consider the arrival of the first paper a bona fide acknowledgment of Ihe receipt of their funds. The Post Office law does not allow publishers to enclose receipts in the paper.

.. ,e, .. I ... iterary Notice�.

IRON TRADE OF THE UNITED S'l'ATEB. Edited by 13. F. French. New York : Wiley & Halstead. This is a historical and statistical work on this grea.t branch of national industry. It is a pretcntious production. VERNON GROVE. New York : Rudd & Carleton, 310

Broadway. This is a work of fiction written by a lady, ���e�·�

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the unity of the story preserved throughout, and more­over. we are happy to say that there is a moral tone pervading the volUme which will recommend it to many rea.ders. Messrs. Rudd & Carleton are doing much to elevate American fiction, and we hope to sce more works from them of the same stlllllP as �, Vernon Grove. "

A MANUAL OF TIlE BARNYARD . .\ND DOME'STIO ANl­MALS. New York : Fowler & Wells. This is one of that valuable series of manuals which have lately been published by the above house, and which form in them­selves a small enc,Y.cloprudia of knowledge which should be in the library of every farmer or private gentleman who has a taste for hthings rural. I t

UNITED STATES· ENGINF.ER. Philadelphia : Van Northwick & Hineline. Wet'kly, $2 per annum. We have read No. 6 of t he above journal. Its principal ob­ject seems to be to give IJ. clear synopsis of all the cur­rent iuform:l.tion concerning the progress of railway engineering in thi8 cOUJ.ltry � whicil neceesarily cover.:! a wide rauge of scientific and mechanical subjects. The editor is recommended as a gentl eman every way com­petent to manage such a journal. We wbh the H En· sineer" success.

THE NA.T[QNAT� SOl:IOOL PRlMER. By J. M. \Vatson. New York : A. S. Barnes & Co. This is a very sensi­ble primer. awl would be good for all our privnte a.nd public schools . FIRST BOOK OF NATURAL PlIILOBOPIlY AND ASTRONO­MY. By W. A. Norton. CUEMISTRY AND ALLtED SOIENC>:B. By J. A. Porter. Ne,v York : A. S. Barnes & Co. Both of these books nre bouud and Bold together. The authors arc profeswrs in Yale College, and have produced a book in the question-and.answer style, which should be in the hands of every student who hop�s to bc a credit to the science he is studying.

THE ATLANTIC �rONTllLY. Boston : Phillips, Sa.mp­son & Co. ThiB periodical improves with a steady and sure gait, and its editors, learning more as they grow older, month by month, impart more life and v1gor to their magazine. We have only room to notice the \?i�1���

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gineering in the United States." These are decidedly the cream of the November number.

S T�&t��Wth�� aA"r:.r�e �aEbIJa�:?f�n�!:'�f. ment of views for the stereoscope-faithful pictures of places of note in Europe. and America.

McALLISTER & BROTHER, 728 Chestnut st. , Philadelphia, Pa.

ar"' A priced and descriptive Catalogue furnished gratuitously, and sent by mail free of charge. 1'"

HOLLEL Y'S SELF-ACTING BLOWPIPE (rhe best Blowpipe in use for Jewelers, Dentists,

Chemists, und Sil ver.5miths. See description in 8cr. AM. for October 2d, 1858. Senl to any part of Ihe Uniled States on receipt of priee-$8. J. H O LLELY , 9 2' No. 25 Furman st. , Brooklyn, L. I.

A Rt��l1,��il1;"!iJ.;�tot��;;in Ut������:'��e desirous of having wells of the above description, and

take 1 his method of making the fact knowll to any per­son who has a practical knowledge of the business of c(1)llstructing or boring said wells. The adverti:;er and his a�ociates desire communications addl'e�sed to them on the subject, setting forth the probable cost per foot, and such other particulars as will readily suggest them­selves to a practical altesian well-borer. Letters may be addressed to STEPH EN S�nl'H ,

1* Goshen, N. Y.

C�:t!e ��;���;n�P;�.��y �'?"1���t�':'!��: toctory Nos. 32 and 34 :Front st. , Cleveland. O. 9 12*

PH'OTOGltAPHIC 600DS - S. D. HUM­PH HEY, Manufacturer, Importer and Dealer , 37

Lispenurd st. , New York. Price Li�t furnished 011 re-ceipt of postage s amp. 9 2*

S °!M����c��:f.t:'tEl��nr..r�t;;·;:rIg�� The only trap cver invented that will t::ffectually get lid of these nuisances. Every family in the land are bound to have them. Sel1 l'eadily-over 3,000 were sold in this city in one month, tile P8.5t summer. 'fhe sub­scribers liaving purchased the whole right for the United StateB, arc now prepared to sell State , county, or shop rights. They also want to employ a number ef energetic and responsible men to act as agents, princi� pally for the Southern States. To the righl k,nd of men we \'r ill offer liberal inducements. Having a large force employed in manufacturing, we are enabled to supply partie� with tliese traps in any quantity at short no­lice. Addre,. WM. SEARS WOOD & THOMAS N. SHELL, Assignees, Richmonu, Va. 9 3*

A ra�l}h�rlfc�PiJr :U����n��a�'i���sr��st with good water-1Jower , and facilities for an tlxtcllsive business. For further information, address

MAHSHALL & READ, 9 3- Dundee, Kane co. , Ill.

TO wa��tg�!�,�mic�t,��t� �o�n�Pu����;;;;

a large shop in New York, New Jersey. or Pennsyl­vania, aud emaIl tooll:!, such as lathes, drill::!, slabbing machines, planers, &c. , suitable to manufacture a small g:�\�11�8�t���ep��0,���� °A��re����'

o&c6;, V1�'� 7��:

New York City. I"

SA �*usfr�mUin St'f:�,§�IA���} J����) ro��:' lieving steam pipes of condensed water and keeping back all the steam, ig fast superseding everythiug used. It cannot freeze up ; it keeps up the boiler preS8ure ; maintains the full heat, and in most cases will EaVe its cost in three weeks' use. Price $20, HOARD & WIGGIN,

1* Providence, P. I.

TH�iv��1�1 f!!f�!h pa�!o9��J;,io�� .¥�; th���h��I�Ji�7,o �il�1;:!��1n�� �;

f��fel:Y:� ���

i:r��

and molded into beautiful bricks-all dOlle by common laborcr8. rrhe hand machine, worked by one man­brick of usual size-making 4.000 per day, $70. A la.rger size, worked by a mule, mold 12 . by 6 by 3. for the West Iudies, $80. One·llOrse machine, 7,000 per day, $150. Two·horse, 14,000, $2UO. By steam, 25,UOO, $400. For further particular::!, in a pamllhlet giving full instructions OIl briCk.sett�)lAN�¥s1¥�§'MUIi:s

1* Baltimore, Md.

PA����fNlcg���!ntt��t�:-����!f:'�;� tailling rules and regulations for everything relating to the arts of Painting , Gilding, Varlllshing and Glass. f��i&��e��ti��

o�f

u:J��:e��10;s

ali:

b�rl;�e��il�;�S,

t&��

and a statement of the diseases and accidents to which painters are liable, with the simplest methods of pre. vention and remedy. 12 mo. Price, 75 cents. Sent by mail free of postage.

HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 7 3* Philadelphia, Pa.

J. 'a1!'!tIM!r..ilfctgff,�!���I:1:?:r� ��nu��� ,V arran ted to last longer than sperm oil. Manufactur­cd only by the New York Cumberland Melallic Oil ��k����� ofJnd:r2ib� stinv�:�;�sN��;2:i�{eO:3:n��� N. B. -See that our brand U New York Cumberland Metallic Oil Works, foot of East 24th street," is upon every.package, however small. 1 10'"

pI1f,���t �g�t�!���:-�1f,!-ve�taf:,�a'� �f�;tl for my invention to construct piers . wharves. sea walls. and other masonry under water, without the aid of cot­fer dams. Depth of water or strength of current no ob­stacle. It is particularly well·adapted to turn old piers or wharves into solid masonry, and permanence and cheapness are combined. I offer it for sale in State, County, or·rights tor single jobs.

WILLIAM H. HORSTMANN, 6 4* No. 13 South William st. , New York.

S ,!�Jl:Jd�w.��t��ri����ciofi:"r�J��J b�¥:e;: &c. , made fireproof; a substitute for linseed oil for paints� and for preparing a goot! resin and shaving soap ; a varnish for instrulllents, gas·burners , wall pa­per, public documents, &0. ; a c.::ement for terra cotta, &c. Rare Metals, Aluminum , Cadmium, Nickel , Pla-!���f�.i���t�� best PluDr{�gL� }�EtC��wtJ��1f,n.

8 2* No. 143 Maiden Lane, Ne,v York.

FI1[�-':50 ftg�;�!t��s--;;1tr;�1�g�WC�I, g�l1c�t��ci Philosophical Instruments, wIth attachment of a. large sheet represcnting the Swiss instruments in their ac­tual size and shaPtl

will be delivered, on application, t��II�:ea!1!��!�e nited sta��sT�YAs:rstE1{�

2 cents in 1 5eow* No. 635 Chestnut st. , Philadelphia.

MACHINERVo-S. C. HILLS, NO. 12 PLATT

street� N ew York� dealer in Steam Englnee, Boilers, Planers, Lathes, Chuckl"l, Drillf!, Pumps ; Mor­ising, Tenoning, and Sash Machines, Woodworth' s and

Daniel' s Planers Dick's Punches, Presses and Shearl$ ; Cob and Corn Mills ; Harrison's Grist Mills ; Johnson' s Sbingle Mills; Belting, Oil, &0. 3 e3w

71

O�hr.�f Po�';��i�!.r ���\�J>�g. Sj,�!�; �:P����.

d a:!��Ni

e��t

agnU��

u���! o�i1p:a!�ss��v��l

ties vitady essential for lubricatiDg and burning, and found in no other oil. It is offered to the public upon the most reliable, thorough and practical test. Our most skillful engineers and machinists pronounce it superior and cheaper than any other, and the: only oil that i.s in all cases reliable and will not gum. '.rhe Scientific American, after several tests, pronounced it H superior to any other they have ever used for ma­chinery. " For sale onI

l: by the inventor Bnd manufac_

tu�rB._Relrab�� .fr�� fli:a ro:�n;\;a��f�1;e lijnTt:ed

States and Europe. 1 18

H They are without a rival." -Scientific American.

W�fifJ'ls�N�W ������:�5�E�fc:,? N�� Broadway, New York. Diagram of the Lock Slitch �

made by thi, Machine. This Is the only stitch that cannot be raveled , and that presents the same appear. ance upon each side of the seam. It if! made with two threads, ODe upon each side of the fauric, and inter-locked in the center of it. Sond for a circular. 6 tf TH(�e�g��t, ��. L��t:��l)Ib.?n�lC�:i· as now perfected, are adapted to all materials and 10'" cali ties, and are in successful operation in villages� fac­tories, and private dwellings. For full information as to cost, probable income of public works, &c. , apply as above. For plans. &c' l see SQIENTIFIO .A.MEruOAN of March 13th. 1 26

STEAM ENGINES, STEAlli BOILERS. Steam PumpB. Saw and Grist MlllB, Marble Milr.;

Rice Mills, Quartz ·Mills for gold quartz, Sugar Mill!!. Water Wheels, Shafting and PullcYB. The largest as­sortment of the above in the conntry, kept conetantly on hand by WM. BURDON, 102 Front Btreet, Brooklvn, N. Y. 1 26

HARRISON'S ZO AND 30 IN(;H GUAIN Mille constantly on hand. Address New IIs.ven

Manufacturing Co. , New Hayen, Conn. 1 13

VA\t;'�isto����?.r:';;��lfa���NCra�:>¥afc�i Double-Rcting llahmce Valve Oscillating Steflm Engines both etationary aDd portable, JCnowles' Patent Muley, Portable, Gang: and Re·sawing Mills, SugRr and Chinese Cane MUls and Sugar Pans, Grist Mills, Mill Iruns� Rit:h' s Water-wheels, Forgings and Ca8tings. Orders for the above, and nIl descriptions of" labor-saving ma­chinerv will receive prompt a.ttention.

JOHN H. LIDGERWOOD & CO. , 1 12* No. 9 Gold street. New York.

SECOND-HAND MACHINIS'l'S' TOOI,s­Vi.z. , Engine and Hand Lathes, Iron Planel'l, Drills, Chuck Lathe, Gear Cutter and Vises, all in

good order and for sale low for cash. Also one new first·class Woodworth Planing and Matching Machine. Address FRANKLIN SRINN],R, Agent, 14 Wbitnev avenue, New Haven, Conn. 1 13

CA��'1dj��!i;�lloYa1-?lo?c3��:.�Je:-�J:ri� the wOl ld for the purpose of raising and forcing water, or any other fluid. Manufactured and sold by

CARY & BRAINARD, Brockport, N. Y. Also for sale by J. C. CARY, 240 Broad,vay, New York City. 1 n'

PECK'S PATENT DROP PRESS - ALL sizes, used for stamping copper or tin wore, silver

ware ornaments, spoons, &c., and for forging gun work, lock work, can'iagc clips, &c. Also power and {���Sub;ll}dfL�·epEOI{niovcb.�i� c�!;I;�e:r:����� New Haven, Conn. 1 14-

IRg�llet��ls,C3itl���f����n �t��,��¥r�p Hammers, Shafting, Shear.s, Presses, India Rubber Calenders, Griuding and Cutting Machines, Turbine f,�l� D���!t��an6v�r!i��� ����]sWi�:�IS�o�!�a�:d��at�� ken for the manufacture of 'patented machinery of aU kinds, by the BIRMINGHAM IRON FOUNDRY, Birmingham, Conn.

I tf SHELDON BASSETT, President.

EV���EI!,I�t�!Ifn�!':�;led\!'�Ydr�g�:.��

i08, should become acquainted with the merits and principles of the improved FourueYl'on Turbine Water �����i��n� ����i:e

e�fa������

n:d" �;r�:���

h�i��:�

percentage, with a partially raised gate, of any yet dis. covered. It gives from 75 to 97 per cent of power, ao-i�fg;��t1����d\�c��f wheel s�1{. h�A\eD�f�

�d. For

Laconia� N. H. N. B.-For low falls of one, two, 01" throe feet .. also for any fall, it will surpa,. "U others. 2 13*

GUILD & GAHRISON'S STEAM PUMPS for all kinds of independent steam pumving, for sale at 55 and 57 First etreet, Williall1sburgh, L. I. , and 301 fa

."rl street, New YObbILD, GARRISON & CO.

W��!e���i�'?!k f����;?ghfi��:f�n�a7h ��: by whomsoever sold, and they will be sure of the best emerv_ Casks contain 200 pounds each. Testimonials �ih�

t;B.

superlolNf;lroII. g���'& Ari'lN1rdR�rr, many

1 94 Boston, Mass.

I U3r:.l!i!���oS I��r L��e':.�!IlI�J\;;t;l{;�� tel'S, Gear Cutters, Chucks, &C .. on hand and finishing. These tools are of super ior quality, and are for aale low for cash or approved paper. For cuts givi�g full desct:ip­tion and pricea, address ' � N6W Haven Manutactunng Co. , New Haven, Conn. I I 1 13

WOODWOUTH PLANERS-IRON FRAMES to plane 18 to 24 inches wide-at $90 to $1l0. For Bale by S. C. HILLS, 12 Platt slreet New York. I 26

WA.&bcIt�/Hts�':��eT�f a�°n?o�-r,r��ai now in use ; one boy will acc.omplish the work of four men. State and County rights for sale. Address A. WARTH, cn.re W. H. Bertling , 23 Chambers st. , New York. or the manufacturers, who have machines of all sizes on hand. Also a general assortment of machin· ist. tools. Circnlars sent. Address CARPENTER & PLASS, 479 Firat ave. , New York. 2 13'

© 1858 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

�tifntf nnh �rt. New Amalgam.

A correspondent in P aris describes to us a new amalgam which has recently been dis­covered in that city. The chemist to whom the honor is due is M. Gershaln ; and this alloy, among other singular properties, pos­sesses that of being almost as soft as wax when it is warm, and of becoming quite hard in the space of a few hours, when allowed to cool ; it would, therefore, appear from these facts that this alloy might be employed with great ;tdvantage in soldering pieces of metal which it migbt be inconvenient, as well as impossible, to expose to the heat of a fire, and it may, therefore, become of great use to per­sons who manufacture objets d' art, &c. This amalgam may be modeled by the fingers into various shapes, and we are also told that it adheres strongly to glass and porcelain, as well ali to metallic substances, and may, in consequence, serve to mend broken crockery, in which respect it is stated to be equal to the very best mastic.

The mode and materials e:mployed by M. Gersham to prepare this amalgam are as fol­lows : -He takes t wenty, thirty, or thirty-six parts of pure copper, which is obtained by precipitation from the sulphate (blue vitriol) ; concentrated sulphm-ic acid is then poured on it, and when the mixture has attained the consistence of paste, seventy parts of mercury are added. As soon as the copper has become I oompletely am algamated, the compound is well washed with boiling water, when it must be allowed to stand for ten or twelve houn. The above operation should be per­formed in a porcelain or iron vessel. The amalgam thus made will be found quite hard enough to receive a polish like that of silver or brass, and of sufficient hardness to cut either tin or g�ld.

Among other facts concerning this alloy it may be stated that it is insoluble in weak acids, in alcohol, ether, or boiling water. When about to be employed, it is softened by being exposed to about 3750 centi­grade-almost four times the tem perature of boiling water. As soon as it is reduced to the consistence of wax, it may be employed to solder piece Ii of metal together, provided

I the surfaces of the same be entirely free from oxyd, when, after the lapse of ten or twelve

I hours, they will be fouud to adhere together so strongly that they m ay be subj ected to allY operation whatever, and it is also stated that this alloy may, at the same time, be pressed into molds .

.. ... . New Feed for Lathes.

His majesty Louis XVI. , of France, was a good locksmith ; and although, poor man, he lost his head in the delirium of revolution, because he was a king, he" should be grate­fully remembered by all who admire the me­chanic arts. When a king is a fop, all his courtiers follow the example ; and in this case, the king being a n:techani cian, all the court strove to excel each other in the pro­duction of fresh mechanical devices " to set before the king." The gentlemen of France became very fond of turning, and it is to that age that we owe the rose engine, and the ap­plication of the lathe to ornamental purposes. In this country, nearly one hundred years later, we do by simple mechanism, the result of our own invention, what they, in that age, I attained by complex combinations, so much I has the world progressed since the days of the ingenious Louis Capet, king of France, who was beheaded by an infuriated mob in 1793. The invention we are about to describe still further demonstrates Our progress of inventi('n in this branch of mechanical science, as it is . an improved and simple feed-motion for lathes which turn mold, bead, or other ornamental work, and its construction will be understood

to the accompanying illustra-

jtientifit �mfritnn. tious, Fig. 1 being a perspective view, and Fig. 2 a back view of the invention.

The rest which carrie� the tool or cutters, moves lengthwise on ways, in the usual man­ner. A is the operating lever by which the work is done, simply by its raising and lower­ing, and by which movement the rest is car­ried forward by operating on the jointed arm or propeller, B B', that works in tbe rack, C . The arm, D, attached t o the lever, A , meshes into the rack, E, and holds the rest in its pro-

per place till the tool or cutter, F, has done its work ; the lever, A, is then raised and lowered in succes�ion till the work is com­pleted ; A is then raised upright, for the pur­pose of drawing the rest back to the place of beginning. The chain attached to the arm; B' and A, is for the purpose of holding up the arm till it passes freely over the rack, when the rest is drawn back, to admit of the inser­tion of another piece of stuff. The tool, G, is the roughing tool that prepares the stuff to

RENNIE'S FEED-MOTION FOR LATHES.

pass through the mandrel, H, in the usual way ; in Fig. 2 the stuff is drawn slightly out, to show the beading cut, but in the ma­chine, the square of the wood is always in con­tact with G. The tool, J, attached to the piece, I, cuts tenons on the stuff after it has been rounded, and K is an adjustable too1-holder secured to A, carrying the tool, F. L is an adjustable back rest, which keeps thc piece from j arring while it is being turned, and it is operated by M from A. The tool, G, is placed in an adjustable holder, and is set by an eccentric, N.

The tools and mandrel can be altered or changed for others of any size and shape, to cut work of any p attern with great rapidity and accuracy, and the deviee can be attached to any lathe for turning wood. The simplicity and excellence of the invention will be at ORce seen by the reader.

Any further information can be obtained from the inventor, Adam Rennie, of Bing­hampton, N. Y. The machine from which our sketch was taken was destro.yed in the Crystal Palace. It was patented July 20th, 1858.

IMPROVED VISES.

Parallel vises of various forms have already been made and used for various purposes, but they have been constructed of cast iron, and are more or less defective from the want of strength in the material. Their form has also been such that generally they had to be fastened to the top of the bench, and they are consequently unsteady when used for " chip­ping" and hewy work.

I'ig. 2

The solid box parallel vise seen in Fig. 1 has the many advantages of form which thQ solid box vise has, and can in like manner be fastened to both floor and benoh. The outer or short limb is carried out parallel with the long or fixed limb, by means of the toggle links and c am, in the following manner : -

O n e end o f each of the ahort links is fas­tened to the limbs of the vise just below the !

box and Icrew, and the lower end of the long link is connected with the cam. The small end of the cam is connected with the long limb between the slotted guide plates. As the screw is run back to move out the short limb, the short links are opened, and they draw up the cam, whose shape is such that as it is drawn up, it moves out the lower end or the short limb, precisely at the same rate at which the screw draws out the upper end, and at the same time makes" a firm bearing when the j aws grip the work.

:Fig. 2 i& an illustration of an improvement on the common solid box vises, which enables the workman to get a stronger grip with the same amount of power, and enable! the box and screw to wear much longer. This im­provement consists in having rounded proj ec­tions on each side of the eye, and a corres­sponding recess in the collar of the box and screw, so that no matter at what angle the limbs are placed, the pull or strain will al­ways be on the center line of the box and screw, and the wear on the threads ba always uniform.

These vises are manufactured by Messrs. Morris & C oltar(., Pittsburg, Pa., who will be happy to give any further information. We understand that they are not only good, but have the additional recommendation of being cheap.

• 'OJ · Seal's H-as Gene l"atol".

Oil Monday of last week we witnessed a very i nteresting experiment wit.h the llew gas generator of G. W. R Seal, of Winchester, Va., which was described on page 362, Vol­ume XII!., SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. The gene­rator was of quite small dimensions, not occu­pying more space than a com men heater for dwellings ; yet it operated well, and appeared to be very well adapted for small factories, workshops aud large private homes,-a great desideratum. The materials used to generate the gas were dry oak wood and waste grease }vhich were converted into gas with facility ; uny person being c apable of managing the generator after five minutes instruction, ow­ing to its great simplicity.

INVENTORS, MILLWRIGHTS. FARMERS AND MANUFAUfURERS.

F O U R T E E N T H Y E A R ! PROSPECTUS OF THE

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Thi8 valuable and widely circulated jonrnal p.utcl"ed

upon it. FOURTEENTH YEAR on the 11th of S.p· tember.

II is an Illu,trated Periodical, devoted to tho I'tonlUl· gatioD Qf information relating to the various MEOLIA.NI­

-GAL and CURMIOAL ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AGRICULTURE:, PATENTS, INVENTIONS, ENGINEERING, MILL WORK, and all interests which the light of PB"OTI�"L SOIENOF. i. calculated to advance .

.aUl the most valuable patented discoveries arp. de� !ineated and described in ita iSBUE'S, 80 that, as respects inventions, it may be justly r egarded as an IliustratfJa Rep.rtory, where the inventor may learn what has been done before him in the eame field which he is exploring, and where he may publish to the world a knowledge 01 his own achievements.

Report. 01 Americau Patents granted are also pub· IiBhed every week, including offiCIal cople8 of al\ the PATENT CUIMB. TheBo Patent Claims are furnished from the Patent Office Records exrressly for th!s paper, and published in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ttl advance ofall other publications.

MechaniclJ, Inventors, Engineers, Chemists, Alauv­.Jacturers, Agriculturist., and people in every profession of life, will find the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN to be ('of great value in thei.r reClpcctivo callings. Its counsel f a.nd 8uggestions will save them hundreds of dollars an­nually, besides affordill� them a continual source of knowledge, the value 01 which !. heyond pecuniRry estimate.

1'ERMS OF iOUBSCRIPTION-Two Dollars a Year, or One Dollar for Six Months. CLUB RAT ES. Five Uopies, for Six Months . " . . ' • . _ " < • • ,. " .$4

�ren Copies, for S i x Months . . . . . . • • � • . . . . • • . �S Ten CO,{)ies,lofor Twelve Mont,hs • • • • , • • • • . . � I � ���t� �O:�i�8�,ffu

rr 1il\�e�ivee ���rh� : : : : : : : ���

For all clubs of rrwenty and over, the yearly sub­Bcription i s only $1 40. r.: amcs cau bc sent in at different times and from dlfier. ·ut FOit Offices. SI>eei­men copies will be lent gratis to RIIY part of th� country. st�����::�

t:� f:rdi!����f��iJ!:�ne���!tl�� °e���_

licriben will please to remit twunty-eix cent!! extra on each year's su'blcriptlon. tG pre�pay postage.

MUNN & CO .• Publi.hers Bnd Patent Agents, No. 128 Fulton street, New York.

© 1858 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.