The Status of Bioreactors Debra R. Reinhart, PhD, PE University of Central Florida.
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Transcript of The Status of Bioreactors Debra R. Reinhart, PhD, PE University of Central Florida.
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The Status of Bioreactors
Debra R. Reinhart, PhD, PE
University of Central Florida
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Bioreactor Defined
“……a sanitary landfill operated for the purpose of transforming and stabilizing the readily and moderately decomposable organic waste constituents within five to ten years following closure by purposeful control to enhance microbiological processes. The bioreactor landfill significantly increases the extent of waste decomposition, conversion rates and process effectiveness over what would otherwise occur within the landfill.”
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Why Operate a Landfill as a Bioreactor?
• to increase potential for waste to energy conversion,
• to store and/or treat leachate,
• to recover air space, and
• to ensure sustainability
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Status
• 1993 - less than 20 landfills recirculating leachate
• 1997 - ~ 130 landfills recirculating leachate
• My estimate - ~ 5% of landfills
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Regulatory Status
• EPA permits recirculation of indigenous liquids into landfills with Subtitle D liners
• Some states more stringent
• EPA is considering nonindigenous liquid addition
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Europe
The European Union Council Directive on Landfilling of Waste has identified the need to optimize final waste disposal methods and ensure uniform high standards of landfill operation and regulation throughout the European Union (EU).
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Essential Needs for a Bioreactor
• Composite liner
• Appropriate density of MSW
• Appropriate daily cover
• Leachate recirculation system
• Active gas collection system
• Appropriate final cover system
• Competent landfill operator
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Leachate Recirculation
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Gas Collection
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Year
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
Cu
bic
mete
rs L
FG
0 10 20 30 40 50
LFG Generation Curves
Half-Life = 1.35 yr
Half-Life = 3.68 yr
Half-Life = 20 yr
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LFG Collection From Operating Landfills
HorizontalCollectors
Sub-Cap Collector
Leachate Collection System - LFG Collector Network
o
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Odor Potential
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Cover Issues
- 8 - 6 - 4 - 2 0 2 4 6 8
H o r i z o n t a l C o - o r d i n a t e , m
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M a te ria lC o v e r
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Leachate Outbreaks
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Alternative Daily Cover
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Waste Compaction
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Vertical Permeability =10-4 cm/s
0 .3 0
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KV = KH KV < KH KV > KH
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Settlement
• The Keele Valley Landfill - settlement rates of 10-12 cm/month in wet areas, 5-7 cm/month in dry areas.
• Yolo County, CA test cells - wet cell settlement rates > three times parallel control cell (17 mos)
• lower settlement enhancement (~ 5%) was reported at aerobic cells in Columbia Co
• The Trail Road Landfill in Ontario, Canada reported a 40% recovery of airspace (8 yrs)
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Ponding Water
Gas Flow
PreferentialChannels
Impermeable Cover
Heterogeneity
Waste
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- 8 - 6 - 4 - 2 0 2 4 6 8
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D aily C overM ateria l
Leachate Applied Intermittently at an average rate of 2 m3/m/day
Waste Permeability = 10-3 cm/s
Daily Cover Permeability = 10-5 cm/s
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Heterogeneities
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Landfill Stability
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Impact of Waste Processing
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Recovery of Composted Materials
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Aerobic Bioreactor
• Rapid stabilization of waste
• Enhanced settlement
• Evaporation of moisture
• Degradation of organics which are recalcitrant under anaerobic conditions
• Reduction of methane emissions
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Research Issues - Aerobic Bioreactor
• How much air is needed?
• How can air be delivered?
• What is the impact on the water balance?
• How are landfill fires prevented?
• What are the economic implications?
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Anaerobic Decomposition
OHOHC 25106 24 33 COCH
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Aerobic Decomposition
25106 6OOHC OHCO 22 56
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Aerobic Landfill
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Economic Impacts
Benefits• Enhanced gas
production• Recovered space• Reduced env. impact• Reduced post-closure
care
Costs• Capital costs• Operating costs
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