THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1995 - unicef.org State of the World's... · CONTENTS TheState...

THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHIlDREN

1995

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THE STATEOF THE WORLD'S

CHILDREN1995

•.....,-James P. Grant

Executive Director of theUnited Nations Children's Fund

Oxford University Press

CONTENTSTheState olthe World's Children 1995

1 World ofdiffrrtllce

2 Promise and progress

3 Words iuta deeds

4 Pain now, gain In ter

5 UIlJillis1led busilless oftire 20tlr century

Statistical tables

'"'" lr;ogedyuf Rwando·. childreni$ tb<:~ in l serieo 01 _h di...,en. M"",quietly, theecooomic~ of~ IarRer number!. offamilies is alsodq>riving millionsofchildrenof~ right to devdop no<maIly in mil><! ood body.!lodl ofth<...., ~.,. . incr"",i,, , i":lIability ...d increaoiog """"rnnic=lusion ·wiII be 00 Ihe J,genda or !be 1995 World Summit for Social~1opmm1 iD~ 'The Summit is exp<:<1ed to dn.. up . ...... stnIlOlll' lor UU.,-ua.

Iional"""lop.. .."l Rut;t wiIllIOI """""'"1M~ CI"i>is in hUmaIlllC.'<.'Wityunlm iI~ priority10proI«ting and ifI~ in the plIyskal, mental. andmI(IIional~I oIlhe ww\d'. children.

followUul the 1990 World Summit for Cluldrm. all important~ hasbttn made in this 4in:cIio1l. The Summit oet Sl'fcific ""d lII<'a!IWablc l«>aIs . wbe aclIlcv<:d by the~ 200J . fur the prol«tion ol IN hoa/1h and c1t....,\opm<'Ilt01 1M world'. mild""'- It ........bsequrntly~ lh.al • oetofin~cfOal. sbouId be IlChitved by the mel 011995.

Chapter2 looks 01 the pracIio;aI p1ogl1!"" thai h. been made - and finds \hal amojurity of tile KoahI 0('\ lor \995 "'" likely 10 "" ....c by • ma;orily llfthe~~ JLalion.. n.....~m.·'". = &/I imp<lfW)1 ''''''In'bulion to theCupmllagw Summit · ond IIIthe1aSI< oflr?llslatlng wonl .;"10deeds.

The _rgies bcllind the ochieYmlm t. rt<:Onlc<I in dIapl... 2~ included:the IftakiDR do9ID oIl1Wr.1!1 lims into 'dnablr'IIf'lIIO'Ii!ious; !h<'~ 01poliricaI", ppun; the mobiliAlioa 01...... communicationscaporitieo:; thedeploy..-1of Ullillld Nation.~ and th<: clooc monitoring or _ Thetask bcing the World Summit for Social D,,,,lcIpmftIt is to brW: """" the""*lI:rchallmgcs of lOclay'. <k:vdopmrnl"""~ inlO doable prtIPOllitiono.

-"M"", fund"""",toI~ is aIo<>.-y. In pani<ular. m.. probloms of '\lo.aiminatioo. Iancllessn<:u andur":ml'lorrr",,u must beaddrnotd BIn 1M wayforwud ;" obstnict.-l bypoliti<aIand ,"""",mi< VHtod interMlS,and by the'pain1IO'l". gaia later' N.UIn: of """'Y oflho Il<'<:<'OSary polidc$.

The dlQn tQ lIC'hieYoo !O<iaI ~k>pmt.'IlIl(l>als is pari <If • hisroric sInIggIo w_~ sucll_cd in1l:n:lUand 10~ure societieoin !hi: inlemltS of

th<: nl.iIOr ralh... lh... the lew. C~!hit tn'tlIu60n i. 1h<: unfini<hc:<l hiliness Dime 2001 e-.'Illury.

A/kounlrY 0I2lilIIital labl.... for baIiic indi<aIo.... nulritioo. huhh. cdlK'alion.P<>llII1atia1l, e'OJ<lomic~ and thesillalion of W<IIII'-'Il. plus~ ,;enn_mario.....ond bo.sic ir><\riIon fur leso l'OIJIIlowo rounlrios.

Text figures Panelsr'lJ.I Total ddJl ...~~afGNP. 198).1992 ..." 1 Population:~1ll . 2 UlliledNalioDIprojc:ajoos of world _ ,M;"" Jl'U'I'Ih- 10>0<. th. Cwo>_1ISllI

medium..,.j highvariaIlts -' -.l-1~_3 .~~ of iodine<ldic.imcy worldwide -"<1M:- 4 Number of~ counlriel """"" Ibc I1'Iid-dt<:ade eoaJ2 The year2O!iO:af~ 1Il1ca51~of """ in counl;ries~ by~

~ disofden IsliI<~ly !(I be lI>tt - " -,~ig. 5 Number of~ counlrieo wt-..re!he micHII:adc lfOO/ _.

d I\'ducing 1990child maIIlutri6o<l by 2O'IiO is likely10 be met -"l-ig.6 l-:.rlmalcd impodof vilamiJ,A~ on ur>dtr~ in1M""""" .... -" 3 The year 2050:rlJl. 7 NlIIllbcrof <IcoeIopiru/ counlries wI>= lbc ItIi<kIcnIlc RwI .....,

ofclimlnati"i" vitamin Adtlicitncy;" oll<de<l counlrieo iJ _.likelyto be mrt -">•• l~ of all"""""" and of~l 'II'OII>efl ..~fn;xnirua de&.ial<y0Il'IC<JIi0. -'" • Sllcial goals:

~-IJ(. 9 ~ of til<' <k......oJoping '"lI'1d'. Ulldcr-ODCS proI<.'ClI:d19l15~ 2lm

~~ofthc ",*,,"~di!eases -" -"~·ur. 10 Nwnb<,-old<~ O)UQlries when!~rnid-~ g<>aIofn:lIChiIuI or maintaininJI an 8Of, inununiratioo lovel isb"U1y 10 be mel -" 5 AIDS:

F"1Il. 11~ in theCOIilIWtd nwnbcn of polio<:aI<.'S in the1!lI_'I1r~edy

dtooclopOlg wOI1d CO"...."" w'(h~ inpoio imrnuni!3lioo .... nF'lt'. 1Z Changn in undtr·fiw;dnIhs from..-sIal in !he """"\opiIla: -~

world~ withdwl,gco ill mcaoIcs immwIiz3Iion-~r"ll.u Tell.nUl immuni>:ation ofP""JIMIl\ """""" in the~ s MeKico:

world~ withchanges 10 infaolt deaIlu Irnm lt1aIlUlI ...." 3Il,allll ..-I ..... 19!1llFIg_ 14 I\Ta.'II!al1'> of dlanhoea bouu in wxJtr.&Ia IJeaWd with on!reh~mtheclc¥doping world

-~_.

t il(. \S N"""",,"oC~ <:oonUies wi....-.: !hemid-~ ROIl ofmsu:irllI: aar. ORT...., "'" dionho<al~ is Iikdy10be m<:I -~ 7 The greatestabuse:

Fill'. 16 P=ceUill'C ot~ with mdomicdracwIc:uIiasis~.,.,....n.....stwamenor lllOR: cUlurol inll:M:lltions II theendof1993

-~Flg.11 l~ of &-111't'O!'"oId. mrollod in !id>ool -" ...~"''' Nurnbtrotdcvdoping toWllriel wbcn: !he njd-dccade lO"l

of rtducinlI theprimary <ducation shortfall byone third;. , Viet Nam:likely l<> bo! trI"'- -" lIIinD lht CoaIIlnlioo

~'.g. \9 NI1IlIbor 0( deIdoping t'OIIIIll'W wh<re !he mid-O:ado: goalof~ Iho.u. waI<1" IIbonfaII by one quart..- is bkly 10 ...~~- -~t1g. 20 ""'"'- . u...... fromtilt 21 mtmlxr nalions 9 Real aid:of th<. OECD u...q,,"""l A , .~ Commme<:

-~tll:.21 NWDben oDd pertt'<ltage 0( IJOPdatioa below me poYI:I'ty line "" ,........lojIoMni

in~ oountr'ies. 191150Dd \990 .... -~rlll. 2'l S<>cia!lJII(l ..",,,,,,ni< in<ScoI<rn for theIndian_~ uf Kt:rWa.

cornpaml with Indioas I whole _n 10 The PPE spiral:1'"11:_23~ inIife~. .,.wr.five mortality. lOt1l<-ni1i1y

and thl new _1lJl!Y ell'"~. and .....~ school tIItIlImtn ~ deYtIoping won.!,1900-]990

_M ...~

Wordsinto deedsThe 1990 World~ ill" ChiJ.<In..,, IIll'-.I ona ....... of tptQfirKWo kr irnproviDjr the Iiveo 0( chiIdrm·indudin.fl~_~ rna1outritioCI.~

omlable of_.and illil<'flllY.

FouryQnlllk.T, orh.1I practial_ ha be<:tl made?

In Ill"" the -....... is thal n><II'e

than 100of~~ ftIllans...ilh <.I'<U"M oftbe I\o:Yl:IopingworId'. clu1dn'n. are~ 1l/etillicanI progrea \09l'lInls the J[<JIIb.

ADd 011 prftmllmld$, a~ll'01 the lat"JlI'U IICt for 1995 an:~ to be 11>1'I by. mo,ioriIy ofthe~ naIioos.

Malnulri lIoo has bernredInd:iDvnuni>::orlo<llevdo an:~brin& 1Min...m..l ....ioanord;~ 1lo>tiIuI"'" 00wu by l!Ollo"""'lII""'d 10~ kvclf; Iati"' _ of I:bo dt:>dollillll

w<Irld Ilaw """""'" fnoe ofpolio:Iod/no, ~6<;.",cy ~lIloj' ond"".amiaA~_bting_

come IIIf _ oforal ~1l)'dnltiocl

lhmlpy (ORl) is n.ing ~fulgITOllI"e than. million dilld dtathll

~):guinft.ormm-lIu

b<otn rtduccd by """'" 9llII;and

compleu-<ndi<ation is In ~l;IboIasaDdsol~ are ooctM-oIy...1lPO"1inlI:~;~In pr\rnaIy rdu<atioII ..~rnwo<d; ood theC"""""lioo> OIl

the R!ghliof theChild hall btoJmethe rnolil wi<Iolr .mdrapOdIy ratiliodCOIl"'eIlIion in bisIory.

Such """"'" dw Il'Il"Ol'i-mateIy 2.5 million iewtrdtild.....'I'iIl die! in 1996liw1in 1990. II &100_ thai _ of nIiIIioos will be

fllIftd Ille iMidioos~_b!. Of! tho;r <koiooIop:'I0'" bymablulrition. Andit """"'slll3l ..ku. threequanm ofI mjlllon"-r dIildrea Nd> yew wiD bedi<abIfd. bIlndrd. <rippIc:.od. ...."""'tally ret3rdtd.

For the lirslliloe. th..,d...e••.."..,. ofin~.d!y "I!J"."I.'d..a.J~1~"b<411l1roIdc eood OIl 1 8i$zniti<2nI i<:<Ik: in• nlSjority of countries.

a..~" 2 ""'it,...~ Sl3Ie of theWorld'sChi\drl'II~ prtIfIiII#s"_4dilild........"t{1M1I'fIfm8Mq /Md. _'* lilt~ adopttd lit lilt 1990 W!Prla's....",itjlr CAildrtJI.

World of difference

SImMMr. n.~ '"1hDa1Ula :'ciildmo ir Urt: I4l tsl to ....1a#«,n '" k ni~"'" /rtf..., Uq ff,...ItJ~ />t_ qlfinlJ, l it, NDMMk Mal"

6iMlilJltilnr of""" /all" n ..bm '"fa",iU,. isabo casti", a 10", JkaJq,f ....,.l1u"',. ,., of...rimu byd/I"H., ", jllit»u ofdlildrno 0{ tit ritJlt '" dmt/Qp <Wf"

III41JJ i. ". /IUI ,,,.d bodJ< 1Tot ....11faJ11 J'fi'lh",lq ..t4/i;>JUilip Nhou. 110,.. tOOlfi><m -j-...si.,~j" =losi<nI.,.,J i......,.;.,~1 JUi. lqrotirm - iral Urt:am IJ{a .... fnlM'titnl o( lIorNIs ttl hlllu ,tcltn'/y.

1lust d11'tt11$ r:iJ1 kIM_f. isstu1uiJl(f1ll . Worlds..",,,,itfo.SodtJI~r"'*ioII .,;II __ i.~ i . Man:}< " /995. n..S.....I/ sJ-14"l1uHeiu'",,,IIJI tJlttrnPl '" ;"'~I lilt __ ... Mw/IJp_ iss.... Ilwllwt.p. to.~ i. 1M1~ JllltnUJliotW..mo..p~ ....."k to","","If ..,.. .1Id _ orzl>ll~ 1MrrIMiIMJJIips Nt ...", pwrrfJ.~ "","",

",,,;,,,.,,,,,",,,,dtI~. risi'W tuPirotitn&J. " lUI -'aI disJo<>J/iolI. '"" r"'....Jmm.., dr. otnwIt "6fln..tP<JfIt1t1/TrJw1 I1ti'W. 1i1ftiU# 0/-.-. """oJ, It!

du~ j .... .. I'lW "",but Ii_ i1IlC1rirlr IIJi MtiMs " JtDU.

n. oMJ oriJJ "'" sol", l/Int ~roh/nIs .."'" ;/ p"if poIt<b", u J i• ....n., i.diM" . ~ rkunUrt 'II•., 0.,. thotillp"",u JtrG/tgJ. I~", 1M / 'J90 WorldS. _;I/o. CIIMmo, IIJI I~.I !r<g>'• • i., ......... ......,. ,'" llrildi~ A.",i4·l994 n:vinD~ tJwt " ~11 <l1W -W~.Iph stl fiw dot..idtIJ. ofIII.. dwuU ,..;n I>t fld/i,Ofd by" ....,pm, of l it, """lop•., """. /,.;..llt:u tIdliavllrt>l/S • /lJI4 th /lmrtgUs lIIIridt b",.p, riuwI .110,,1- ",. IIJI

j"'~1II"",tri""titnl '" I1u CDI><""'qpo. s. it:~ lilt nI!JlrMan.,t.hri.., rio.W.,us••""it jo, SodiiJ~p", • • , if >JDl 1M[krill... arnntlalUnr oflHat w.1J~ lUlu hI Ih /iod;qof....,. aod ....... 14 btti" tn/1l$/c1/"i/ "'OIliI i"t4dnd$.

1

T hooom~ at this yWl Slas,oflM K'Ot1d. CJriJdmo rq>OI1 ill..,

acmunl af wtw is~ IoChieYccI • in~ . IoI1awina tho;, Ifl"cili< promi5c:l thaIwere made by~l:t 01tht 1990 Watld SumntillorChildrt1t.

Rul In,~ of whit is~ing 10 childn:a in lhc: worid at 1994

mu!'l bcxin "" I r>oI~ at ongt'r Ind Il3d_ at lhe lI>Illerin$: endur>:d by thechildren at Rwanda • $UffeinJe of aoak: and • -mty !hal the hwnanmind ranooladtquattly~

It is in lh< lr.IditiOfl of thisonol1ll~ 10 !Wl<I bade~, such portio.ularCW1Il:t in ardcf llIli1M a broadrr ,

A t one tim e, wars

were fou gllt

between armies;

but in the wars of

tile las t decade

f ar more children

than soldiers have

been killed and

disabled.

,

viewof lbo for=< aIft<"Iing the liv<'s ofdIlIdmI in thlo lale 20Ih cenWIJ. Btlt""'.. that brooderviewmuOl~that lhc Ir8,ltt'dy oj Rwanda .. no! anirob.ted ececrresce. II is. wJIt,r. thlo1&te!IlODd _ in _ oppeanlto be

"" incre2sinsIly frequ.ent """'" 01...suopbcs for children. whcIher inM_ l»o.ue or Anl101&. Somalia or!he s.,<bn. Afghanistan or Cambodia,Ham or Ilosoia.

All or tllne <OIIfIictJ. """'" lhelIIOn! ~ng by _lit ell

pOl"wd from m. induSll'Wi!ed naIioons.have brought oot <NIIy ohort-tf1'msuff~ to million. or~ butlong-term Nnk'QUI.'IlCeS for the deve~

~t 01 pe,>pIe."doJ nalkms.WlI<IIkind or ..:Iutto wilIlhey be. lheot mil

lions or childrtn '""'" ha'o'l' been lraumalix<I by ",...~. '"'" hawbtto ~ the CIpIl(N11IIIity to~ nonnaIIy ill mind and body.'"'" haw been <Ioepr'i....t of h"""'&lIdparent$. of IamiIy ODd community. oridentity and 0«Urity. of ocbooling ODdsW,ilityl What ....... will lhey carTYfonoard into thrir own ..:Iu~ lives, ODd..-hat kiod of """lribuliou wiII lhey bemaking to lhrir...cie!io:s in 15 or 20y.... from oowl

Tho: _ 01 sudJ.coofficb.. dwJg.

ing. At cce time, wanI were fwghtbel......... armies; bYt in the 'O'an orthebsl cleade /at more child""" than ooldien have bc<:Il killed and di""'bIed.Om" that ptriod.. approximate!)' 2 milIioo chlI<!rrtJ ha", dio,d in .......bel......... 4 and 5 million ha", bee<!~ di..blrd. """" than 5 mi~

Iioo have been ro~ into~"","po, II1d more than 12 mlllioo luo"'"""" lc/I bomcJe..,.

These are otati.ue. of .twne. And!be}' cast • long lIwIow lMT~

~ aod lhrir SlnIfi\e for..bility and social coheDon.

Marginalization

BlIIlhc brooder ..... mIIlII abo realI'.w:., that armed cooJIict .. IlOl the 0Q1y1Oft'e which is afleo:ting the lIOmW~l of rniIIioo$ of dlild """ irI!hot 19900. More "uieIl)'.lhe """UinU<'d

ccor>omic and social marginaliulion ofthe]lOOI"l"SIlWiml. and of the pooI'$

communitieswilJilil ualioM, i. <lopriY.ing /at larger- num\Jer$ of childrea ofthe kind of childhood which wouldembIe [Mmto bonxne pArt of l<Inlor"",,", """'lionsnuho.T 1m tomoITOW'.",b_

In the bsl 10 l'ft'S, irI particular.&Illng rtI<DIDOdily prien, ming miIiWy~... poor Il"Il1m$ onin"C'llmm~ the:- deb! ai.... and IIln>e

tunl adjuWllellI~ hawn'd,x. -'d tlK! n.'aI iI>oomeo of~motely !llXI tniffion ...wle in """" ofO~ <'OlUIllrieo. In 1mAru<ria.ee laD in in<:ur>l"I lw been II much• 2OS. In IUb-Sa!I<nn Africa, ~ hasoflc1I been much ...,..,. AI. lhc sametime. <.;It,! io esseotial oocial ....,;,;".haw meant heallh """~ "';lhou!d:us!o and dol.1Ors, IChooIs wilhoulbook. and I....,~ lamiIy pIanninjrctWco withoul.wrand~

Formanynlillionl of famiIio.s in~pnoresI viIb,«H IIld urbazJ oJwns ofthe <k¥t:1oping wwkI. lhcdailyW l1Ie

""""'" of~ «:ooomlc Inr<ti, ".."..I'Ihich !be}' have no <'Ol\tnJl io thatthe)' arc unableto pul~ Iuod onW table.unahIt Inmailll3in • home Gll<llive in. unable 10 dress andpreoe<It

th"msdv~ dernltIy. unable to protectl>eallh ...d IIlrell,lllh. ur.able 10 keepth<irdlildrefl irI ochCI<II.

"T1trough such~ mllIionIhavebKome <lestilule and~.And .... "" the:- dc!Ililule and lhe<lesperale arc incrusirul:ty yDuIlj(.uprt><olt'd,~ Imnwln,g far- """'"aboo.Jl theworld tharJ lheir lllU""I ts dXIII1d expectillj( far more from it. thenW a1moeI incvibbIe ..,...,Jt ill anincrease in oociaI disin!tl1nlion. ell>Ric left""'"" aod political turbull'llCe.Inevitable. also. il the me of aime.vioo~. akohnliom. and dnl,l[ abu ....

hrw!IldI • minority of ee'~l""""..dand theditl<Z'ded ha'o'l' Illwly$ """¥hIto """sole1lIemoelvel.

'l1uwRb aD ~ amirqional divenily.• panem of ..".nomic lllIlWu'1izalino can ir><n-aoirlR\y he~, IlJi id<:nlifying'motif .. the Olea<!y~ ofthepo<lI"1:SI nation. ...d of thepoorest

Pf'lPIe lIidliIIllUiorII. 'p~.

lbt """"* 40 or 50 ClIIUllIrieI 'IftG lbrir ..... of .....nl iDaJalrdo:diDc l<I..pokJI1I'!ltn, IiIIhollbeww\d'.~ _ ..... "'- Ih-.IS IIIwwId .....,.. ~·dbiIo~

............. ,.1•••• · t ioIbI:d. tht _ --. « !be

':; .uloe ..... ida< ..._ ' 5 d:iodlr 44., ' ,C.........1210·' . , '.-iNlor ....,.. .......... Ai a J' doe-""__tbft. ..~1il* _ II.- '" ol...a-l--.whiIo Ilw rktIallltll .... 1o:l-.....-.la'".It ' , ;._ <GilliDtil1O doe

do;,<, 4•• ....tII: ill _ iDdusaiII-

IRdlllIIblI••,ollio ........."'....pop'........... 1Iotq: ndoded .....__ .a:"'" Pi...... Duridcl/w dondo oIlhe1!l8)a.b"~.•IIIlIIioa """"~ dtildrt.'n lollbtoIow dleo/Ikiol pcM.'fty line ....., •

lIYI.'flIlle incocIIr. ""'" IIId tht eronon\)' U I ..bolo grew by 25'1.'Simllarty. In Ihe Uolttd Kinadom. lbtpn,>portiun uf the l~ lllho earnIeIo than hal( lbt -.e nationalirK'oone bas cloYbIcd in the lost lluft_... ~~"'''',.__ It Ihcrefor'.- brinr~~md~

ItalIdirw bt...-JI !be bmI<ftI boMm....... <II lIOciaI ond ............ pro".,., rioIimIol_.......". olroa.."~WlII"o'" "'doe~ 01__~__lilt 1!llIll.

,. s_d'''_~''''I1,....1a

..... nldi<t .........-......~~~.~<~:mt ' _

....... ol <hidI•• ill 1M ...w of1m " " D y ' lilaIbqr IIiII '" ..- ID Ibrir............... '''foi", ;'IL

IdlDal IoiI • liod -t. aqd toil lIr;I

__ <I 1 do to • "'"Jll....lM:. .. .....,. ...... No-~ '" 'M ,ull kiIIdod/1lnc ·..... . e lnISiaa ....octIosiaa IrJ*al<: IIl1li1 be lbal, hiItoriaIl bas wriI·I.... "I. call t1«*< .... '" _ <noll.rlal:I. I'll« IIr JtIlU Uot Inl/d III

"",••II4Jt-r..,. ••~ idf1t-tilic"u iI tht"- tbal """"Lt"' , M _1iIOdJ' tu be~1rilbin bourldf; 111 toriIlal «-aJlI'''''''. loJ' • i I ; ..~...., ,;", <Ilia bmdiIs. _ bribe• •Glulloa 01 .... demoaiCXs, '-s......... Nod". daD.... !be Wood lnD 1M ..+"' J

'-II_~ )' ''' reW'ma- .. &.Ia It h-.5o. """ iii......ad be • "'""'"" • ,! lba1MtoGIoilUdl ilIlIocllin iordIIIil:_..............Wortd Summil

TbI' lIIl'b'. It_ d.. oelalioosllipbe-.~ two "'-' - ....aOSiI:Ce<--e ClICluIioII mel iou'''''wsocial clisirakli ' • iI 1M ........tIlrinI: 01• .- IItioa a11!1J'nu l<l

IwtnM 1K'WiIy.TI-.1!IJ'nu riI be1M maln ....., fIdnI[ tho: WorldSummit b SoN! O"..lop,...,,~ which..m briIlJ[ l!Ic IIIIjoriIy of !he wot1d'.politinlleadm '0eap.n~ duringM.on:h of 1995.

SellioJ! "",!he politkal bod;z, <>uDdIII 11>1' SwruniI. 1M~01 !he UI2iIH N........ 8outn>I~.lIoli. l1li quod thIf direct....t • bJ _ CIIlUDtr'1 .....____l1li_""""""" ...,, mel thIfthe It*"'" Milo-.. ot......,. ·..,k .. lIooiool otaIrily ot _ tbII _.., .......~ 01 1M llIIiledN-... • l1li lila ....., , . ,<4.'1lol 1t--.......,.....• -_ ..."".- AIodiIo_ , ..-im =% , _..........111_ __ .1lI'l:c....~ .......... . _Itw, 'tliwot• t t • ot poopk- na aa-.. 1lltT ..... .,....., 1btir_, .... _ 1brir ......tiw&

~. 1Ill _ lIIrt-. ...dud< 1Iw iDt. ill !be ......... otfailod __ Itld ill !he rwftI lot mrIYIlign,oI iPrtlvoentiOll.lhe _ ~IiotI ot~ -.ItlliII _ ~~ 1M rite in itIlm1oationa1drua~ aDd orpni2:td trimr.

All underctass

is being created,

Itndereducated

and unskilled,

s tanding beneath

the broken

bottom rutlgs

of social and

economIC progress.

,

P8n811

Population:the Cairoconsensus

"'-"""" aI irrJivrUI _

~ I Wliltr IIfIJjIIl (If~ furboll!........ l1li1 ..... _ /!lIf ,. /hi k#f h>

lIJ6M dite\:p'.'(~ /hI_ll!Dl aIpopJ;niDn~ itll!wJ fII$!aJ!fIe.-..,.rd~ . ,-.--.--_...MeJiI """'9 al lhl! l!!ll ....

.......~lO1~rd De\eIop••• _ ~..

~ otuluI ..t 1ICb:ancrI.lkn Ihe ,.. , feaun allhe t.IIClli1IIln:le _ Ihe~ n......e. hi Ihe~ ...

IMI« !flU'lj VlQl'&l t..i'Q~IallOI ofhi __ IMls, inc:WnJ hi

""'" r.tiIiIr "l'8'1ic>JIle. torli _ ...oe........ ... Iho _ III rlIk.aIlho ....

IliII of~ ;oj~ lIO'tliIiIy, II

uRI~ P>eoilh II_ ;, II W'mU'OlJIII, II ......

al ......~ ,'"~ -mlJ!fllereq.llity,M_.....__lh

ooc!I 'ffI'II.... iTm\'m. IIIIl tum.

1l4lIr """¥d~·lvn Iho amplDRu;o; allJl9llR'l rd ojmj bIu.~...- obof6:Jnsl AtnIl .lIWd

of_~'9.c.",,,,,,,,'"

\OIMWll9:I, .i! ll'OSl l3l iI!Il~ llII·........,-ai, _ 11> deti:le__ Rl_Il_~

!tnIllt> W-~ n doasiarHnek

"" Rl~ lnlr~ lilt·

--. aUII """'" .... ihoIN d, •aUII _ Iho ""milii, d Ii:e'V"_ hMilh ......... iii Irrl~ binhl ...ck>so D,j!lher. it aUII abI ~ tI.......~ ... """,""",)y. and Ii:I

~ lIIeiI 0llaliDn, boftnI Iheorbeo:mI ootwn; lJd it coM abI......, .... Iine III _ aIhor !W7'

....... . lJd k< 1l'Je mst lJd~

11aI is1>:11'\'_1I1Inlr cleniid 1lI milIQ!s al_ ;'lhedMQlire;'MQ1

In., idNI WIlIId. Iho oplIad of IamilI'~ lJd Iho WM-'l """'" ,.,,;Ud lhetelm be • br-

pndi,ctol.",__ 1Ilan "'" iT'IJlMItion,....!he"'"""' al.......,'l twiI: oqa ...-Tho CIirtI Can!enlnce _..,1l'Je IIsI

21]1"'" cd St1lIl' ...~ 1lI *""ll\II.,.~ rous bIIlii'Il fdi'ijj lfIr·lility""': risilg le.oIs or~ _ .INftt b lIIIl<; ....... cIOld ...... '"""~PIllfU 10 lIM w.ldItu tNIlIIeiI chiIcm WI LI"oMt 'n>easing OlD

ronic~ IJOl1U _lle I,Wol&

""""tv~ IIlIOiu 1II1...1e lOCOarIl d!II'i'ig _ ctllices bejarel

..u_~ al~"'''

wideI;nIIj Miiobilily al~~illDnnaIilrI lid seMces

AI of~ <IeI8nliIwo al p<>;Uo'PII1 IJlI'I"II' ... _ III .,. ba$I;

_ ... tVa al 'nMluaIs.. .....'MIltIay 00II10 bI td-..l 8\91 adlI!llI_ ... MIl Plg '"~ prcl>.... .. 1t"Is ...... oloo, • blJIire.oed "liU1alI ;,,"_of_~~

""'"*' bi!I • lrMmU;t 01, IIlt8 illa"Il_...,kr,,,,,,,,~

EU if em 0'CII'liYt is.-led, 'hoiit is.-deallhal \aUla a<1lIln .., .. oreee IrlJ'II:l YlNl~ IltIIIho fwq pa....... 01 ptIIIlIeliII1l1'U"'l>Tho II"""'" pot:Ualion or Ihe _ is~ 55 billion. Tho tn.:lNIl..... '1IllICIiua ....-ian!. poDjocIion lor....rod~ ;, 1l'Je 'ffI'II 2OCJO iswoooately 10 IliIIiII1. Tho~ P<\llIIl"liII1 is12S billiln110. OM ...W.d'al at <aIliS ~Oj:i. """ "'*" 0 f\IIII.-...l 'I!fIrIncI III _ f9na. EU

.,. ClOG c.rlo-ora an:Wed l!toI •

~ lqO'llOC!l • W'D',~ ;, (fOll ,...\111 WI! .........._ n odocatian. p<ogtISS lllWaIIb

genIeI~. Wl!1Ili~ ....elliIity of 'n.,~ .~ -.epwor'd~ llIlo1o!h3n lD biIilO1brIIli..-or .,._ CIf'IIIry

n. dillIolO us be\IoMll'eIe ptIjett.

cdfilms aUII ...... .,. lilloreraI~ a.a:eso -.l laiUl in~.,. bnitOllll ..........MJAl l

!he<:onwu.>e<l kW andilltpl trade ill~ """ tho' thn'al to !he bi<>'Ph= ClIUocd by oYer<XHl!lll/l\jlli<m

""" UO'ef]lOlIuIioIl.An of me.c rqnoenl IH.'W arul dif·

f=nI thrtau.to human lIO<.'IIriI.Y."""they rrquiN: I new and diIfmo:nl re...,.... from the inb:rnltiorlal commu·nity IIId from theUnikd Nation..

The puf1ll*l of "'"C~Sununll i. to 1Iy to find ouch I re...,.... And its owtinr1>oinl mUOl bethai DO an"""", m bt~ualI; if 'Ido8 IlOI ;OOuOo: I rnmmi_l to I

""'" kind of inlfflWiunll d<.....,lopmo.-ntdiM thai will do I bttlff job 01 pro10'<'li0g 1h~~ miild. 1IId~ofchildn.'II. lhIt wiII lCItn<rwIt<Igl: !heril:hu and need. of WOIIICD, """ thaiwill ~!<' !he kind of joJ>.cr..ating""" C'IIYirooI...... lIIIy oustIinabie _nomic rrnwth wblch includes 12lho....than ....cludn !he]lOOtt'Ol oa6ons andthe flOlIJMl. po:opIc. AI Bou'"",Ilootros--Gllall lus md ;"A....rnI """.",,'_, '"s«W1_;, ''''G_

'" ....rnllII .....,. '"PM!M'1. ItJlt~",""'. GM s«W disiltt",., liQIt ... I' ;,Ii_ '" ~ ft- pmrili", _ It';"

III,."". G",.... '" ,...J"',,, ......ri"Ill""""~"""'I. "

The challenge forCope:ohagen

The c-oming l<>gflht-r of I mojority oftho; ....,.-\d •• heads of ......" to dill<u..the issues '" pmrerty. uMmp\ormf:nl,

""" soriIl cxclusioIl is unllf"Cll'dmk<l.And !be vt:r'f fI<t of \he CopenhogmSummit i. an indio:ation of\WO impor.tant new dt'oo:lwwcnlS. The lint is Irisin¥ poUti<ol UlitikSi of newl/tn,atsto humao '6t<IIrity. and of !hefI<t thai lhc ;,,1,T1IIlional =unitymuSlbeIrin to Idd..... lht-ClU""" ifil;'DIll to be IIYCfWI>dmtd by the symp10m... The """""" is I 1IImlwing of

lllOIIY of "'" fundatrK-otal diviMlI ofn:a:rtl ycon and its~I byI _ level 01 C'On9<'II"''' Astho. Chairman of lM I'repuatoryCommilIff lor 1ht World Summil lorSocial ~Iopmml. JUIlI SomIvi..has ~, "r... "an "'" UI"5><1<1""1~ low~I i..p.mlbU. II

_14 ""... knr 01~ 1kIxU."""I....""",it a"li »<iaJ""........As thne fundametltaI~ ill

--=II have bcaJ br3tal iIlto """"..,....,. ~Iid a """" povtiNlar «lIl!lOl>

..... OIl 1k'VCIot>'","1 iasueo has .....btru" to tmef\'I:. It is the oulwlrK' ofthe~. trials, IIId """"' of"""" than 40,..,. n/cooorious .........opIIkIl( etrom. [1 is !be 0Il1r0IIIC ofmany~and aoa/yses from UnitedNiIIion>~ and~....tal~ [I is "'" OOlO:Jme ofthe work of tho: many~

C<lIII/Tilitsio wblch t-oa.... inquired illlolIIClIC issues ill """"'Iynrs. "'" B.-l\Commmion, !he Brondtland Commisoion, the Palmoo Cornmiooion. lOcI "'"SouthCommission. 11 islhe IlI,/IO;IInl' ofI otri<s of major ....-.unil~

inc-Iuding lhc World Summ/I lor

C1tiIdrelt in 199010cI ""'.:arth Summitin 199'l. And il ;. \hi: 0U\C0Rk <If \he....,.,,1 Coiro !Illcrnatiooal Con/monno,

OIl I'opJIaOOn and IX,••.,lopm""l whichhas 0Cl: oot a dNr and vital~ 10lhc wMd IlO \hi: complex n=ciproca!rdalionob;p.. bo.~ 1hc r>eeds and~ of~ changco iIllonility.lOcI progress lowards ""lIlainabltQc\oo~1I! lP-I l).

More \han ai ill)' other Iimt iIItht5O-yur llislory of tht Unil<'Il Nobon..~ {2fI !Mn'fo"" b(' said lhIt~ istoday I broad lIltUW'e of Ii>rt " ","l

on lItany of"'" """" basic: problems ofdc¥ek>pmml and Ihcit _ ~kdy........

ThaI ronocnsu. his~ lk\ 001

"""'l' lioIeoo. incb.>din.Il' in !lsi ~.....$I(;l, Ie~l thaI !he wayfwward \io:s alonJt 1M PIth of clnnocr.uic po\itlcs and mark<:\..fri<:ndly ""'0'

Il<JIIIlc:s; of JlOV'I-'fIIIDO't I<Iion lD

~ 1hal&1JlWlh bt'fIo,fil1l\hi: 1Itan~

andtIOfju!lthe re.r: g( m«Iinsl hllll\allIIffils and in~ in hUIlIIil~

Ii<:s thl'<lUgh btllel" ht-aIth. "utrition,and mllCllioo: of"'" ftSIJU<Iuring of~l~I\ItHand Iid_~ iu trvour ofbasie sociaIll<T-vices and employmeQl owottuniti..,.

There is today a

broad measu re of

agreement on

many of HIe most

basic problems

of developm ent

and their most

likely solutions .

•

Panel 2

Theyear

2050Vision 1

The panels on this

page and overleaf set

out tYVO alternative

visions ofthe world in

the middle of the21st

cemu!}'. They iIIustrare

why the struggle

against world poverty

is now being trans

formed into a race

against rime.

No.- InlllrllallQn,ll oflcr1l\a1!&1nmidi III __ lbl worst of

""""""'" oncI~ &:on...-ic mot\IIfII r~. IWo$ __kM9:I

1I> contitJI and lbl ~i!ies '" !he2\lI:h _ 11M .,..,. ConInlod

IIIU:lIlrition oncI .... health carl .......

loll dild dudl 11101 ..........., h9IIowlls for lir~ rurtw. '"pqIIe_1inIohis bee-> 1I> odlievI "lI'01ilv~ -.Iob. ..... 100 ....IiorI~ Kl'IooI Ill" mlMn, lWO

thirlb ot lhlm p-b, n lOX " Idvlol.Sto:nloryJdlooI ....aiM -oil nwriIy. oncI ...... Ill" .

riage~ til:en on;,~~ '"h _Dl. c:ontR.ed to....... Iorgo ! 1I> -""II for.... de>1h roll$. III ..-.~""IS. ilIld 10 try III i>1ln _MIs"'l"iml ,,",lJlUIm _ <liIIdo """""" .... _ III <.onlnll 1hlif ..... Ior·liIi1y. and ~ liml. MJo _

re- dIikhn mil do '"" _ """""IlI~iTytnllo~.

"' .... ,.. 2lllIl ....OKI IOUIWlItld~ ..~ 12 bil-lion mart IIId QOII\iI,oing III loa Tho

IIOPIIIuon '" MicI """ trIblod IIIIA'fIlMIatlt,' 2 _ ponplo. ~asUy

.,eata l'Ulltm '" 1tlB _;I'I~

...... """" mqirIII_ Tho~'"for""'lIId "' tn:lSil:vI '" hiI~ 11M~1ItII1 ,0$llltiA),,1C3Ititv of foodam fuel 1IMr~ CIiIUl< IIId ilrQatioosvs_ . IJOIting~ ou:tl 01 "' blott.m lrd r. beam! ..1InI Of Wiler·

logged, «Ill lowlond ...... A1/JjIcl

IQ~ klQ.lll1l .-dd~lIoolb. Millionll '"""~ III ......dtrns. whenl 1'tJl'II!'I".~Ind _ utIitmln mII:a liII almlm

~ oncI '/lton "' d"oII~ ottn111tlUYnl1m ......~~lICl>d>gia~

~ !Ill~ ot ..ultt bJkteIll! teali!ia '" p<M!rIY TrIIlilionIl """'"..my m.aura ond ....... IrM '""..... troiM <bon, oncI •~

propor\llIrI '" llw~ """" UI-'III~ Of..~ rtliII ..........--Sodal~ nl oI<l 0\lrIi0: _...... _ m-J nl " llw rautl·

""" POlilaI1IfMOiI. ..,.....m """"IIItlm. Iea\Ir1g b _ <JPIfI fa <IIm_and di<.uun wt.J ..... _Ih~., ad! ooil.~~

.. boi"II doMlIallQ """'iIIrI. «Ill10

.... .,.ny !tW= "" ""'"" !tIlJl'-~ cioiI IOiI ;". '"3('7111"""lim .. ..,..;ding I J8Idy .........1for lO'I 0<1'1'1I ndo IIl3I his _ olbwed

m arnil'u! 1I1olb3tBd. Monr oMIlWn

'-••3 """ ........ Sl1\IlI'ilia tor _ lIIritorr FlefqJI

~ hive 1Il!I~. k1IemII Indilt8"Jllli<Jnll riTo',*, __ '~ Aets of "!lJI'IIliorIIl _.lam """" beam! IIlIlII .......... amnrtteoj 00Ih b¥ w-inu IItIaUR 01

aininal_ oncI by "'" "*lY orvri/3li<nl In(I!rvlllld br~ Ind

floolIIY folt ...-.._ MarIr aiff'JII:I """"bIconII~ InsurInce tollS MYe,isen AeepIy "3I'II1Ild .....,,".'o;e ..diwpLfld r-ur.m«Ill ttuar. Moododinld. Mote ......... IIIfll--pmsId

dittllG' "' ~IOO;J-rod"' !tliqI.a.em til OSllll:l 3l!efl1ion from!b'I'lmi<~ Tho _ '"failld _ «tea.... InutmMionII

~ beo:rre< lIO'e Wfml(WI ..

lO'I a"""", 10copo _ ~. .....

Ior<utd global~ .. dMrted nottil de. : \".« but III~

.-d tl ,,,o;<l!WMeanvotOIe. Ill! _ ,!ted nkJsui.

_ '*'"'" IDl1iu bI """""'" oncIpolMI.1nd'- beInjoIf'ed I/j SMIIIIII h PrUl~ Asian nl lItIIl~ """"" -vr <:or>1lIlllII''''' Ind at _ clio.<-

idI ..... Dtt8~ l7f 1"GW

'*"'"" anOlnbl,- ""' V-ol bold nuuillitel~[]

lor th~ poor,of ""dinK Iho: dis<;rimin.o;.lit>n og>.inSl ."."..., and l[irto thai io ...~blo in principlt IlIld ...",i""",.ofdcvI:lopmem dJorUio~lin,' of ,,-<Il1cinJl' fMilily through a<'OtllJW,-.r", lIflla"O"d1 rottlbininJ!"lamily planning in!onnalloII and st1"

vica. 1o~ dlild dNlh rak...~"""'I~ of,~. and thetrn~ of Wllmou 10~ howlJWlf ehildrm 1<1 t......, and \Ohm: of~ llIIjuol and uIISIJouinabkpallmlS oI"""", ,mptioa ;md poIIulioain indu!ltl'ializcd IWioas; <If oignifianlI.'UIf; in amIlI up<.'llditu..... and OIl

inc:rI:ast io1M~Mila'*' lor~ta1ly ouinable dew"",""""'~ <If • r~ori ualion <If «'OtIOlni<1S5islan<c IOwarii. rounuie'S !hal..,..'IId lea <In miliWy rapKity andmore on nn:till,l/ the baolo ~. ofthe~ of deb! cancdbtioo andreduction lor the. '-alii dl.-ft\opod... lioa. (jig. I); "'.~ 1c'v<:1 of illlei'natinnal effort lu miSl sub-SaharanAfric:o. 10 "'"""'" itA~ and ofa!IlJfniJi<:an1 incrc_ in lht ltvd anddlidencyolin_'Il1mthe~iagworld.'

P.vtn the nr-bGnonre<l deb.ueaOOul what ill mo:anl by deYe!opoU..,,1ha$ l(M:n way 10 a brood~I!hal """ IX'fhapo besl bem~Ujl by tho Administr.ltor ofthi' UnitedNations D",dop",.nl l'rugnmmc(UNIJI'l,

""SlLIU1illUU h"",. bHlop"""1it~"d IJwU JIIlt Inolyl"',mt.. ....._ k I""IIftiI ..., distrib.i.. its Ntujiff~.il4M}; lloaI nr-r(JI.. 14< t.IIi_·",,,,1 "'llIor ,.... dt<I,.,;'V it; IIInl""",.....~ mill., tb. IMI'gl'fOil/,

U;III 1Jot",. II Ii'" I.wu, In IA. JOtw.nktogilll 1JItj, rluJit.. nM "PfiM/""n...nM~ftwUrrir /'tJl1iri/>lllitnri. dtdsitnu ~I;III 1/",• . I' ...4trtIl>~"''''I t4n1 ... fn'1<1llr. "...,.1>1", ,.JHJ, ,rtNItwl......,. ~"'''' . 0...1,J'l>.dtiM-. •

Words and acuons

Bul ~ ;. also fair 10 say that. io tho

Jl""l, rt'CtJIlIIlI<fIdatioM and """Iu1Ioos oIonJr: the lion~

by thio ..,....,,$iI. t.aw. JIOI 1><.'<."Il fol.lowod by practicalc~ 011 theI>t<'

tomryonl<.L1lh"'" lOy...,...... lu bt:~ !hal

the """"""'" and """,lution. thaI willundiluhrcdly be iosued io C<ipeohll,l{eflwill be ""y diIItmll1

This I'l'pOI1 will ar'JIU<: !hal theSlnJlQlIe ogainol pawn)' is ",achinga ""' iIIId ailicaI juncture, and thaIthe P"O"P"J<U lor. "'llCW<d ink."..tioo,aldfun .....~ For.. !heft'<"ml Inll."nlO6ooal C<lItkmlce 011f'opllWlon and n........~1 in Caito""" made clcar.ll-,m, i.l00.r.""",level of ur......-r abollt the d<wlop.ment~.1mIJIln!ated IS . '\imo..m';....., of u'll'-"Ill con<:<:m oq/y \r\d p<M.'Ity bl n...... beiDlllr.!.nsfom>c<l 'nlo.~ agalrm wn. inwhi<:h all~. stake (pmtl. 2znd 3).

AtIlT~ <If reIati"" inaction,this is a """",rially dramatic lraIlsfor,

maIion. And~ """ t-n bro"llll aboutby fundamcnlal shifrlI io 1M ...botnJc.tur<' <If humad aflai.... F"lISI. "'"'ISiw~ in productive capacity in""-"Cl31 j"an ha.., mad/: il _bit forthe baIIi<" btnclilO of~ \<Ibe putat thedispooal ofall the..-.rid'. P<•.Se:ood. zn t'Qlll!ly dfOlllltic~in rommlllli<atiOlls rapKity has mao:Iti1. <>lr,;ous to people~ thalthis is 1M """" . lhaI.p<M;'I't'fand mal·nulrition and <Ii......,and iI!iI....-y an:no \ongff 'nl'Yitabir. Third, • fund..mental cIwl«e ill !he acctpted ethic ofsocial orwaniulion (di:icusst-d ...".,fully in cl\aptH 5) is~ then.....:l.. righl8, and to<pt<1alio... <If tho..indMdo.al \eonl:fk"OIII'I,I(t In~ thol such rWl15~ ooly!O ill" !t-'W,As aresu/tnlall <of o-e """""' the gap bot_realilyaad posoibiUty, lOr hondreds <Ifmillions of people. has grown 10 wide.. 00 be~It. Udemom,,:!e•an: 00 be "':ilairwd. if 1be CUldOC'l ofhumao aflairs is IIlIIlO lapse mID wide..,.-nd o<>ciaI disinltgntion and politital uph<.-aval th<-n this Rap moW

l3jlid1y lit ela!led' rulily mllSl k~

fif. I lIGI lHmIM

Tolol _ .....,...... '"~ ' '''' IO IS.

•

•

---_.._....

...._..._-_ .

..r- _ _ .._ __ __........_-.._ _~--

,

Panel 3

The year

2050Vision 2

-p. IIIll 19!Ol &'Id 1lIo uI\' pa1 gf

I "'"21" {lII'IlI,r/ _ a...........lI«Ial offort 10 """""""" "'" wcnl of110""'1I' &'Id .. do_ ' '''e l\. Gooon>

""'"~ ... iIid " ......" ,..__~ I8SlrUtIlnd 100-

n ;x.. -.l bosif; =-I ......... "rw;luj..

~ ....11..... ""'l\tI. nl odlaIion.~ also o:Rrtrl\ell ihII CIlIIIIIngo ol_ *-""""" n:ning. -.l

~f\:f"""~~.itwesInwIlS in eft<'" iiill'WIy Ml:IiJI."* r.:r_ ...."'I-I",",~.

Tho sum.- "",e.ted .... !lePd 10

""'"'"~ .,,,.,,,,.,~ andmast t:rnilies 11M~ lheme.n of~ tr.ir bo)s~ neodl.~oIso lWIo: • stror9 IIIod in pnrnoting..... .. P"l¥8'S -.II .....IQUOIity t'I~ JPlCIoI IfI¢olis 10

ftmalu IIIutatIan, irIpIIMid lMolr pW>~ --. lIlCh~ 10 ...WOfIlOII' , -uoods. tnd _ "l'IXI'Iu

00y~

.ls . _ol .. of _ ...........&'Id 01 ......, hsi'Il __ thild _

__ 11M J.aen Ileep'j. _ •• ;II

"*""lle l1O$ ,iwn,~ lor__ .... iraeosed. '-'II .........~""~&'Id_f"""

... h:"MI 00cIlInil Ihil n(rn\ PDpAotiongrowlh peotel Ollllnll 8 flIIoioo l*'-pII ~ SOl fDdodinI.

~_c , ..... in .....~ .dddio...&'Id .... "lJWU1I led,,,*,,," ....

~WOIlri'9.osioo anJ slowedihII rill1llho ciIillo. /'u ""'*01_~ inprtMng IIkutiDnoIIIOndoIds tndft;ree:sing eaJ"(IIII; .-..itv.~~ tIM~ eslOl:f04edMd ....... _oIf*tit\la..,~!ICY 11M; IIealr.- tmnII. Tho bonefiIs0I1JtM1h .. !lOW being nrvcl ___

obly......,..poopIo teoI loa IIiInoIIOl1lOlI1lIoo"~ lI'Id ol

1ho IIID "!II fr:ng(lr 90ed II Iho ....CIIii:I1 olJU'c_

SI4Ia 11M obion tloct IIIXIl ..,.tm. 01~ and «mtoli: &'Id m..-

IIOliIml .......,.. 11M ..~

lhiIl<d 1lOlI rniiIory -.l~tI.<Igea 10 __ 01 ..11I in ."",.,.,.,

Ilr f. I... .. oaciII __, ond .....

rtnnnol~ Tho~hlislriIIileII ....... tIM ~ _

rnilitIrj~ <aI:kted .,... ....lI'Id r-tod ..... fNncioI and IuMnrt!:SI:UteS II vo:rti'Q 'MlII~notD1o 10find Iho ra:I. ....... Ihol...

.... Ii'IO~ . aliol" 01 tr.ir 7lIillion poopIo fir I IligIlIr .-lord oIli\1.'" ..we~ ...mo"ity d loo:3l

"'-""'iIt. bJd, old rd .... iroU·lrioIlmd natif;nr; n ta<ing~ III..,. l!""9'I ......... try tlI ...wnfIlOI'Ilal <rioio fD seattII fir • P'll«Il 01

~ ....tlid'I wi8 lIod 10~

funll1S3lisIacIi!Iol ;oj IlXiIl tltoI$iInTho c!Ioial _ _ !»I<l

!I.cu:ts ""'" be "'""" noI In 50 .,...,..tine .... 1OIla,.

Men IllIrl !»I<l~ 'IIllen ee..... could 11M_1ICIInssing .,.,.lop! lI\lbIlnIIlIM; .QJltr _ foil

AnoI!e losI dlicaIlI ~ IItirabIv be~ Afl.NOP .Iclrniniwa1Ql ..Iiime$

Gimo<oI SpottI~ tesIifiod:___ t:.l~ ..

-.: jilin" 1hJI t:tdJ giw lIS; "* .,!too '""" """"1'. ..,.~-.we aJJtJ IOirlosr IQo ..... allbIIMrij~ ;.u, IlhtIi<~~~. nJ m:iII MIl~I/lII'llIIdiliSlYl'b, Or .... lWl:1 I11,.!too lb...... aI -.:1m >iraIiIyMIl imooot:icrI ,...1M <>MioI aI• .-;~Md~~

....._ a.r ..._ltf_ lOi\II .....

_ and iIp!W)' M,.""" "",_ I» <bit !hDuId'-biIiIIl <bIt)<lt

JIrlliJy. T_ ~ orif /If lIOn COSIiI'.r... ir IM_~""""~d!tooI\Aln.·· 1 1._--_._--_..._.....----,,--...'--

51." with possibility, """,,"l~ Withcapacity.

Add to tlH.... for<ft the rnum<nlumof p<>plllll6on growth. anol,~~ing~ of '11.II"JriIW Nnl",,""I'OfItl>nIUl aod urban >lhuns. anol thein<:Yi..bitityof~ntal dwlge . m""" din.'<1ion (yr~ • b<comc.-oplain- By the middle of the nal «11

wry.'olaI-uid IlO\lUlalio:I could be 12billionanol risinJl: or8 biUion and flIIling(fig. 2). The. <Iiff=na: between lb~two ligurn ilIl'OUlt:hly the~ivaknl ofthenuire p<>pll~of the<k-ve~w«Id loday. IIcould .1.., ..",..o••."m aworld of di~ in anolhor "" •the~ b<:tW<:ell .....". dfailure in p..." ....nti<IK u :olollical andlI<lciaJ <ala:llroph•.

Given the <boia:, ' ''WJ' sane P"!"son wouldopllor the~ populati<>nlil/ure. Ilut as Ib<; Cairo Confereoo:again made dur. """,,1a1ion llfOwIheannoI be contained by family plan

ning alone. Only • colt"xoh""sive....,...,..h . combininlr jUeal'" oronomic ......my. the~ of...,..,." to decide if and "'hrIllO have~. rup..-«fuoalinnal 0WIdard.(par1icu1arl)' for ,lirb) . ........... childdcaIh ratetl sc llw pan1l1S ran have""'lidenre !hal lhrirchild...... wiD...,........ anol the univmlal avallabilily nfh~ly family planning inronn.lion anol """'"-..... . has a cJw>r. ofarhievinllaworld pop.dallon .. low...8 billion bythemiddleoftlte~ C'tn

wry <P-!I}.Slow\ne _ Ialinn w-th there-

lew mNtl. IhO'<'Iinx Ib<;~lll'<'dsofthe indMduai.~!heindiridual """""". and ara."k.ToI~1Ill

prugreos againSi """'" of lb. WtII'1llospocto of p(W<11Y. malnulri\ior>. <:Ii.......,. ilIilcrxy. ondg ndcr disrfimina.lion. Surh II" has Ion.a: bfoon!\o:manlkd "" humaniWiall iUOWld..and WOYld 0)' nullo "" arhi<""'l! "",,-..if """" "'\''''' 1lQ such thlnlr .. . p0pulation probk.= BIll thI....... ill • P<'P'J1a·tion JIIOblem. And lbio, 100. ill nowk..ding n..." UlJ:moy 10old demand•.

In Iilhor "'OI'd$. """",,'OIIIing th.'old' probIemo of poverty.~........ \ItlC~~ m.alnulrition,illltOlllrY, ~', and dil!olminalion

ill a prtI't'lluisile of ~1Iy ......ogin,g Iht 'onr' JIIOblomo of populalionJtI'OI"th, ....vironmenLll do\t'l"iol2!ion.frustn1Cd aspintions,lIld soriaIdisiJ>.h'gnllion. AIld .. Iht thn-.t ~.....I' 'Ilby the _ problem.grows, hiI>c:teaseo the UlJ:l.'lItY of coffom to"""'~ the old r rubk11lll 01 p<IVftty

and und~\npmenL

In thcpast lhc: intnnational <!eve\.npmenl elJnrt 1ad<cd ""Y mtIUfgl-n<y; ,hen: bfoon 00 deadti.....attadted, JHl impnativt oth<... tItao!behumanitarian. "" spur nlher than ,heIIal! of"""scio.."""', on"""""'l~ nffailure other tItao lor lho: poor lhcm"''''''''' AD thio ilJ ""'" clwW~.Do...clnpmool ""'" """ 0 d<'OdIint. Aotllailure to <IlC<.1 ~ "'ill brillll"~'fUI.'nCCO JHl\ ju Sl for the poor but fora1llmplomentinJr: l<>day'. ""'.Iop"" olron~su.s i. tltereIure bl.'COIIIinR IlIOIonly a m<nl minimum for 001' riviIiza.tIoabul otra<ti<:al minimumfor......, ...ing ilSourvival.

Children at the centre

Thio, then, is !be booekwnund Iv theWorldSummi, forSoc:W Ilo::Yclopme-nlin Cnptr>lu,el."fl. The oo l<:nme askedfor by lh<~~ of t~United Nations is nothing loss 1haII •n...... intcmalinnal llIra1tRY for ouciaI- ,

Thi. l"'ar'. 514f. of tJ.. W.n.r.CJtiJdmt n-pon ot<:ko '0 make1_ parti<u\ar rootribulinns to lh<C<>ponhall.. s..mmit.

The. fiN! can "" quickly lIIat«f. II isUNICEF'. bdiof thal lhe time hal now

",me 10 .... 'Ihc '''''''it aod theris/ht. ofchildrto al th.~ ""'Ire of de'V'tInplIIt1It .....togy.

Thio ar'JrtUI'l-"Ilt is baonI n<'ither oninslitolinnal >esItd inlem! norUIl IlellliInonta1ily .bnul!be l'OUll,R; il is basodon \befaa llul dUklhood ilJ th. porioclwhmmiod.and boditI amipmooaIi.lieo art bring~ ond during

"'hloh """" lempnrary deprivalinn isc:apabk of inllit1inR~~and diotortinn OIl hWl'\lll dtft\npnltm.II fo1\owo !hat. "'I>c\hrr the Ibn'al bowar and c:onIIict or econnmi< lIIIIltinaJ-

Fi. Z Tbe Z1"--,LlModN>Oooo--.. .. _

- ""'""'-"""-.....""'_Iio~

-----_.._.----..

,

I~ rmumty lfIIf ;nj IIo:>llJi&IIs. a.!1lIo~ or 'bIbr.trilnl/j" SII·

lUIfor 1II....p~5, The _ 'S'611 or an. (MIl

1M, ;IS Pl'1 01 till etbI '" llIItroIlU'_....1. n. , 01 _

A "'~8, The U'lI'fer1II oodilallOO of sail..

_ Iffltlll! by ioch cIofiall'o:y.-9. !hi vinull .. imination 01 QlIinN_....10. Tho~~\jfation of \tJo

l:on\oonrion ... 1lIo Rights 011110 Child

PBnel4

Social goals:1995 and2000

Goals for the year 2000TIM l/IlkJI-c.IlUt'fgoals. vNd'" !lrUrml.H Il'Io.....,..~~Il'Io r900 Wr:nl'SI.rmo'f.tr~ _~ AA'tIIItWdlR:¥tlIII'I~~

1. A OOIl-ltWd ItCIlctUl ill \99Cl S. AIIaIWlg or diId dIJo1hs ca.-l

""*.Ii.o dodo fa tes loo' III 10 PII' bybm-lciseasa.l.rmliwl:ii1hl.~isles:ll. 6. A ooe-dWd redul:licJl in dUl

l. A "I¥ing of 199Jmala'naI ....- _ ""'" ICUII respiratorj-.

1aIity meso 1 Bon: oducIlicrl lor 011 dliIdr..J, A~ ol 19!ll ratas 01 mm.- ¥d~ of~~ by

IIilion among \tJo.....nr. .....·r_lllJ "lealIM · gOb wea1$lJoI$.-ilIdIocllo 111& Iliminobon of moaMJII-.\ 8, Clan ""*' oaII mtalDl<loIit8Us,~ lor lJuotleo6ng lotoH <CVmU1ilia.by illl matermy lIIitl. ... a~ ill a~ ill 011 __ol llll

\tJo ilItillr<:e0I1O<t twllo WIi1n lllleso ~ "" 1111 !Ii;llI or \tJo Child,....., 1~1 ~~~ lor cftI.

~ Tho Wis,. :.11 of !llllo iMu- dren ill ........111' dllfictAt aJalll

rimJmano'WJ~-.thI... l_Iicrlof polio, lOooliminalUlof..-al 10.~ _ IU lIiiMuIIiIv..-. I !lIllo rPcIi:rI ill -"" !Mill' pInwlg1"1",,,_ , ........USIl:I. ... I M tedooim .. meaoIIs ill .... to p--.r m ..1lIa1hs (aJnpnd '" lI'I ·ilIrruIi!apg" too~. too ciIlleIy~ too tate, II"

lo¥ebl, too INI'I\'

Goals for 1995l11li IoIboiW .. /hi II'Jfb r1IIt Mre .. IJCCtPTMl II, _ III _ Ibr

Idlol,.....~ bt' /hI1IId oJ 1995, a..". 2 Dl'The SIiolil 01 \tJo Wor\Ifl 0W:hn

1995 r-ides, mitJ.19!H fXlI(TIS8 rlJlll't

1, ImrnIriI8Iioo aoaM ttlI! .Ii>:"'*'~~ "'- 01d'likhlod to ....::to II lam 8ll'Io .. III,..;".

l. NeMoIaI teIa'US '" De wtulllIy-1. Meadeodoalhs '" De raiutId by

9!'>'l ... -"" ClISll$ by !IO'l (an.pn:lwiIIl lQ"irnrrlnnl!llJl lewlsl.

4 Tho fIIiminItion 01 polio ill selocl·.. <XlU1Irie:o InIl rogicm (a I 'leI>~~ eIOnilIIti<n bv !hi""-S. The ening or !rill .. low-<:o$toliIlritIuti<fI of_11: lIlJbstiue:o ill

izalion. duldn... :ih<luld. a:I far q io;hun..,dJ p<l$IIibko. be pRlIl.'CIcd ........,1h<: 'II'I>nI~ and malignanciesIIfllle ailob Wl>r\d.

F<>r !his """"""" lhr """' ron!'Wlllilr.M <If UNICEF advocacy over 1he)'i'an< lias bern 1haI the ritat~ble Y"U!I ofch ildhood should b<: lti....• lir.<I e.u on ."d,,!"',,· cone.:..... and.-.pocjtics. MIl 1Iw 1m. rommiUMnIohoWd Ix- maintlintd ill J{OOd timesand ill bad. /I dilld has OIl!)' ODCdJUIe<' lo~ lHlfTIl.alIy; and 1hcprot...,ion ....lIw .,....chm Ih,:"'-"",,<kmands 1hcI<indof~, lIwwill l1(li be SlIp!.'I"S<."lk'd by OIhcr prioritb. Thrre ..ill~ be ."m" lhinll""'"' imm<,.Uaw: Ihcrl: will """'-'" beanjllhillR morl! imponmL

\\-nh the Copml;aj:cn Summil. lbetin'" has '><". comeI" . "., Ihis issue ....proI<.'l'tinl( the l!f'lWing minds and bod·;"" of childn'll nul os a mall.... oJJl<.'fip/k-ral concern, to b<: dtoalI wilh byI UttIc <.'1<tra "JIn'palhyand charity,tNt.. an i"""" wIIidI ill~ 10 a1mool""'-"'l' olMr item VII "". Copmhallen1l,IIl'IIda. It ;" 3D iJsu<' lbll <all be siJn.ply oIale'd · lhc Wl>r\d will not """'" i~major probl<.".. ""iii it INto. to do •b<on.... job oJ proI<'<'lill ~ and~in "". phy.;ril. """'Lal and .....otiorW_I<>pmom ofit. <hildn...

Summit for children

~ tlw World Swwuil for Childrenill 1990. it has bffll ohown1Iw PI'\llflI:dlildrrn alW renin of dtvtlopmmlSIn1tllY iI; lIOI only a IogkaI pr0position b,n abo I tnrticablc onto 'Ihtworld h.. ,'''' """""",w.'<:I knDwIr:dgc. Itw Il'Chnolulfi<... and lhe co~m"ni<>IIion.~ 10 prole"'" lhen<>rmaI growlh and~I ofaInJos all childrm at rdatMIy klwC<llIl.. R..'<:I lIcin.<1 malnull'iliotL disc........and iDit<.'<'3<Y "'" amIln.g lhe _achieYabko as III{:Uas tile m<JSt fuIlda""",1.01 of dc¥eIoprnenl', dIaI\eJl,geI.

Combined with lhc world', I/CIICI"ally grt'lll<.T willingncsa 10 act in Lhein,...."... of cbiIdrea. lhia ""'""" ,halIIction 10prul"'1 "". ri:litq( l/'-11':""tioncould Ind shO\lId be a leao:linll' tdgt of

any new cHort to mIerlIIe prvgrtiS

1I,lIIin1ll J>M.'1tJ. ~""" lhr nI<I<tIm

IUJII uf population growth. and PI""CtIIjlI~ and lIO<iaI crisn.

As cha;lttr 2 of lhi< J11lOfI will........ coos;.L.TabIc pnocticaI and po6t·

i<aI lIIOIIl<.'rI1um "'"" alread)' bernmobmood bdlind lhi. cau"".

The 1990 World Summil forChildren.lhr r"", of 1m. major ,.,unnm~""~liMoH iolhr

199Ot,~ 011 I ...Tics of .............abIc,rroab In be achil'ved by 11K.' end of1he 1990s (pond 4). '1lIoor ,IfOIIs incl",le... m:ojoo< ll«>Jrl....~sl maim..lrition. prevefllabl<: di _. andillit<T3<y arnollJl the child of l1I<'rlev<!1oping world. In tOla!. Z1 opccli<:l«lIIs ......., awI'E'd "POIyfrom within the Iorkod .......... of !heJl""l, lheir promi""" echoing .......morem1pli!y downt"" J'C'II'L Bul thefour 1""""~ the \Vorld Summit forChildrm ha..... ilI lhe maio. boo..n ynN

of -.'li<aI JlI'Of!I\'8 and measoralll<...h~l. And wilh 18 moollu 10go bcioJ'<' 1Jlid.de<.'ade, a rounll)"byCUIInlly """"'" ""fil'Stl Ihall majorily of ' h" lOAIa lIt't forlh"....J "f 1995win be mel by • majority of~nation..

For 1hc 1inu time. therclore.•strieI of iotemationally agn....'<:1 _ill<k........."....,.,t ,IfOIIs ill bl.'iDll made J{OOdon I :<ij:nilkanl oral< in a majority ofrountril... The lSIory of lhcoc p,,,,ct. :1lac~lA · and of "'"~which""", made lhnn _'bIo-(K't.'Upica much of!his)'t'lll's Stale II( 1MWorld', o.il4"", report and isllNfCfJ-', principal conlribluion '"the World Swumit for Sociallk....,1opmcoL

11

2 Promise and progress

&w.\IMt~ At flo< /990 W.mJ S~....il/OT C1JUdTnI, a, .',"~ """..nilJagum ... ...mn ttl~au _rabk,."Is/o, Ill. prtllmi... tllJI,U".,.. dr•• ",/IJ. , ..lid IJuu,,,,..I,..,wI. ,,"IIdnotIJ>p... . t tIdo M ... . n.ptJI& ;,w1Uld ..IWvi", ,,d1ilJ/lIUIl• • tririml. cootml a(1Ju1MjQ, eJojlJfJr«>d iHurzsn, Ii' mulw,.", tf !>dwaM ,""",.NdUlJis. IJu ,Ii..i."h'"" If ..imnr .,rinrJ dtji.i• •M , ..

bl";,,, a/ .-1""'" -mil,. 1M4tIIw-hll nfp';-" ,,""'I malMO~ '"~

ItGSt !lOll " a ,U _ . tlIt:pnnMi"" 11/dtIi. ""',,,"M~ .... it",;"" ". all ami'

IIIn ilin."lid IN ni"".w mli/k"tiDo D/IM eo.....llio. D' fio< NigfW " ' M Qrjl4.

II """ .~"'!IJ<JQrtd IJuu " >d ofiOfl"","'iaI. ,..u. >IImd4 III!adlin<d bJ Uu

t.d '"11m.

11.... dulp'" """'"a'~_j .~ _, i. ", 1"-' p""""", '""~ Willi

111 """,W IfJ '" bt,h,.. ..iJ.JNtuh. ," liM.tI""" ...ajoril'J oftJu,.".u sdjor /995

"" likrl] toH IMI "'11~IJ 1( '" ~'" 1I<ltW.u

u

A"Mollday. l October 1990. n.N.. Y",* Ti-. oarrio-"II a k'll(\ing

article On the World f....mlll;l rotChild""" ",!UClJ had b<m held"" the.,."...,...~ 1I1 the Il~cn ofthe United Nalinns. The ~mmi1.

brinRinJl 1oll'-ilH..,. "-'~""~ of~ ISO~lS indodillll 71bead5 of lIlatc. had IormaIJy IMIopmI •.me. of goals lor the l'fI'I" 2000.includingI one-lhin:l m:lU<'Iioo In child<k'3l4 . 1I.lJvm, of . mld malnutriliorLinununizalion1oMoIs 0/ !lIA.rontml nIlbt major childhood di......,., lbcl'BlIOtioIl of polio, the climinalion ofmicrun"lrittll ddkitrxie.. . haMn.<l'of matemal mortality ral<'<. primary«Iloo1 <"<location lOr at lea<! !lO'I of,hiIdrrn.. the~ of dean waI<.1"

and oar.. oaniU/iOol to on romm,,1litiaand the universal ralilic:Uk!n of the""'" Conve<IlioJI l)of 1MChild,· II _ ...b9cqu,.'Ill!y~

lhat a "'-1 01in(~ Jl(lahI shOllldbt~ bydl<:<Ild d 1995 (paacl '1.

Til< N"" V",* 11"'1$ r<>IIlmMl...t-no.. 1Il",a ,tbb4J S~......;I mttti"l ••ou:m,J>lttWd 14diJ INa" ~ tit, wrltJ.~;IJ.... n,;,#O'ftiw: MItrf .~.tlIl,

rllti.1I"Q4 "JftbiJiMt,<. Hwl dliJdln ctI.-

"'" IM",;« ,.,. rJrri p_isn. n."",rld', lttuJm "" tIbi~

'" /iJrd Iht '"""'''"' " ., 1M {>I>IitWlJ.nil .~':J '" 1>Il1lS141. Ir<>/It .«11>~;", ~.

~<>w- l"""" on . how muclItnnlll.lioa inl'u,..wljl h.. then: b<..,.,J

In sum, lhe. an~ is lh.aI~than 100 01 !he d<-...,k>pin;(,; nolioo..."ith .....,.. !il(I\ 01 1M d....lopUU1"",",,'. duldrm arc makiag !IignifianI prw:ticaJ prtllII'eSS l.,.,..,..,j. lhe.g<>aI.IMl ,.".'''', SCI Iour)'l'aN 19U,

Tht m."...J't"'tlll of lhi3 pnllImISis pbgucd by impcri;rt SI3lisl;e", and!he lIChico<:mcalli 00 fararc Y\Ilacnblc1Il UIIpredi<1.ablO' Jon:... llw rlIII >1mbfiJIR' major set·bacb {the lint aaIioain Nrira lu I'f'Xh IIO!IIO immuniulloo"<IS !he cmtr:l.l AIriraJI SI3Ie of1/wandaJ, Bul~ is c1u n hau majorily

oIlho> J(OOl. SCI far 1995 will be """ bya~ uf!he~"i natioll$.

MIllnutrilion Iw Jw.n rm~:

i"'''''mi<olion I<...,..'!s "'" gt'OClallybrinsr maiDlaiIled /)(~ mea8Ie<I<ka1h......downby 8O'lIicom~

1Il pre-immunizalion IevItIs; 1arRe oreaoof !he~ wurld iDrIudiDg aDIII !he -....~, hr".b«ome free of polio: iodine~di!ortIen IlI't' l>rinJl' clillli",u<'d; vfb.min Addx;..",y is in re\tQl: lho> u,",01oral ",hy<lr:uilln lbrnpy (ORT) U.

ri~ (pn-mlting IlIOn !hana millionrhild death51 year);,IIIlM ""'"" d....- has bo"'" "-"""""l by $<)IJl< 901and compl<:t<: cradicatiull Is in !ligh~

!h...!land~ tll "'*"" IwopiIals in developing and indu~ rountrio.... arenowartivcly supponin;I:Ina.~~ in primary o:ducalion i. b<.1nsr6Umed; and the (nn"""lion on lkRigha tll tht Chikt h3lI becurnc ueIIIOOl widely and rapidly ratiJiM «lrI

vt'Il tion i" /WIOf)'.Sum~ ffitatl§ !tlln approxi

""'tely 2,5 million k:wtT <IIikIml willdie In 1996 tIwl in 199Cl. II a1. ,,,n,'atlSlhalll'O' of miIIiun. winbe span.>d !heinsidiou....bota,cre "'TOIJj[h l on lh<ir~l by malnulritioo. And kmean< lhat at Ieaot 11",_", quiU'lerl! ofI

million """ ... "h ikl"'" each y= ...illbedls>bk.'<l blinded. crippkd, Of mc.'t>-

""''''''''''.By and~, lb<...... ..,~a110", llOl 1><....,~ly "-'POrted bylWinnai and inlernational nw:dia. .r!tismaybeb<nu""good ........ is morcd;(·ficuU In~ tIwl bad. Dr h m.oybe bec'luot" Pf'llI[reSS "'!his kind is nolan <WfIl IlW 1lapp..... in • panictllarplao:<o andal l pani<uIar lime• .". h III3Y

beb<nu.., u-., <It:vclopmc"l$~ '"

"""""'I""""" o"!lieft)' to """'" '" "'"poort:Sl poooplo and COOlnluni~ onearth. \\~ !h" I'CISOII, ach......._ and~.. ba.... _ v\n.,.

I!Iy WIfIoti<-ed IIIIid "'" nnw of""""''IIliuoaI news~ aI>oul the<k:v<1op;l1Sl world. hi corruplion. andit! """l1ictI. hi d""'llhts and it! di-.1CrI, its t.",lII.. and h" lailum<

Ilul if me..: ao."!IicoI:mmll! ha.... IlOl

mode tilt- l\idllly ".....,., !hey ha<o:,,~ 1M daiJy 1M.. '" ItIIIlY lJlil.lions of~ ill !IOIlll' lIllhc woOd'"-"'" """""unitX.... ADd !hey au •iUiWtlereply \0 """"'- wOO bdiow IlWintcrnatiollal~ produce 0.11)'line word. and fi>qron....~!hal inl<:rnltlun.l1y lIJ(I't.'ed ~<>aIs .,..,only"""'" llt'I and _T .....1. thai lltcn:is only~ and lailu~ 10 rcpon/rooJ \he d......~ ....,...., <>r lhIltbelJrultd Nloom lami/y tll 0fgIIlizati00.is IlOI.~ in~ l<> make thewurId I better ptac.,.

Pnctiral~ of !hi< kind

"""lTV<'l IO be"""" " ideIy rtrogIIil:mb<JIh ... an '-"'Wl\flI<: III~ andcommitmc...... 1><'iaIl" mad<~ and asan l"IlCOII ~'lIt<'"II [ to tltc IJWI}' hundml!lmlltooSlfHkofll"<'Plc and ItIIIlYthousand. of~1ra!Ion. worI<ing ...aD~k and in l1mosI allrourttries forthe "'~lofa-(lOaI ..

Tho: /olIol<"inlr P"l[eS lhcrek>re noT)'

I 'lnIl.1atlon inlo reali!f report. fill0 ..... as wcllil~ lor each ortIM: main goalo ""'-'P«.'d at the 1990WorldSwrunit lor ClIiIdmL

10 1!l9O. _Ie 18 million wolllell~~l w1IiIe >lUlfc~

from IlinJc.bown dietary disc>rd.... Inatmo.! all CIICS ""'"" 1I'<IIlIrn did no!kr>ow. and Olin do not know. whal thatproblem-.

In~ 60,000~ thedamage caullC'<1wat .., """""" IlW 11M:foeul. died or lbe iofan\ su"";...,.j for""Iy I few1Iours.

F lpl'f\ll<im.olcly 120.000 of thRoe_ jnj!JIIOC)' IltId d&-r pn>-

~ """'IaIIy. and III ;lWI/'efllly

heaItb)' baby ...... born. llul ln lhe rlr1l!/rw """,tlul of Iilo it blnmed !hal

all.... llOl ...O' The infam slow '"rnpond '" vokc'I, l1line k -riollilly 'OTOlIJ!, billmo<! "r lhollcn'olI!IM:rs knew !hal I «:rtain ~ln !halMould have bt:en lttm. in lilt- "hiId'"'')'l'S WI!lIIli!<8ing.

N ill..., d Wdn.... n"IIChr<! "'" Ol':"of t>o'O. moo! had .,mnot I<wncd lO....aIk.In _ C3:lC5.thek'p had never1><""""", fIIIIy <"X!mdr:d, IlId the ""*tht <hiId <OOId rnaJlIIII: ..... I kind ofawkward sItuflIc. Anxious C'<lIl\Pll'i:oons..."", mad~ ";!h ....,;v.bOllr.. "hi\dn:n.Pan.-nlS 1Ii<:d 10...,......... each otherby

noting that """'" rlIiIdn dl,."q,0""" oIowly titanOIhmc Ill" i!h "arttpassIos( day. lh<o~ --.:Ik.-u ilIoonbk. 0dt<.T lami/ymnnbmIWtCd '" make~ Whispcnb<pn in tIM: 1:OlIlIllUfIily.

Sollll'timc ill 1992 or 1993, """'"IIIOO! of lltosot dtiklrm had sliIJ no!

"-'"mo,d In 0!IlId or In !lll)' thcir fin;!I¥OI"<k. !he parm..' Jw>; ........., rll'<l

Three quarters of a

m illion fe wer

children eacli year

will be disab led,

bli nded, crippl ed,

or mentally

retarded.

"

Iodin e defici ency

has condemn ed

miilicns of children

to cret inism,

tells of mill ions

to mental

retardation , and

hundreds of

mi llion s to subtler

degrees of menml

and physical

impairmen t.

..

Fig.3 The loll of iodinl dlficiBncyEstitrlated impact ofiochne defi:lenl:'l wor\dwJdB. Even lfHillgoitreltllyroidgjard enldlgememlis assoiatedwith some deglee 0/mentalllllpaument.

i

Total PlJPIJlatian at risk; 1,6 billion

The BSlllfIalllll l 6bilhon PllOIlleallisll replEISelll

~DlllJlillfly m II!lhe I'tIlIIlfsJXl]W!IOl...__._.._,..,_._=~~_._-_....-._..------ _-.._-_._---. ....-....__..._4 •

mmlionNl 10 a hto;allh worIl..... or dae.

tor. ~\.aIJy ""'"' l<lld w "'''''' back inthn", n>onths.t:llMro~ ft.'fern.'<I torlinlu Ill" hooipilal$ lor t<m. Many"";t,'" 10nR IIlO<Ilhs lor lh< n,,,u"'"

AU "'...., <'V<1Itually inlnrmed thaltbcirchiIdR:n wt.'ft' .........Tely md IlC""man""tly n.'Iank'll.

V' 'Il' k,-o," CV<1"~1 1Jto, <....."".!hal a diewy dt.'5ci<'I><Y in~had da,,~ the deve\opo'rlrnt of tb<.....mild', "",,11aI n,,"",....0)"Sl'-"1LT~. .. th_ clIildn'O R'a<h

their lourth """ fifIh birlhd oys. their~ts know only Ihal thrir lOllS ordaUllhtln Wl'Il' born IS =tin.. andwill n:main"" lor 1hc n.-.l of thcir Iiveo.~ "'" no SlaIioli<ll 00 lho: 10,._0\.

ings txl*, k:oo..'d in~ 120.000IIo>mr'8 OIl ......oriIIg lhit ...-. NoIfttKdo to capt = \be unwamlllte<lsl,ame of ad wo,,1fodging !he problemto hu<lmld.. """-'illS, ...10...... ~I\.boll... No 14N"'" to --.re Ill.~ .,.;Ill....hich IJlo<oo, 1211000 fam.ilk'S, aImnol 011 of !h= de~poor , ha...., IICl about C<>pin,Ir with \be~ and<':<:OIl<JIIIit dillicuhltl< that........, m,;ntal~ blillllS in h.......

'!be .aory dnK IIOl t'fHI tbmo. In"Pl'fOl'in1lte!y I million """'" 01 thos<~ early ohildhoodappearedw pn,lCt....'" quiU' nonrIaIly. But 10<11)',..~ I million childn.'n reach!lCbonI "1«', lI1IIIy .... b<.inR bmd whaV<' poor cyc.1w>el <."'<><lIdinatiun: nih·.... 1m: b,-,ron~partiallydeaf. or 1m:1k...,1opcd a had oqtIlIlt. or 0~imll"dimom, or nthor n.....n>mII!ICIllardi.""""""

In IIIOIMr 5 miCinn or "".,......lh<

"'0""'"" ruy """'" know thal tlt= ..""~ ~~ wrong. IluI if~tocould "" W<en .. """'"dilldn.'Il = "'rl< 00 their lint )'\....01primary IlObooL aD of lOOn.~ lhrI>ri.lbt""'- _ Id be """'dlo "- oig·nil'tomtly Jo.,.",,-'II [~ And in tl>l'~10come, 1m,. wiUil"ICW: inllllhroatimale<l ........ of 75 ",Hlioo Y"WUlpeople in thr wnrid lodoy wi"..., m<....

lal and ph)"llial ~Iopmem. BrIOOIl*ity lor cdll<"lliun, "'" impairndbyIhc oamc prob!rn,- arWnsIeitho:r-li"txn

Ihrir0"'" .1..10 m childhood or limn

tho.' dk'llt 01 their mnlhm brfnn: anddlllirij: P"-'lUWICl'. EVI.'IlnWlyth<-y will"" added to Ibe..unw.d total of ISOmillioJI aduho ....ho.Ic diminlllltcd lilt...

lalolcnnc.aIlId reduced phyoicaIllJIi·tude mean that tho.'l' .... lo....... able 10II=t their ""'" and thdr !arnilic.'><'-,.

M,-anwhile, thosoc mosI lIftlonsly.rr.ct<d, th< 120,000 fwc· and liveY'-'If.(J1d =tins born in 1990. will nnt

be t<H1Ul to ochool 01 aU. They willmnainmthe rank1I of Ibedepntlk'll1,C'I<.'Iltllllly bccominll pan of l!M= l'Sl~

mated 5.7 milliun po-,op l<" a\ivt, tn<Uywoo luIv<" been ollIi<:Itd by crt:tinismfrom birth.~

Salt solution

The disonler which C20ses all 0I1beab<M:o 151M 1acl< 01 minute amnwl'" ofiodine in lhe diet. Tho: ddiciolKYocours mainly in hilly or !Jood-(lnlI>e

"-'Wioos '""'-'"' iodine t"lIdo to ""WIShed oul oI lho soil and lh< I"ObIorns it~ ,;,.. til ...., i'Ol\ooliYclyknown .. iodine def"ritnoy dison1<:nlM lDD. In toUl. l.li b<llion p('<lpk .....,01 ri'li< and 6S5 milliotI !'Offer /rom,l«JilR: - 1M ~1Ii1lJl of !he thymid, land 1\ tho lhnlll which is tho _

olMou. siJ!n oflDD (r't, 3).An~ sololion 1w oc_

knawn lor _ of thls «'IItlll)': iodin<

<:all be odIk'll to Ihc """ '-'OIl1II1odillthat is ""'....rn<:d by all - cqmn\\lll ..~.

l1W wall how Ihc probIo-m ""'" f1'Id~

o.oI~ from nlOSI <Ii tho induotrlalizcdCQIIlItri<"t, k'd by Switmiand and l!M=United SWes ....r-.rrc '-'<bblo oaIt lIUJ>pIlos W<'f<' iodi=l dwinlr the 1920s.

Ilut !lt Ibe~Ioping wurld, theIngt:dy hu OC"" oIIowod 10contin",,ADd !lt lho: likIin", of nlO!lt p('<lpknwliD,g Ibi. pajII.'. it hI!I ,,,,,d,,mncdmillinrn< 01 child...., to cnlini""" t<'Il.

of ntillions to menial~. andhundred~ of million. III lIUbIler deg·I1.'tf, of IIH."tll>l and ph)...nI impoirmcnL

Th,: rosI of:soh iodizollon ill lIIlIIMl"imald)' ~ US=ts Jl'-'1"Jl"f'SI,lIl P'-'1")'tlI".

On 30 Soptcmoc"C" 19!1O, 1M WorldH<>1IIh Organiz:oOOn (WHO) andUNICEf oonfronrccl tbo world', politi-

Today, as those

children rea ch

their fourth and

f iftll birthdays,

their parents

h ow Dil ly that

their SOI/S or

daugh ters were

born as cretins ,

,.

"

"

""

aIo<> b" il\ll arhk-vt.'d in 28 of lh< 39affrct<'Il nations in sub-Saharan Africa........... all IS nation. oflhe r:c.-mi<Community of ""l'til African StalClh3vf also prohibil.,.] bolh th~ imponandc"","" of uniodi...'Il.....

Afl....1akinl: """b • loll ""1M him1aI and physlcal he:oIlh of SO many andlor to lo:>I\Il. lht iondinf: probltm iolherdon: now I..'inol 10m:<! 10 ,IIi""l/lWocl. WHO and Ui'oI ICH /w,,, ",a-.-ble colllidcn<t' 1hat, in IhM or/wr ynn from IH>W. tho: ....rall guaIwiD br 1lO1Ilc.'vl:d: 00 mort' iofBnlll wiDbe bum as ~n1iruo as . n'SUll of iodine

~ "" mort """"'''' wiD IIU1Ic<the Iong:draWlHlUI agony of~inll' ihaltheirchiklml W st=dy andPl'nnaII<'IItly~; 110 mort _.and dau~hlrr'll wiD br ""-'Illally andphysi<aIIy impairtd by lhilI ....lddi...-.:l«.

Protein-energy nutrition

The ....nd '- • 1ilnHl,ll: inIaI!e of mal'nullitiOll It i'IM imIlee of &Childwith.,..". IOn I:arltt for • fIlOt !bar is oldbe:1o'" i\s1iJ..... child whoso: IlI'ty andddlydnl~.l .<kill is draWIl lOul ov<:r •fra!:ilt ribco.olc.• child oJmo.1lOn ...,.)<10IiAth~ ompIy bowl10be filk:d withIood dooa1td /rom ............. StarittR'""I /rom """" ,.."..., or b>d-raisinlt~1. lhi. is lht image \halbunto ltsclf orr ow- cofk:.ctiw, con·~ likt • brand of dvilizotiun·.failuw.

!'ouch moIoulritlon io rtaJ; 1ft! in

Somalio. ,,"" in Rwanda, """ inUbnia. Bul il is unUSllal and n lmnt.oIkrnngk:ss lhan l'\of11ledevelopingworld', dlildmr and altnmt a/wayo as, re$U/t of $llfIIO quire exccp60naIcif.C'Um~' ....., or famine. or boIlt,

1101 th= is Ot>OIbcr ma1IrnlritioItwhich UllIOI " sib"' , rith... 10 patl'lll'or health worken 01' to • wor\dwid<:Il"btic, II is Iht malnulritiort of !he! 'j'l'al'Old child who ..'cil!h, only6 kiloo, '" lbc rhild who Ioob 10 be7 y.,.." old bul 1untsout '0 be 10 or 11,of the~hild "iIo is,,;uim: in the shn.duD,,-,..,'Il. "Uhoul 0......, Ihe tIltrKl' Inward off lhe IIits, of 1M child who

.... Irodffl with the~ of oa/tiodizaliou • aIooJI: with 5eYfnl olIII."I'<qual1y pow<'tful and l<[UaI/y i",-~,.;.., m.thllM of Ift"'"Illing in htaJth,

poor lII"l"'Ih. 2nd early dnIh am<lIlinIIIIly rnillio.>n. of theworld'. clIiIdrrn,

'The ,..._ ..... Ibo Worid

Summit for Children, beId ;U theHcsdqIW1CN ofth<,Unit"'] NaIioolI in

N.... Yoril and atlendcd by llpp:'<>ltimalo!y half 0( the ......od's~ISand l'rimt Minislers. On th.oI dI:y, tI>cdiminatiun of 011 ...... C'3>OtS of Indi""~ <tisortIm by thI' year :1OOlbo..umc ..... of Z1 "lM:ci& goals .oop.to,.l byl""'-'I"1IInrIItlI."

To make Ilw goal practkablt, il..... IlUbsrq"""tly ;q:m:d lhal ;ill """""u;.". wuuld ;ul.:mptlhl: ioclizalit.oI of;uINs! !lSI 01 aD sail ...ppIiH in """hcwoII)' by the rod 011995-

)u<l 1M'" f"" r J"--anllatc'<, "'hal ha:s1.....", "'hi<.......r?

O(!he 94 counu;.". with 11)1)p'1lb

k'mt. ibc ~ "'*""" "'" I>OWin,plemmtinll rWi<>naI plan. 101' tI>ciOOizaliorJ of aD oahand 58"", on"""kto aciIltYe Ibe~ of iodizirul: 9f>I ofoa/t...~ by th<' c'fld of 1995 (6g,.ij ,,,,.,.,. 58('<I\Io~art !>on.... to all"",,,60Ili of the d,wlnping"'IOI'Id'. dllldl'l"ll,

AoothCl' 32 COIIIl1rics could achievelht 1995 Roal with all ae:t'Ck:rlII<:<Ii>:cl all o;all within !he oat 12month.. In Asia, 1 outof ;!()COIIntrielIOncludim: lJam:\I<Iesh and Indial lI'<!withina yearo funiv'cnal iodUation. InIndia, 1M It¢sIalion requirirul iodiza.lion has 1.."", I"'S"'-'d, • moniIoringS}'lllmI is~ M'I up in C¥nY ..te,the"~~l i. in pIocoo inevery major safI·wos\<$, and0- 5O'lor 011 """- i.~ iodi1.<'d, In Crnlnland South America. all n.ation" .nthlht possible l=-'lltioo of Haiti artIik<O' In iodize all sail by liM: mel of1995 (aIthous(h an artcl<r:slioo of~willbe requin:d in Ul/ombia.f'>n¥u.o-y, and ",",,), &li\i.o. andEcuador, 1M two South Amcri<;tn

rountril.. with Ihe worSl hisrory ofIDD, ore VCfJI rlo8o 10 elirninatill$llhtprobk,'m. Rtmarit3bl)'. sail iodiwioII is

•_.-'------""""_..-_ .. w _

.-•"

•-"

Fill. ' M.-d"'lllloll ..id_gOiIs

_d~"""",,"nct.,_"'.IIIl! ,pol..s"og__ 95'lo 01 """",.._ to<

_oIIOlcn'I' ......

"

~ pi",. i>I lhe .PJlI'1I ond odvenw.....ol fIlh<n, Dflhr child wflOSC' eyes

"'" glued CM.,.behind • school d<.'lIk&II~ ... ho~ IlQI W1<io'r.Und ...""""",1><... whaI he or """ ill l><oi:IiLiuJlht. far poor nulritian in !heearlyJ'1'at); Df~ dol" IlQI <NI!y 1Ile&ll law",·.111 af retOstan<'e III dioeue. or bo<IeIlIIIllaiI ,o k'lU[lbrn IS they should, ormuscles lIIIl fai1 III l(fOW 1lI"<HIJ(, or~( thal is nat ",, """rpor ""arl"inot ..kC<'!l. Il ab<> rnelIlll dillrUptian inIhr.miTlOlIw~ IlfO<"I"IS by whic:h IlCIIJOIl~~ (0 lhe r4lhl """"-iaIl in~ I:nin andbeginIObm tht bini"""at tublk S)'DIIISeII lhaI make Iifclorlgleami"i possibl~.

nus .. thoJlI"llr.i"""""iY malnutrition (1'l'M) liIol. in 'IOOIC tlcrn'c,afI'l'CtO >'lOlly gnoal..- oumbrnl • ""'.,.OM lhir-d of aD !he c1tiJdrea \IlKk'f fiveill the ~lopi"i ,""""" Il is IlQI'11\1"'-"" by the la<k of lily one partkulor Il\llrimt. bul by th~ """"'""" iIIl<'fI<1lorl ofpoordio..,. md fn.'quem~And il stri\<.,. It lh< Iaw>dalions a1dt~m in baIh pc<IpIo ..,d1Ulians. As lIle World HeallhOrRani.<IliOll ha-. oaid: ·n. I.' '''rioullfflJ-«i"l«/>«I/Ih ;, 0 Pft __dUiotl for ,..,~t1II ««<ittits. " Gwt"'....,. IIIiJI H • .....,'..1i.rk';. t/IiJTU ro aamn>k ......-icdnItItJplfl'.' i. oOJ tVoifitOl' w..,.,.,. It_ ..,il #!i-.l clrild ,.....a.old dtwIat_It 0" RUlmI for rJu1fI4P1" .'~

I'IoJiISii: The World Summil lorChilcIrm~ Ih.Il Iaday".ltnuwlt't\J!,' <Wid chsticaDy ro:dua!I'I'M, <!W1I It ",lIlivcly law Icvc.. of«<lIIOIllic d<:veIopmcot.. Slt><\X,s ""...pol1l'd by UNICEF in ~l ynnhim: il:!tll!ifio,d thekeylacTon ill PEMIl'duetian ond ollowtl lhaI it can be""hic:¥cd at low <:oiil OIl 0~ ocaJe.Tho goal ol haMng the 1990 r;sk ofm ild moloulritian by The ynr 2000.,." 1h<."1<'forl' odop!M • &lid tub..-.'l"~1Iy (lid"","" by (he 1992hU"lm tionll Cook""""" OR Nutrition.In onIt:r '0 ..-h lIIIl gOII1, il .....-agm:d !hili I reduc:TiOll of "' lcasl m""",ldllff<l 1O be ochieved by U",~d

"'''''~: On lhf: basi! nf infonna-

lion from Ifl d,,",loping """""'"'UNICEfronoid<:r.l lh.ll2 1an: unllXk'0 oc,,""" litis~ Wjlrt (li,,;:.5). AnOlbcf 40 could do to willi an_.lelalicm uf anady~ national clfor1s. 0veraD. 16 d<.-;clopingIIIlious b.>~ ll<IW ml ll«'ll child malnulrilioa 1(1 "'" poinl oJ. wbrb f"",!han101 of dWdrcn are '""'" !han IwoSIIDd&rd d<'vialio:I. below lhl: .,..po<:Iod weiglu·fOHg<'. AhllOll,llh mosl

a1lhe11e "",otrie-s are (0 be found inI.alin AmerIca II>d lhe Cv ibboall, theyoIso incIu"" ~:m>l and Maboysla- Sis:~ nations • including China andThoiIand • ""'" ",...,...ble bop;:t offalling btoIa... lhll "-' by lhe r.nd of1m. Two '-'<JIl/I1rri in ...~Afri<:a. TlnwUa..,d Zimbabwe, <:oU1d01"" """ lhtoir-effortJI " ·....rd,,dby . fallin ~ /Il&lnulrillorl me 10 '""" !hanlOll'. brlono !hi' middle a1lhi.d~~ Towards The~ goal

of halving dtild mahtub'ilioa by Th<:year 2000 i.!h~beiflll rrnodc in""".. "air 0/ thenotiQn. ol lhf: d<."",lapill,l.....md.

Vitamin A

In 1990, """" Than half . nullion molhe.s fi~ ot>lio:cd !ha, there ..... oomelh!l1g """"Jl' with Ihrir child'. "y"

TypkaDy. !he liM olgTI ol "'" probl<'IIIwas an ioabiliTy 10 _ PI"'Il"rlY in !he

lWf.lisl"t ol d:iwn or dosl<. Soon aftI:.r.ward.. loamy-white """""" or p"l<br.sbepn \<I oppear in ~ chl\d'. <'yH.

\\'iptd OWlY .....ly . , rnt,lhey bt,[an10 I'tCUI" mare frequrmly. Afu..... ft-..monlhs, lhc child, ubviously wt'3k, f<'IIvictim 10 &II auacl, of~ IlT"

Iltl.'aSIcs front whictI he or sbc ncwr-.ned lit pn:lpf'riy~, 1..aJ<'r lIIiIL,he dtild bo.'gan ...,;d;nc lhc lighl 0110gelhcr, hardly ever omlw'inJl 011\ ofdoors, aIHl kC"CPinlr his or her erali,Rtuly situ! fur lung prtiud.. ~lno11y,

the o;omea of "'" C"f"~ 10 dja...,Iw. and, aMr~ or lOur /ItUR'

hours. it ..... l/OI"'. \\rl!hiaa year,halfof Itmc 500,000 clIilcIren had diedfnlm ramman~ wtucb they..- clearly laO ....-.Ii: III rcoisl. ",.""..who!lll1Vi\'ed will_s,.." lIgain.

Fig.~ Mea6"l1IM__.Heau ...10_ _ ndt .

_ _pol l990__'"'"' til'10'10.

• ••

•

•- - -..- ---- ----- ....-_ .. ..__ ...

11

_.,..~Il.\_

"'~••o: ! l _

~ VItlmm Amrlill!23\ m~hOll

TIle ann ua!

t ragedy of ll alf a

million children

losing their sigfl t

was ollly the t ip of

a very much large r

problem.

"

Fig. 6 Ylt.llmin AdeficiencyEstimated impact ollitamio Adeficiency 00under-fIVeS inthede";e~ work!

Under·five population. developing wood562 million

Iloo_.... .. 0: ... _ ,_ ..........~_aoI_ _....- ...........-_ ----- - -

•

fit. J IIHllrt lila.w'1 ......_ 01 .. 1 i_"_ __....- .... .,. ,-~-..._-

Tho c.u.. .. oiIImia A dtfi.rimcy, And Jikc,~ do.-I'rimq.buIh problrm .......... "- boonI__ Iut.....' dlIil1 dido alii bt'~ .....,. • liIUe CUll. 10 ...

.......... _" ol JUfttI InOi'''' t1 or 2~ ollImiIo A cap

...nil .... ,;.n. Ibrft Iimcs • __

... dUlrca _Ilia __ ol..,-; ....

.... A ...... to:ldc'll II> _ or.......IIIlbc .,;,J.19!!Oo.1I .... _oiu..1

Iba lbc....~ ollholoc hall.... dliIdmo .... Ihc lip ol • -r__ ....... ,...... (ic..$.F".... la-..

dml Iimcs l!Iol ...a.:r ol dliIdmI..... Iooonm r ·r __......... olllllilda' ol!he IIt6-rimq: and Ihc('l quc,u .. cndI.... thai '"' (w"'..iIr lJl'; 10 30lIhiKhoT ................. w'-t YibnliDAiIIlaU ~ adrqua-.-

WIIO .. UNICEI' aboo ~btIhio ..... IlL......, lhc 1900 WorldSummil fur Childn:n ' ;V'J(IIinlr lhllitnpnl'tinjr viwnin A intBe .........Olho1" uf lhc ubvIou.. PQW<'ffut low~ lllnlel/iclo with \lit' pull'llli;d W

rc<lll'.... 1l1n<w. blindncA. and dcalh....,.,. 1loc <hlIdrro ollM~-"'-&:: "- • .-.It. /lV"CI'DIIlm"ol r/Ico<.wd """"""'" made • krmal<'WlllIilInml1O Ihc vinllII "limi..........of ...... A dt:&tit&:, br Ihc mol ol

''''~ Of lilt &1 IOIlioos .............t. :J5 -1iIa:lJ '" II>,; • r~", lhr br Ihc nod of

19!11S. """ " two IbinIs of II1Iw riok~ ill lhoIoc 35( b_n,n.~ ............ "-ool

rtt~II>"""",2.., .......• • ........ "'" lhiI piclure_ is........ ,.idly. ill 199t, Mmto"-

t ". <tl A ""Ill I .'r'... 2.5 M1 hCltrillk....... 5 10« CoAX + bas ..,..,btiII:d _ ..... wiIh oilzaia A;

\'iec "- ... ' bed • ..-ioolaI ob.... A dI)' with doe aim ol~ 10.............

Ilr"MdK....~...-.-...wi( ......... lhIl~ ollhouaandaol rhikl dl'1lhl from diarrhueiI IIld

rncak1i will bt-~ ""'" ~.n.c. ,"" dil< ' <WmIIIy .........lot.....-ly halfollitho <bild inlht wwtd MIl _ ,uldu.d -.,

....br .......Adt:kit&:'. '" ado5

... • It-. 2llllJIOll .......... __will "-1bN".) l tr-.l.

...111 1990. .... _ of '"' __ ill lilt"'iel. 'Cwwtd_ ' ........• lfIllriIc. $h........ ""-"lioro ......... __ Ionlb. ""

P<lJl*--'-".W""",......... · ~lbc_

aaIl -'- Ihc binIl wiIh'-dIJ .-... mt'l'IJlI> Irl'lllaull«btIM,..cIoitt --'-' rnd wiIh 5alt........ thai lIwr' laced iDe,. cdrIslt ofd<Ilh ia chiIdbirIll. orIhrIlbcirbobift Oft abo •~ riok of lowbinh iJbt oDd inIpoir<d """clop--"1he '*'*' ..... inlrI dclicio.'IICY.......

Suppltmenlinlr iron hi nolalM...fysimpIc and incxl>mtive. ~'""",,,I ""~

~ 11bI<1I mllil bt' takea daily. bultb<oir.. is..... lhan one &fthoil~ncb. l~ lbc _ /<Itun.-, the trsk

MouIol1lctuno: "'''oft """"~wiIh lhr dilo:_, thaI._wt'l'I<llIbk'l i1u.-t. o&t:tift..

1-..0\1'- 19901I"..w Somo!lilIut C1IildttoI. aO'toMKiItI ............... - 1lI"',,",-inJIIdc6dc.,

. .. __ lit IIIltaot_1llird01 ilr 1991l1coorl1lefono .-... of~_.

........... v.., ............ 1 • ..- ......... inJlldtk..) .......~Il_

lodia .......... _liooIdol UlaP"_1_~09lM)....1ba_~01 __~_~

.-ld wiIh III It-. ....., .-.bI"

....m of t.... taIphe Irbioto .....

... ....."""l. _1lIr JOIi ol. __lhinI.......,. ......... ..,1lot_2000.~ lnoiWe in Ibo.-ywllidl ishomt II>~ halfoftho~ 466 tniI500 -..no inrbc wwId who III5:t fnlnl Iron do.06<iMler rnrtmiL

•

•

o •- -_..- ---- -----~--....~. ...

"

._._ .-~---_..-

To make lhis Ii.. spo:cilir and n...·asurabk.-. n.... LaIn" Ij!Iftd thai lhediSlribulion of tn..... and Iow-rosl brnst·milk ...bstiwt"ll tn~ """ Wmalemitywards "",",ldbr ~dm in all"",rrtrict, by mid-cl~. II .........~ thaI an alMnpl would bemade 10~ all hospiWs ar>dlNltmily uniL.10 adop!lho.· '1m 8lcps10~ brrMtfol'din.ll" drawn npin 1989 by an l$fll'fl grwp spoosorcdby WHOood UNICEFundn-l!Iechair.rnan<JUp 1>1 1h<: lho.lI NUlcrian IlcalthMiniSll'l', Dr.Ran_ Kuli~

1'JIor¥.S.'l' The pnIC1icaI rtSUn. wdaie are moclmu.1y......... f'OIinl!.

Of 1M72lk...e\opiDJf~ tholIft"iouol~ allowo-d tn..., Ill" ....bsidiredinfant I'<>nnula$ to be di;Irlbu1l...t in~~ andmatUllltyrlinics. aD bul~. Kuwait, bi<vc Wnn<...t 11M:~c...I>f~bo.1"I!l9l) .

In 57 flUl Ill" 102 ~I<ls>irw couo·lrit's.lhc I<tioo lakt1! l<J da~ maJu..o ~

Iikcly thai oImosI. aD m:ojor h""llitab(deroatd .. 1<"",hilUl" hospillls.. provincial """"w.. and Olh.,..hoopiulA with"""" lhaJI 1.000 birIluc per l"'orl wiDMv.o agre.,d In Min.. 11K: 1<11 SICpIlo.........'fiful bn:aslf~ by lhe middJ<. of llUo deo:ad<e. In th<! _emI>t.-mioph<...." ,"" ooly nationo unlikc-Iy10 achic've W 1(oaI",.., Yna<b. Haiti .and the Uoil,'OI Slal<:O. 10 Africa, mas!

of the~ are~decll'd by....,. or nsa!lmn.ult.

10 1otaI, alm<>sl 1.000 ~tabW<>rldwidc "'" now di~"lI the....!>r-flif'ndly' plaque whkh mean.thai !h<y "'" Iollowinll the ''''' Slcpaand do onI~ fmo: or10_ ...~pIics of brca5trnilk subsliru!('3. In thedevdopiOSl: --'d, """r 14,lXlO~tab and rnalcmily unil. ""' in the~ of c~ SlaJldard procedu",," to~ and~ pnctX.-:ilsupport 10brnsl1eedirur. In1heiDdu..lriaIizl...t wurld. 19 Il3l1oruI have "" far~ lIP naliooal ""\horitin 10 supervi...and~ au. initialivc: io Sw<.*n.410U1 of61maternity units wen: desi/mall...t 'bu!>r-tnendly' by mid-l!l9l.~

10 the laol lJln:<, y~..... 30 more"",nlrie5 ha~ taken a:tio:I on 1""WHO International Cnd<: of MarlleUlUl"of Brusunilk SubaJtulCS.~

No mid-<lc.-.dc ta/"J!IOI was emitbhm for PI"Ol!!'-....~ 0I\I0t'flUa;but the goal or virtual eliminolion~ lhe .ml of au.~ illunlikelytobe mCll11i1lloul1 !li$milic:anlKWIcntion of clfun ""'... til<' ",,", """~

Baby-friendly

In 1990, more than 1 mi1Iioo infanlf;d,,-'II who 'O'\>IIld nOt~ diN! if tlI<'yhadbee! adusM'1y bn-aslfed lor Ill<'W sir: IJ\OnUtt of lhrir liwfI.M.•lnou""""d and ...,.)u....'Il, mOSl ofl.lM>IlC inlants' <k'alhs Wtn' markl'd bythe last poinfulpsps of anlO:UIC rnpi..tory infooion. or by the ...ddo.> ooddrradfuldnininJ! 2"'"Y of lifeby diarrboHld~

MOSI of l"'- infanlsdied bl......,1Cth<yhid bctn k:d with~~ ..,blllilulCO. Thdr """,nlS, 011<11 poor ar>dillilrral<' and living in unhJtiri<ni< .,....diIion..~ have decided l<> u"".,......~ fom,ub lor man~ ~.....,..including the ......"j foo- !he mothor towon. ou1l<idc: lhe hom<: and leo.., lhebaby l<> be iI...t by 1lOtJX.'ODC ..".,. M.,.,ywen: ....~ by .IlIvenioen...lIl.. ond by the mlsguitkd <'lWllpioand od~ of hoopitab and malemityunit..

C01!lfJIl'f'cioI inflUll lonnulao are ancxpcn,;.., and inlerior ...bstilute form.,aolmilk. Thqr are h<lu....tly """"dilu[.,d in~ 10 _ lnOIIOY, amimil<ed 'll'ith unWc wall.1" l>cf<Ire beingt....t to lhe child from lUl unstOl'ili1fllboII.le ""IlIICd with an uock'an 1C"!.F'=Iu1li>1: 1na>d<:l'Olinll. by ronlra$t.IlItI"i<Ies comllk,lc. hyprue. inapm.sivc nulrilioll. II also prot«\S :q:ainSi

CIIIIlIIIOO d""-"",,, and !lclay5 It..mum 01 """lotion . !hereby IIcIJ>inll: topreI'<1Il' D<W Pf"gIUIIICy folIuwing100

soon after the loot-One million dtath•• y<ar i. lho..

n>ca$U'" of U- dia~

1'IIt»I15IJ: Afll'f lWO~ of evidena: in ....ppon of Iho cooclu..,..""tli......t abc>o;". i """""""'lI; ..,....,.seoted .u the World Summil forChild= lMdc • new rommilJMnl l<>the """""lion ofb~asd'eedin,g.

---

"

"

"

"

"

."

FiI.1 10P' "ln..",

PGw_a1 _ondallJlP'lN

""",-'IronI... ilIIIDooty_

•

•

•

•_.-'---_.--......__ ....-•

01'13-_.__--.._-~-----"'-- '"

-- -- _....•

•

•

•

• •~

fig. lD Mutillf 1l,u oid·Heada VO.b

""'"'" IIIdoooio:ll<'I_.... ..... .,_ ............ plol-..,g'"

_ , 'M1 '''MlIl'Jo~ -..oj

bi....ol-.... ............

fig.' I"",",oilati.._.,.",<a_ol ..~___lWO'O'IOd ..... r..ol..

.....----"--

Polio

<Tl.'af<'oppt'IN mon: dr.ImaiX:. the~of 1990 imruWlizalio" 1ovI.'!>o is unc 01lhcgroote$l """""""""'IS ofiM 19!1Osto dale. Imm\1lliQlio" Ievtls ut in 00'lfty' rumulaliYe: '-""<'<Y yW• • n<:W

cohort of approxirnaI<'ly 140 milliorIoewl>orm rnulll be mlChed with thoright vaccine 111 the righi tempen1ure

111 thn rillbt limn 011 Iuur or "'" ...,...rate occasioo. durilI~ the dlilrl's fiNtr=oflik.

1M overall position in Igg,j (daia .lor 1!I93j is M'\ ou1 in lip.. 9 and 10.The la10ll i"formalion 011 the individual larl:I'I eli........ is 5UIllltIIIioe<l....Moot <>I the ten. of million. ofehildm.who were infected bylilt: polio \/iNs in19!1On.~ l'Ii!ltou1 over lowwinIIthai they had b<."", anack<:d. The dis

eo&: pass.cd l'Ii!hou1 "Y'fIIllOm. '""""'" casn, the'" WlIS a slighl fewrand _ ",u",,1e pain which was.

quickly fotxon..... In . oman~l'

~ of ....... bul • "-"Y!arl:" """,,lu~numb"r. !he fnwor "'maine<! high andthe pain btetrne muscle:~uoually ;" tilt lar1re< musdeo of theq . In lhelc cascs, the viruoWlIS repIi

C31ing;a..H and rok.'rinsl the juncliontof tbt tn010r ll('Iln)Il' which ," otrolthe D\OV('Int\lIS oIlhe muode.

Some of th_ chi'lllnn~allor most of the Io!t ",u,d" COIIiroIover the Iollowing lhn.'" mooth,;. Rutlor "llllfIJ!6rnatnly 2OOJJOO <>I !host!childrtn. the vinl:Id~ 5Oto or6Il'l'o of the o,:"nm. *"""'R the mulde.meaning IhlI1 ;1 could 00~ tu"""lion nonnally. f'ennanenl paraIym..,.. the """,It.

for a few oItbooc cliildml. the pan"I the body thai IIU lullier full,:tionnl-. IlOl the !t'$t but the ~OIY.....

hioIiIu: ~ World Summil lorCbikIteu cnadt a nommi!metJI 10 iIIl'.r.ldicatioa of polio by the <.'Dd of the1990s. MOll! of !he rouJIlrics in the

Immunization

AI. tho:: md ofthe 19i'Os, ,......,. lhan Ill'of the 1l'Uf!d', dilld"'" wen: bdnllimmulliz.:d.~kasb, whoopinjr <'OU,<!h.~latlu .. ond diphlheril """" daiminlthf: IM:S ofover 13.000~~

dayof """'Y y"ar-. MoIIlY millions Il>D<\"

~ bo:ing kft <k'lll' or blind or <rip'plod by polio and~ and lheoutritional health of ......, Iar,nr oumbon ...... beinJI undermiJ>o,d by pn>

"""table dlseases lllat detn"'" lheappotile. burn """'l1' in bt.-rs, inhibitthe aboo<.>r¢on ofk>od. 0Ild dnln awayIlIIlrieol, indiarrlloo.", ondvomitinJl:.~"'this~.theWorid

HealthAssembly ott Ill< goal of immllnizing M of 1ltco "'<lIid'. clIikIml bythe ' ''Id of 1990.

For a.....n. WIlO.UNICF.F. andlIWIY 00.....~ haveWOI'Icc<l with fOV"I'I"""'lll rowardsthai roil ;" oinually """Y vilIal!c IlIIdlItlghbourbood of Afr1oa, Asia, llIldLatin Am.,ri.:,.. Its alUlrunmt in lh/,

grl.'lIl majoriIy of rou"lri<... hao meantthe IJf'.'V"flUon of "lJPf"l(imo.te!y3 ",i~

tioochild dcatho.~ ond tho:: l/lDualP":W.,liM of awvllimatcly .fOO.OOO<::>...,,, of polio. "71fiJ _~nIi"""p1a_"adj~,." SIY"!he WHOGlobal Advisory Group 011 imml1flil2.tion."is. kJ'fl/1 MMrfflJPizH by lJu1ffI'•.w pIIb/i<. "..

l'1IoNl5Il: Allhe World Summit fi>rChildren in 19!1O. the chid 0>flCCfII

l"U thai thio mnordilW)' clfurt. II><:lugesl ;"I"mational "'Illaborative~ in pca,;...'liot<: hislQry. m~l1 001be ",$lIinfd. GoYo:mm<",ts thmfol ttel lhe~ of mainlaining the Mimmuni<atiOll \,:"d (and i'" ochieft."""'1 by lhooe COUIItrieI thai hid 1101yrt done ...) in tho nr1y yNI'S of the199Os, kiltc>W<'<! by . raisiost of imm...niwi<m~ 10 SOl or more by 100l"'ar 200(1,

!'IN>t;1<t'$$: Immuni%ation I4:urea b1\193 h.1v<: ).lSl br:al1IH' .""jlable (mid(994). Byand tarrc 1M,.llhuw thai Ihcwid<-ly ~aml decline in immunil2tionJo.·vds bas lIOI occum:d (fIJI:. 9). Of theIi6 di.~ naliolIlI thai ""~the 1m immunization laIyCI by thC'tnd of t99O.~ Iw lIintt in-

Panal!i

AIDS:thechildren'stragedy

'A ""'**' .. _ 8tId ri1i1Ihn

~ ttl I» "" /1'10 I'IJIit*rf III I/»AIllS"""" r•. .-rMrirN#Ihonlllhl W1l1101rucrn:em.-

""l ""1._ ''''

W-. .. - W<:fI'IIIf' ..

".. n tcmr.Itt"'9 1hI AIDS..... InAIrD, __ now _1<.55"",.U _ _ oflW.

AI. ltJo WS .......... lrf'I"S. ~ ..tl!ro'rWIg deat lhiI _ are nm.......... !IWI ..._Tho_ ....boIh lIOqal orr! JOtiIL !lio\! : ""'r,_ fllll_ risl.lllIo::loAe .lqor rrr.aM ........ .. .......,a cUIng<u.aI ;,trrrolno Q ~ _

corrie< • g<UlIII .....,........", 01 ltJo_ !l'IlIn .agonal lUi SCitIalIv, tNoItie _ ~ tNoIler1dttl """" .. "... "'"" older men..... ....... I'Iad partneR _

Dl bBalsr IIIIl\'~ Iidl arlUI:Iloiclo o!rrJl _ ond IIIi1!l ¥!tan

!til\' _ -. llfr.I. nol ;,

• pollllCrl e;ltJor to Oil' to Inlhr."." ltJorr pWler'1 xNIl behMu

'''''''*9 _ .. II(Il """"""" ...

"""In..... _ ofAIr'a. :!!i'llom JIJ'I,

ol lif8lllllllll _ alllniroJ enterIOIaIclila .... fW-l"'l'lMI.lIno il w lII ol\herbiIbies wiI be~ wftll .... wusAll will do>elap .IJDS Q _ willdio

IIeltn ltJo 1\11 (If fM. So 110, approl.imoaIy I mil... <:tiId<en _ boon

"oIleclod ... h;I/f I ....., 11M o!rtlodI'.... ._ aIIm t!Iim in Af1i:lI

IW is rbIl kl'OMI lIJ ..." boonlI8RlIM!Oll by _rmIi ;., ....~ &lIrOlSlfeedrv .. ml "".

..",.<loa in...... """'" 1hI ,ill: Irlm~..-u"-II pno'II:ln

' .... _ oI .. .-_olHN;n ""'" DttIrnI"IJ ;, A.frr:o. _. 9....., dlildnn".;g ....,...... in !hi1900s ... ""- _ gains in <Nld

IIlrtJYlO ore being ~, InZinDllIw!. ttIr wnr>Io. AlDS 1moimldy boc<rIJIlho biggoll $I'Igle t"ollho NICIn', 'Ildo"'"",--

SuI 1hI oilu:II'oI ;, .....e CCMJIl'"II Asia ..~ okro.lsI .. 1Illd> l;llISll

ttIr oon:em. IIQilan<l ftIl(Itl "'" 1

odutt "50 is " fetted _ 111'. Q '

lIWy by Ma'Io:IoI l.i'MOOy lUgODlll

hi \lie 1W1rr(1~-tiIoe fIlCl'UI"llYIIIe wiI 11M tJr 10'!l0 biIIln !hi end 01

~-W~ QO AllIS IQI:Cft Insi\tII. D:tt

......- d'-.go off... 01 _

"'91h1 twlOl 01 '" IIlIiIIemit Iha1 <:ouldSIll 26 ,niIlion people OIflO:lOld lII'Id ..

lIInIllI~ llllI ollllmcsl ..mikIn by

.... VU! 2tOl s.. £Okal"'" ""~

...... {6J'lo 01 ... IW on1Ktianl

""" II Iht 1[,.1I>? lIgI ~I II.....1ioI fvrj recn SIIIdIa I1lMIm.. 'll......... ltol _ by Il'I(Morog ........ IWcabOn is IlOl 0lS<I0Mlld _

liN_01 erir w:uaI K1Mfy

MIl lIlOI'\!~, lhil gwN

"'9 AIlS _I 10 ........, rd cllilinnwill Ill! dirrInoltI lO'IIiI __ "...

..... _mQjIUIO ..... tollmoo

ltJorr 1lWrI~ .'" to" f!uoII:I ....~~

Ileocuor.i fl ,.,... Vel"

Iho_eel Slli lIlJIlI'I .....ny(J'l AIDS "'".",..." orJt -.. HI" ..spent in .... de> : ,-. wor'd. ........

ll5'Io all1lcuanl .... ocam:1lI

-

o

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-- -

..._--..__.._.,-M_'.--

_ _"I

--_••--•

-•

•_........ ~.....

r.. II WI,,,,.. oil polio0-,,00 _ _ .. ...

...,, "" -"'-_ "-..__e.·._-Measles

1ft the mid-I!lIQt. Ill<'Wb ..... ""cqll"" .. a l1tlftlQl pon or ctIiIdbuodamM DIU<h tJI. tl>cdo~ ....-Id.101.... <lu1<lrnl .....~ witbiM • ""dI,yI. M.,. ..&n:d •~ ill ...a,m.. • _ or ritamiIo A lIlokiull iJoeIq

....tutnhIt 10 do: Qdc or hquo.'Ilt iJI.

.... aud puurJIUWIh. SorDe __ ~a

wtlh _ ~ 0Ibtrsdo.tlcp:d 0liliI ....,. _ _

drIl II.- ill .... 3 .,.... Ibo: .t:dIlioIliU\llt raoh or...... ,......-... __ tJO.,

skID 'btau IIInle-In _ &._ oIrIilltd ..., ill """"" dia ,........ dtIO)....li.... III cthon. the cad.-, ooidI tw, .... or hi-.loilol.. ' In~lbtdlilcl'............ , d ... rR • Ioif:b • LI!O

.... lho! "-tS-....".. ic.:5 .........,., 'codl_Ibt _

......- -...,.--.I '" '1 ' fa ,.. ' ~ I!I!II s.oo-iI ......

..... m' iIl....nIItMIbI " aI 1ft '_k00d4.

............: WHO _ USK»'.......,Wl. j i)_did .___ib'b''''""" lIIr or.!I!ili~ 'it' ... cad '" 1995..'-... ...- ' .......

.....1. hr u:.1CEf '<lilt. MM

.. :1Il0l.... :"............. a........~ "" lot .hit..d. -.. S&..n.s._ tuuklbe Kllieot4 iIl3S_..........k olccioIi<I:I .......Of\he, 10 1IIIiktb' III lIIftt the_ 1 _ iIl '8bIna I\i'h.

Uthe 1995 ilK" ...1,am..;DhriuI tht """""'" '" cbiIIltItIdu; fnan nna1eII duwII III lewtrU-boll' I millita. ..~Ie_tbe I milIioa ill 1!l9Q, 3 ........ In \he,

mid-19!lDo<. Ind 110 8,m.,. Io:in>.-IH...--iuIIicIIo~ (rw. 121.

Allhou«h \he, ......... Im"",ni..,..ilcJllle"l!l ""IM~" ~,; ..WIlfld IS...holt l't'mIlnlI hiah 01 191.. Ihiot ...,....~ 1tIIOk. diIJc.._. bM....... <:ot>I>'

m.. llw~mainllinir¥ror mm.in«"""-"nlI" and ,,-, WI; on' pc.'I'Il~

~ La oIip.. hi lOtI1, 'l:l olrioshaw k1 hnmwmoliou fall by

~~.mf..ulMia.alld

ill Iht Mio:I<fIt ~:.t alld NOfIh Nibto=pll'd lhot this .ro-l <.'OIlld br..liih..d by Lbo: """ or 1!l!l5.

hoo.oDJ: 43 Old or M'&o••,.'.;>iI••..mo. thaol "-' 0IIupcl'd Lbo: 19f6_J:Ct 1ft 00 InICk 101dIitwllM:~

,.". or,\uptl 199ol. all or Ihr _ .

<TIl btw......,,!woo btu '"'" or pwlIaban. t/ln,.. ,.,..... In .........1hio_· ......... lIlok .do" ..I'loI ArDtri<wI IkMh 00", . .

:nl wlIh -.- IIUAlQfI .-U!'o1CtJ' . lbr C-a.~Ot"lo........ ~. Iht U.....Saln ,...,. Iut bltt,llIIionaIOtic': 1Il:nl ...,. .... , . ..• ......-nI.....anM...:;' .. tdlht.....,.or...-.ol ' .. dip..... ' -,... ...... ..0lhtT ..... __••~.' .. tht k. Chiao---.-' ,& .,...%!i ..c,""" __..'*4. .........,....""' poic.-"- s.roo. 18 5:l8. 19!I11tIcn_ ' _\ s..htl4 __

II...... ...,.. • 1M .. 199t. It-.p " • .. s,no !low .. 1M_ . 1 e :1' hwiI 1_ ..wdI it)Ibooir«.Ibo:.... _ by _ ...

Ie ........odi<atd polo"-I:-.~ .. t · d; ; ' 1 . or l5ll .,._ hrdo: nlI or1m

w..W......1l>rot.-;••,..· "..0. •.....d •• 0Iftp III . polic <-=0.

At.wollut Ie " 110 ,_••• - lbm:....... __ 4Oll,Ollll ......~ orpcIic ia 1983; '" 19!N lhoI IOUl bidfaIrn ...... =-IM.OOOltic·II).

Ulhio..., .... t., .. · ! 4._or \hr ....... or :_ Aalerb. EIIol...... NCII1lI Afrin lAId tb<- MiddltEat wiI Kbirw Iht.ro-l or ....,.io;::oIlwIlJr tht """ 011995. WIth ........jam.... ill 0IDdr hrip,. _ of tht......or 5uuth Nil t>..,,*,-Afric:o ..;a de ... by lb.' " l!OOO.

fly lIIlIt lime. ~ islikfly Wilhmwill br 01... 5 miIIioII doildml btklwthe IIll'" or 10 ,,1>0 will he llN"'inlI Ul/

IIlil'tlWly Iall who wuuId "- bi.'t'cI~blifoo,bypo.>lio_~ ......!<or 'lor.1b110 .-.bIbb roat

Panal6

Mexico:30,()()() savedsince 1990

In!!woo lUI. MeD:o hal haMld dlilddoolh:l ~"'" <IianIlooal diseaa AA

idt\>oo dou I'IIIIIllIlioo w,""1Iid in~ 1990( shows • 56'1\ fd indillllhDea wtill lfIalg 1Td!:r.1M!dealh:l 119!11 III 19931: This means lhat~ :II.lJlI \<lU1lI tiles rtloirl sMd .., I.- IS • Jm* olMoI!aI'llI1IlImIllJIllJ arJ"oe';e the 19$

gooI (II lmlo ORT Ole oeI by ltIll l!OO_Ill Slrrrnit Irf Cl\iklffn.

In ltIll IlIII yellS foIlcPNilg ltIllSi.rmliI, I'reIicb1l CirIoI Salm iIIlGo<tarl _ poniaAor support 10 Iho

gooI (II~ til Me>.ictn !iII'IIKeI

in lho Ole aI tnI "atll'I1 lI1l!fapy~n.Iho~""_~

niqutIN,.., I"IIf'l most deaIhs ~"'"-_.Brr lh! ond 011993. _ S millllll

fIKIlhen in """"'" had _ U_ in

0FlT In "'" """" affll:lld _. hMi<istJy oIl1e.1iltl ha U"- lIR>"lMimolllt,- 1nVIIIn I'l'IlIMIIIShealltI_>II\llI,,* . Ide to \Sldl 00.. how llJ_.-.I_t .... .......,......_tlml rinary diom- ...... kill« dis·-"'" noning is\:eplas ...... asllO'"....... is ba..:l on .m. Ie=JnIwtIictr am _ in Sp;riltl as ltol

.~ fMl'llia •~ jmntnJod

ll11dingl. bsIadJI~ <tiol.sl. ....

~ ""'"""" tn-bI help """"I......... I~

Nalionai (dl,~ ....,. anddliId hoaI1!I ""'I!b _ helPB! III

>peKI theoo basic~ lo...aalll'MIV wiagil arcl~ nei;IlwIwlin Me>:IaI, In 1993 _ . an ........n-!S' _OIl 1211,OOl'irna on

natiu:1;)I tellMsion and _ lIIan 2,3million lIIIlilllll radiII. In lh! _ 'feIII.

.1nol8 million poIta"J. ~,Ifll

lNf\et$ ...n.d ltIll 001""""'" ...ltol titlt "'Ibo beSlSCIIIliDn'

r~ lII!J!It!l'll iroNsecI--.r gin

I(Olad by lhDse~, Mol:i<o',

-.....I p"....:1Jon aI ...~Ialt3 hal~ Irtm g rnillllll ped:IllS in1£119 III 8J..1Iion in 1993.

Totrod. upthe... ec1.cation <8n>

PI9\I. ~1Ih .....un OIl! 6:IcI<n ..IlOll1 IP"l"rrnenl __ IJld I>'i'tIliltntta """"-.u_ in.... mrrectease~oI6~ lIiseaso.i'Mlslment inclIIan waI8r ......Iei3II

iIatIlII ""' _ .IS \Ifll • If'111m hal _ "" up III .............

~lnf~_ckJoely

"'. itlUI 01l1li at1!Ieso elforn.1hoestimoied irciIlonc:o <:! <lioo_ dis

.... in \<lU1lI ctil<twI 1m dIIcIir-'hom 3,5 10 2.1 .... per child per'feIII. In .... .,..., 1lIaI nil! <I\lU, ....

usa Ii {IfI hal Im.ased bo'n 66,. 10""" lmlo I..... (If "'" opo<iaIly _ .

lid n~ salls In:rn 22'.l. III

""So !•. hoaIlII lilIdul\l8S from Eao. I, >; """"',.. toM .. "lIIlMoaU:c III stu1I' •~ _ is6II1eal"rog .... ru:nbeI one tiller 0I1ho"Ilion', d'!iIoDl lab'Ig ..........

long W'f towatdo ;,11_ 2fDllIflI!I 011 l.llHliro,I!dwion ill l8llI.IMI_I I

..._...- ..._-_ ..._ _-_ ..--_ __ .."".-..._--_..........

5 1I'-'I'OOIlaj/lZ 1Krint~ or more lIincc:1990and an' in darill<Tof~ therhi"""'Dl1l1 of the""-'3Sh>goal ... slipfrom !heir grasp.

Neonataltetanus

In 19l1O. Il<OI\Olal (l'la/lOO was held ...be~..b'" lOr """'" 700.000 infantd,:alho .,..,h yr:or: MOO! of ito vi<tims~ .....oom babiM. and vt!'f'i r_ !1ftbr:m IOt'fl: (VeT -'l by a hea/thwulio.cr. In many <ast'S. neitherdeothnor birth ns ofIkialJy "'lri!'lertdT~uo i. thl'n!(on> the. RIOOl hid

,w,n oC di..,...... and the """ thalimping,,,, I<asI on lhe """" of lhe nIOI'I'

forlulWe. /lol iii. "'" hiddenfrom theJ'iU"IIlJ< of thoooo haIf·million infanlJ<uponwhom lc\.lnu.1ay-o iUcold I/rip.

Cruelly. the liISI. symplom is o~tak.... '" bo,o thr baby'. 6111I ornilo. Rut"",,"-'OI>r in the family """" lIOli<ftth3l the smile ill Ii,,"d and -i1clY"""lontd. AD thal day !he tiny jaw"'u"'~ lllifleo furth<or ualil the. babycanROl (Illell it. RlOUth ..'ide~"""" III b~. Hu"8'J andanc'fltllliol[ 10cry. the iar..,!'.(~(un: ""-"$. The TH:rI day the infanI isahuddMng with ","",10' """""'"' theghalllIy lII1\ill' <tiD mpb<1o. the to1inoIo..-ty..,.,.,1./uw,dI the"""""'" orolem min theopinaIcordand themnial"""""" Rac-kcd by craml>lik~ paiD..the IIpalIIM inmo_.the baby '.1imbsbt:ol bul ,;tiff. ~ny ~~~ 1,-,"!I,..~ ODd unII<xinR. ""til, towardolhe""d ollhe oKond day. lh~ ..........ba.., bcoome uoo:mtrollablc and COlt~'llllon bc-giru '" build in \ivi:r.~and lnin. 0u1 of aiJlhl ri the world. abrirllif~ COlI'It5 III an rod. writhinJ: inthe pi~annaofa Iii..,.., whirlI the

worldIw IonlI known""'" '"~lPIIONISl?: The world SwnmiI I\:rr

L1uld..... a<\opIod the IIoal of YinuaIIye1iminalin$l II<'<><l8laI l<;W1U. (N'J) byth~ eftd of1995.~: 111 tnid-I994. WHO

rt?O'\Cd-' "n . 1995,..,1 of_tal1<Ia . ... tli.. iJW!iDo ..... bmo atln'tIlt<!i. """" MI.1rin audWrittr"ltd II1ill"''''.~ ty _ , hI /lit ltJrrt/ril..I bt odin... ."."..JI." ..1m ro.-

nOll-"~ is_iwl /fU i..... ·. WJtiOO omoilin i. all kil'..u.t d;"

trim 0" acuInIfltd.""Simil3rty. a mid-1994 ~ by

UNfCEJ-'~ 1Iw 50 oul of 100

d.......lot>lnR CO\IIIlric-o "'" "" tarxeI Inach~!heNTIIoal by!heend 0/19%<fill. 13). Pooolhly all many IS 32 ,""'"

CO\IIIlrito- could do 00 wilh a 1II'1iorrrncwaI 01 l'llurt .,..".- lite ",-""I 12munlM. or the 18 in which the r<>al isunlikely 10 be mtt, 12 an- in ...1>Saharan Africa.

Diarrhoea and pneumonia

The 1990 Swnmil ablu onn<>wl<\.'<l tar·gels for the IIlrl on the lWIlI1lhc childml 01\he ....... k>p;Rj!world • pneumonia and diarrlIoea.Eadl of thco<: claim. a;>pn>Ximatcly 3nilllioa _ '"'" a year. T~,

lhl'Y ON'tIIInl for ncvty half of all...aIh. under the. 01fi~_ Ilolh areIIU8Cl'Il!ibk 10 ...Jati'v,,]y oiJnpIo: ODdi~,we w-li<nlL MOOll dealh.from "n"""",,,ia cwld be "",,,,,,,"'-<1by th<! ~arfy pmlCripli<n\ ollow<tlsllIllibio6<s. M..... dffib. from diar_rI>oc-..l d~-.. rould be pn.'IIl:Illcd byalmo$I COR-r- <lr.tI ...hydntjon lhef..opy (ORT) and conlinocd f«<Iina-.

PltoN/S£: Cuafronted wi1h lheIoefxIs. poIilkal Ieadcn II the 1000Summil~ the anal- oC a onethird redlKtion in child ,w,aIh$ from"'-"'to! "'il\liralO!Yin~. and 1 haIvin.l ofeb'ldde-lb. from <Iiarrha<;-..I Iliaca.lC by liK: yell' 2000.

To ",ach th<! IIoal of n-d~clcatha frnm diantK>cal drhydntio<l. il..... /wtho...,. agrttd tlw all ramllie5W<lIIkI be in!onnod aboul ORT. and

1Iw~ ohould beem-........ '" Ulle

the tttllJliqlll' by liK: ffod of 1995-/'IltJQtJ-:sI: 1be ....... n:«n'~

(1993) on ptogrns 1<IWard. lIiliI gual

~ thaI th<: ORT """ nil/: was a1

1Iw tim< appmxinwely 44" for the~loping 1l'Orid .. . wholoo. UdinAmcri<-Ilcd wilh 64"- follow<:d by theMiddle East and North !Iflia II 55J..Sul>&lwan !Iflia was ncarinll 5QlI.

SoulhAsiastood al aP!W""imllely40'.

Fit.12 PfCIll clionIpiOll-'eP......, io_liw_t"",_

" ,",~-I.."""__""",-., io__.-•••••

11Io__01 __

ft ....-._""

_lor...m_~

~--_.._--

._"'-------_._"'_...__...---_._.._----."

Panal 7

The greatestabuse:violenceagainstwomen

The _ 01 ~ I miIDI_,I ,. in~ on:I tI>Iti\Il if

ilIsail,.j ill IIlit !lIp:I'I 1$ II'OIl 01 llllIllaai"Of8lllld __ oIlh1 la$ 20111

<lIl!lllII' EU II if n.a!led .". rolher 01lho PO' riG:lon iIsuel - 'd'II .....iiit:ls!m\OlJ1Wl1:rl__~

s.n.rs ..__ "",""II! mr._,~ otlhl-'<r • ..."".,..vioIInIly IbusotI in _ """" Iona .~-.....,jiekDj

hoPr~ - up \II m in 1I'oliIa-d.Imio in Pop8 _ ~ ifill tho

IIIpJilc d fuel. ifill 1m. inl'akiIIanIfIda. k1 "'" Unilld Statal.~......... if "'" biggal 0I/IllltI t:IUSI 01

ilVt' III """'"'" ICCnIIi1g r.:. """hospitoI ..mi$IioI~ tt.., -. ""'IIg<r.p.nlOld~~.

Sud119ns.\lQlBSl """ _ on......, !IV _ Ml:wdI or "'*~.

rlIlOl n h __S 0DlI tDMW:tl loon.......n.~ ks IS ' ffiWtto _ IS

11 is tu -... . ""' lor lho .......·_ ~ aM\l'fS. dol ..." l,m,IS

witton II'Ie IIivac:¥ 01 tho _ _ m

~ frion:Is. -.....~ nlIlIlhortlies lOll reUIn III I1IIIJdI ThlI

~ h<i'le~ I'OQ le'MIl """"ploinIs. ifill ...... Jess 'tlCCUlO 10 dollow. _ lIthIr oiI:lWnI 01 .....,

Mlrri ol lIE~ ame to~

~""""""""""".'.d01,.......,·S..,. swus in_ ifill

_ Cordi1il:r.-l "'"" tJirth lO......"

d. ,i2l... ...q in1IIImS 01 iI'!ir abifitttu ...... ""' SIIlSfy orhln, """f-~ tu .aora .". IoDI:i'lJ lill to

thoit """"~ lliInlirt t1e,odoes,~ Iter~ IfId lidq) dol

....u 111 "'" ....... h ... tnl ""lInJiIOs, ""'" tile ..- _ Chn""'_wiI &itt so low tlIIt 1111 oiclim ..- isoIauI hnIII fIGm frierdI tnl

farrWr· 1fIll /ram lho~ I!laI "'".........

~ .... d\<IA_.......

I -;io;Iim ofdorneslic Ydrn::I istwa '"

lll!fi III hM I lIIisan'IIgI n! It:u

trrIIS """ IiI:eIv to """" I~-.;. Dobv-HoI t:!ioItInIl ...... '""'"lQ!y1o bo~ OJ~tU of

sd'I.d. n! III bllaJre Yil.in in ""*nm. MorlI 1fI'doIr. ...." IIpI'lSl

...""., isalsoI ttilgllllj b <11>110;> ,••eIllJtI. ,.. , rICIIll UNm~

IlJlS 11. dol ..-omo:tlS~ doll...."".,~ '" fInOtl'.~. n!nati<mI till doponds ""'" -,._t4lf -.1 SB'lllII hr__ 1Ild rH'

JDnIi ""'t~ lhI SlJI'Cl1 d ,.,/amity nI.......my. liar~;, q IIffIi4 d h ..... -*t nIliar.-oJ mMIRt tM!t lhI "..., Wpi'g ,., 1iltI<.~ ..... dMI·_ ... 01_.

k1""", nl .... _ ~

in~ rT1OlII! lDtm;1fI<s~m,lho CtI*\. 1(1 '-'ll til! ..,. on:I ll\_ lho CIIIiIeI In UtilI .......,.

aIono. Ihn In ""'" 400~IlW1lII orgtIl"OIllIi<l _Tall til>......... _ ......... IIgIIinsl-

1....-. pblicllms. PIblistIed til!hi UN oe.llop,•• F\IId ltv w"*rill 'd'II World Sri..~ _0\XIid to

....... b ...rIll"'-oI ........11m.- DlI~ _ <II su:!l

MIliIIl:h if "'" iJ)lStiljry <II a Iri:""-' dcrnostio: ..... on:I progest

llM'WI~ b -. los rNI

_ ""~ brlte~ <II tholiteratY ~ __ mal8s nl

fm\aII:Sl. Tho ...... i1lh11lN ..... 01

"""""'" riles ...., .. l*tt*' MlNt t!Jolr ~Jdjtio"oIllO$itir;1l d~lY on!aI1IIllI isbIWlg MatlAl1 l-_.-----...._.._--.... .._- ,." ...._.. ....---_ .._---_.._-----....__.._-- '''-

•

-_...-_-

n.__,,_~

..._-_ "'w,10'>_'.--

.......__....---- "'-"--5G!lII _ . ....

•

•••

"

fig.1J "'" (l1li111 1$_

--~--""'" -..,g _ "'"---' ..,ltI d\IIIIIOO..ft..c_ ....._I00~

Dracunculiasis

thin! ill !herd,,", unlikc'b' \(I be mel

withoul • signi/icaD1 ""-""1<:rIdioo g(

~ in the remaining)'t'O'"S of the,,..UDO~ io made on lhe siJuI.

lion .. il stood in 1990. i.ht'tl the number of childrm uDdr.-r live who win dItunn«....'.' lrily from prlt'Ur1IOIIia. in thislaM~ ofthc 20Ih c<:nlwy willbellJlP'O'lilTlllcly 30 ml1lion • more !hanthe t'01m, child 1"4'I'\alio.. of 111"European Community or oflb< UniIt'dStales and C......~

In 1900. dracur><Uliasis or I(Ilin<:awr>ml __ WlIlI bringing monlh!; of

pain. inft'dC<l ukoo.... r....... and joinlddorntitit's k>~el)' 3 miUiorIl""\lII' in AfriCIl and ANa. 1111Wn1f<om.pontry <Ii,.bilily 10 many. and Jl<TTlII......, disabillly 10 .'"'It'. And il .....havirI,I!" • measunbJt, irnj>Od 01\ bothprodllClMIy and «lucaIiooaI .llain""-""I (in the ......1" phose g( !he dis.-e, "'" po;"is too~ for vicIimaIn l'itht'TIWlI'k orII'>10 schaoQ.

i'JIwICi>£.. 11>0 KQVm!"..,"sof alldf<:<ml coun1ries ogn.-.:d to """",pi.

lb< t ......i<aIion of dracullOl!ia:Jis: bythe md of 1995.

1'1Ioc1lVi5:Vldtlry rM:r dlllCWlC:\lliasis io immiIIerIL Surtt'iIlao<:e dIIa from1993 Mow . 25Sf<,dunioa OWl" 1992in thro number of~ wh"", thedL""""", is r-onsiclcm:l mdt'fnic (fig_16).~ India. willi OWl" 2:um <:aso)ll in1986. had kwo:r than lK(I irl 1993.Pal<m.n ..... only 2 t1I.'lCS in 1,JSI onevilb;/J: in the "'hole of 19!n C"""""""repor'l t'd only 72 f'aS<.'S in 1M """"" of1993. Upnda n<lU<l'<! Iu; number ol...-s by 6Oli. ( from aboul 126,000 In 1f<'P"Mt-rl 43,0001 in !he firsll'ftl" of ill!inl<'r\'l:rltion Jl'1llt'"OIlUII. and l!It-re isC"=)l IikclihaorI lhal the di$t'a>e will"""" be climinale<I nolirmwid<:. Ghanaha:i rt<Iurr.<1 cases by !lllI sinre 1990.Ni.l:<:rio r<c(Irded oYM" UI3.OOll ca..... in199'llild <lilly ?f;.OOO irll993.

()y",rall. lb<fil/un...~'St l/ul throlOtI! "WIlber of ptnpIe ...11t'rinJI from

~""""._ is IIOW under hoH• miDi"" • • n..Juctiurl of lK'Ilr1y !lllI

and ~_ AsilI hadI"cl!fd 361(Ei:l\ ifChina is =luded). Thnt l\InIn'oW mpaI'C with u,," moo of a1m<:> ';I...oon .. llliIl<~ qui<kJy. and thai .. devt-iopoing natiora"", on tnck 10 1dIi<...." theIKJJ, Iar/[<'t by \hand nf1995 (fig. 15).That JOAl bas aln-acly bcc<l ~aclled

in I? ,"""o lrict;~ lllJulan.C2mcrt>oo. ChiIc, Cuba, 1Ml~m"<Tatit- P"opl". R"""blit- ofKon:a, Gui"'.... 1m Libya, M...it'o(panel 6). Saudi Arabia, Syria. theUn~l<l Arab Emir:l..."&, UI'IIS/U"Y.V~....,la, ZarnIU. ."d limbob>oT.~ rounlri,:• •~ KL'I1)'1,1.eiwJIbo. Namibia. Sri Lanka.Tanmia, and Trinidad and Tobago ..,.., all ft'l'O/1<'<I 10be "-'r)' <Iooe to!lOlaul mid-l!194.

E..... lIIOfl' imponanl. from Ihep<lilll of vi<:w of m1uci"ll dffihs (ron,

diarTllo<-.Idis<_. m<\SI ""'nlri<.-l"",makill,ll r;opid PI"lllt"IS in tht usc ofII!r .....tiaIly /ormub"'" oral n:bydnlion~ (OIlS) thaI "'" -*d inca><-s of~ <Ii....... __

""""'" f<>r lb< Jl"R"II\' k> .."ok qua1j.f><d help:"

MudJ 1t'os proglWS t'3lI be~ in lb< SIruiP ogain sl ......It'.-....pir2IJ.>r inf«lion.. A oimplr .-.~llllralcgy has been dew!optd by \\110 In "nab'" ht-aIthworkcn 10 diagnoa! and (R,a! """""

monio sakI)' and «OIIOIIIically~~ ."tibiolicL~ lIilillllnll"lQl lwo bo:t.-n imple"'e'''''''. pneultlUllill dr-aths have falIt1I sIwply. Ilul

'"'"~ nalional efJoru have"""" moumorl. And although anlibiOlks orr e/Ii.""",,, and~. 1Mprobk."" of gf'1ling i.hml ic lb< riJ(hlclIildtt'n li the righlli"",;,.~ di!·ficuilln ovm:-oml" u 1.thert'Si:iWl<c

of lhe m<.'di<lII pn>kssi"" lr> lhe id".thal rornmunil1hnhh "",",cn iihouldbe alllhoriZl'd ta 1"""<"''''' the __""'Yanti biuliN.

1'ht' ynr 2000 Kual oI ...<Iudngchild deaths from pneumonia by """

·1 0000l1!"' (J\T _......_ ...___11<0--_.._.---- ---

lrits. the yell"2000,goal could otill be

;ll;hiewd by a RJnll-...."'...--ofm.I""blom 3lId by n"':ively Jnw.ampro~ 10 Ira.in and equip~dislrict bospital$. Most dNth. inchildbinh OC<"Ur .long lime ali... 'I""bl<""hao~ """mi. And there ;" ""wxent """" fur • much ...-idcr andk ",,-ner IwarmnI • """"'ll cum',,,'»'"'" IS wclIas JI<>':"'f11II'\S, famiIicI ll

.....·UlIS be2Ith~. that 011 PfI-'ll'nan6ts m....,;", rillk and thai iIntl>P<fi.ale uanskr 10 liM!~ hospil1ll i<CSIlCIItiaI II !he linl sijIII 01 bao.'fIlOl'~.". IbaormaIdifik \lhy in labour.As UNICEF .... If2\Nld~.this isone obvioug and procticaI;wa whffl'men can b<ogiJl 10 __ ~

respon;ibmty f.". tile health and wen.bl'inR 01 thti:r forniii<-'" whcrew.or~blc. 111~be sh....ld make the~Irranj(~m,,"s. in adI>a:ln.-.i:n case tranof\....Lo a b<>spiLal beet>mes~ dlllinR Iabout.

The Scpwmbc< 1!l9l cm.. Int...•""tiona! Conlerella 0<1 ~Ialiool aodLle,duplill':ll~ whirllJI3"C the issue ofworn<'fI', .....,.-.xItJ<:IMo 1>tIllh Olich ICf.'ntnl "...., in it:I discussions. hasdoni: 011 thaI I n>ofcrcnn: can to nW<c:Ihe~h "" this IMout (panelil, And ,h=;" no p<>sSibic ju!llifiL~

lioII lor any iUnher delq in llICklingtht lrIgcdy!lf matemal mortafily. Thefac1 thaI 1.soo womm ...... bcinrIIlowtd 10 me each and """'Y :lay 01

_h IIId ""'-"Y YO-II" from 'mII\-maIcao...... is one '" the Icasl~8CaJ1daIs of1MIote 20Ih ttII!UJY. ThelIJ"C'Il majority of th<>oe d<atlJ.,o can bo:_lcd by a """blnalion ofim""""'" ramily plannini~ I

widoor . "'..........,.. ofW, """" lor !JIunc.diale hospilalizatioJl if II<Oblcm. ali..,.:lIId~~ of dilllrin.*""i bospil1ll sWf Lo provide .-m<'ll<-'fIC)' "bOlt:t·ric""'" (indudi"ll e-e... ...'dion).As :he Caito Conlmflcc did su muchto maIc" cltar. :be ......, of .......en••n""""~ hcaIrh io I <ri1kaI issueboth lot n\llll3ll ril!htl andouria1 dl......~-,

!'resent 1cY\'\s or matern>l iJlQIUl.ity are 1 1rn¢c meuun'0/oor l2ilure... f...

Maternal mortality

In 1990.~Iy half a miIIioowomm di<:d from CI\l,," rt'laI" topn"glWlCy. abo<tinrI, ""d ctilldbir1h.krol'<linll to :he bo:st available esti·maICs. ro.OOlI of those W<lmetI di<:d asa r.....JI 01 i1I<I!aI and unsaleabonioII.For .,..".y wuonan ""'" d~ _111!:non.: ,;urvlvtd with it\iwi<.'1.d~and di!abili lM" wlUoh ....,.., of\(,n

painful...,~. andu:nln:al.d.I'IIoJlllJl:: The 1990 Summil seI IlK!~ of b<lMnr. by lh<: l"'""" 2000,""alb. from Call..,. n-bted to ~.iWIC)'. abn!tlo<I. anddilldbinh.~:Solat. m..... is little prac

tical~ to r<epofl. In pan. Ibismay 1M' btcl:1ISl' :no>'! sw.i~ onmaImlaI monaIity date from the1!11llN. IIut there is iIO """""" to~

Ibal any oil!n1ficant inroad' """" bt."'"made into Ibis problom in the 19OOs,and thereis"""'"~""" tha: mal......oal lIlOIWil~ has beo.'n i"""",<inl1 in!OJb...'iohann Africa.·

!lithe main. ,he lack of~ isn>laled to liM! belief:hat Ihe IJI"ObIcmof mall,rnaI morulity can <>nly 1M'~u<:ed by the kind '"advlux<.'<! l.........

fl"I'nCY obstetric care which " onlyavaIlabk'in moJor hospitals.Th;., ill ""~true.AstheDirto<:Ior.(".monl ofWH O. !Jr. IIlroW Nakajima, has1lDI<'<! i:n 1!l9l. "_ ofdu cmuJjliD",

""1 ,....U i. aiQIItlIQJ /ltQlJo DM _ n.lIWtiU/itJ <III k PfflW/M ... /IWl/Mwilli..: ....om., /Q ",pJIisIitolU OMnpt"';.. udad4D.· · In ""'" COllD:

oi:IIce :he t.tc 19/JOol. Th..... is ~""-"Y

clance1h.u. by themil of1995.~aworm m..a.c wiD bo: g<>ne from A5i>.and ""'" of Mri<a, InvinJl' the pro!>k,m rontl'Iltnl<'d in Wesi. AfricI aDd iniJlI, SlritNom ....... in and """'nclswlb=o Sudm.If~. WCft!lS~ l/UilIl'a

"""""" .u-se willt... a resuhof. join:<!on bo:Iwet<IlfI)VtnIIIICnl$. UN1CI'.lo·.WHO. the Ca:t<TCmllTl Gklbal200JprognIIIlIII<. the WHO Colla~

e.-ntor aI lh< US CClltl.... lor DilItascCOOil'nL thc World Hank. and olMrinstituli<>Wl aDd organizations.

•--- .-........_--- -_..- -- -- .-

•

•

•

-'

Fig. 15 M..ti.. "'" ndd-olKHI ' OIls_ ..... ' I g.....- ... nct: ..

_ lNl,,",, ' • .,.... _lOlIiiJII _lor _ _

Fig. It Tk riu oIl1RT

",--01_ boo!> ".... r;.,.....0lIl_ "'"

""""..... iII ""'~__

1''''1. 1&Tac:k[;"lI'lui..WOIIII~01""__--.;_.."""'''''''"''..................._oI1,g:j

Education

Th..k.lO<'l<InI<lnlinar dIortsd~lhr 19OOt1 and 1970:1, the Il"'fnll"""ofchild....., n:achinjr~ S CLe. COmplctilIjl: al IN>!t four years of primary.....booI) had ruclIed 50\ or IIl<m: inaln_ all"-'lopinlj"countries. BIninIN, 19l1Oo. moumin.ll dcbls and con..,.'<1Il."l Wllrlunll adjustmrnt proJUaIlI'IlOII ltd many~l< 10

rn......, or cuI~lu.:allonal 5p<'nd;"':. "'"UNESCO has 1IOlcd. · primar}' school;",: oft..... I<I!rer.d di~ely .

and lhore .... si.Ilnifkanl . tippa,qe in""b&haran AIm (fig. 17). FotlowiI\Mlhe 1990 World Cookrt1Ire onEdllCalion (orAll inJ""'lien,Thailand.man~ naOOns~ 10 ~ p aterprioriry 10~ primary cduntion. AI"" a\ thaI Iim<-. the WorldRank C'OIl'mincd ;tstlf 10 I major""""-' in \endiI\M.

1'ltr:»/1S1i: 'The World SonnmiI !OrChildR'll conJinntod lhr lloal of basiccdueationlor allchildr<n . girls .. weU"" boys .and primary ""hooledu<ltimllor at Ie.ul&lI by 1Myear 2000.

1'Itr.IcN.s<: In many ""IlonA. pro

lnni oppt:3I'O 1<1 ""~ ...'SUIIIed.rlj!U..... for 19!13 ""UCSllhat lh< proponkon of !he """"k>ping world', dill..dmI oow completing at lorasl lour1'\"," of primary .....hoolin,r( haoft'al-hcd 71S 0VI.'I3!I.

Accordirq;r lO I mid-1991~ byUNICEF. 42 oj 9S counlrieo h.....ao:tIicYcd or are on Wgel to~Ihe l!l95l/1>ll of I one-lhiRI redl>Clion.. the pp bct-<....... 1990 primaty1l<llool rompIrlion """" Illd Ihc &IlIi\arlrI.1 .." for Ihc)'l"tl" 2000 trJ¥. 18')..tin! rOlnmitmellli to !he llOS itoalb.1.-.: \nil made in 1993 11K! 1994 by!he l'resid<-'IIfS or I'rimt- MiniOlrn ofnint of III<- n_ populous ""lion.or the~ woOd. ClIlna.I~ and Mexiro Iw,o, a!rcodyI('h~ • minimum of lour )'t:an of1l<hoolinR lor at k-irsl M of their dm·d""" ll<a>il. Eim>l and lndia oouldn·ar!J !he ~oaI iflhc aocclrrat...t elfurtoDOW bl:w.Il mode in all Ihrw cwnMI/"(' rontinued. Rangladelh, N'lg<'rio.

and p.artirulatIy I~ be., • m.";ve ..bulllOl irnIlo&sib1ol' .. I.ask:aU lhrcc

~ n,,,,-'Wl'd !he efl"on to ""PIlldprimo:y cdlJCllion in !he 199(l,s.

Meanwhile. the World Bank has hanourt'd !he promh;e of Jomtieo byIJ'lplinJ! Icndin.Il Ior Ilrimary oduration10n<.'arly $1billion a ynr in 1993.M

Water and sanitation

The lark of <Iran w:l\CI" and sak ..mlation i. one of lhe lfI"l-aleol o{ alldividf.o beI.......n Ilk> :tb6o/ule poorand!he R.'lIl ofhwtW>ily.

[n urban slum$. in parlkular. lhelack of adeqoatr W1illtioD 1ltvasIat""lhr qual±1y ofli {~. U"dcrlhc heat. tIiesand ,,",,-"D. and di_;an, oofJlinm\and pmnanenL F""luenily. quamlabn"Sk out as len"""" """ in Ihr. lollllIineo lor • lridding !IWldJ)ipe lhalmnJ!do for200 or:m~ In ruralarns. lh<" C<l<nillllof lhe dry ••,,,,,'" isdrnded by million. of wom<'d whomuOi lhM beaiD waIkiDJl long diolanCn for W1R'[iablcsuppliesofunsakWiler. In the AJii<an Sahcl lor =pie. • wmnan may walk lour or livehoun . day to 1c.1Ch one;or.SOlll<:"Iimeo~llin~ by night with Olht.- women.[{ """ arrr,.",; \00 law. lh....., wiD bek>n.Il quoues; if sh<: arrives too rarty.she wJ1l probably find lha1!he "'IOn hasbeefJ Iackcd lO~ Illyone fromi.alWlg too Dluch oraler during thenighL All... laking a drink from Ih.wcll an<l~ thr ;or with • doth.she will balIll<:e il <-an:fullyonthe C'OiIof I'OIl" OIl ht.-head and begiDthe lou<'"',. bo<nl..~.."........'nIl houromom"""will walk,~~lIyin lhc picturcsIl"" W3Y tha1 all the wurld has...... In phoiograph. whirh do Dol .....tnre the pain itllhc s1louklm. and Ih.small of 1IIe bark. Once home. lhr llquid may be fi1lcro:l Ih"", gh • nylonrlolh to m1IOVO! :!Om<' 01 the m-uand lamIe. A small IIOOIInl wilI1hcnbe used 10 make rnilleI or !IOf'lrhumIl'lfTidlI" an<l aoauce. Jl<oIore th!.. meal.hIlld. ..in be ",pod with minul.omounli 01 ..mer:~ the~ will be .crubbcd IOith \eaves orMh and Ihen rinsed with more watrr

whi<!< is Ihen""'"'"'" lor washing bo<litlLPlivNISE.: 'The t990Summil seI iht'

---

---

••••"••••,

..._...--- _..-__._ ---_ ..--

Panal 8

VietNam:using theConvention

In1es!. !tan1M \US. I67 IIIlin .....!alified tie~ '" tie ROja al

tie DIil:I .1IIlii'g~ "" rT'lIIlI ..idIIt ond

~_"""""""" irl--,.!U can .. ClJMm:tI t8p~

chii'IrI'l iIeI ill pCeol VIII Ham, ""1irsI-........,.tIIr1Cify..CaMlflU\"~N ",,_ .,.

"'" tta'lliII:n fnIn I lDIII81l Il I.- .xtOIJI' ... P"J'U;IrI "';:' _

... II"9&Q ill VIII Nom. K ........

P"J'U;IrI ...... IInIII pdjIn. lMIsCIl do1d 1iltQI. obulI. ....~11M,. ....-vv.'MliII 1lIliIli:sItIl -. ItIl .... ....... III III_ 22.tm _ ~ Il'd~

2O.Wldo1d~ inVIII NIm1hI GoGmuI til v. ,..."~iII_bla .... "","""~ III am.x~ reN IfOl*m!;~",,, ,Ii..~_"""

qu;olIl .... IIIllI;IIIId PIK:o p;,a,otfj.

<iIlI _ baTq in ..m <h).

cML SOOII -an __ fIw1IIlII"""..........~ II\IlriIIUnl_.r;>IIl "~_<id"'''

irl ldliliD:l. _ IN G<Mmnn itIlIIl

repmj, - fadrI fI1IlI'*f ci\iII rmU10din obJ.,Ii..... ,.. P!I. IIIIl iI'Il

~ pi<I1f¥'"QtIoDerr;ll cmti"JIid Ifl'1h I

DIp._ tilI "flI'l b lI>I GIree

b;llII:I ClmnmIo (II IhI Il9G til eeDlild lClQ ThII '/Ill Nlrn O;rrri'ittee lor

~ ....c...11 ClOkm-1'P"""'"_ bi:JdI'~ itI !lI!f!rom ......_ itIllTIIiS~._

lJ""l llOlb__, lor pep:in"OJ lI>I fnl

rep:ll. lI«If ....~ III IISisI in

-.. "" lX'1 <lUlId~~, Il'd 10 t8p~ pJU:'..... aess til VIol 1IIm'1 ~._h_

Al. lI>I <hfII bamI! noll onletI,

lhI GMll".~ ll"'*I il "''''.....~ -. , <an:Iid ..vas;. '"dWi'trI iI 6tfntt """""

_1u1I_ dild ptIIliIuIxrtI. as 'MIll

'" '"JIotfIII "lhI""'" II\dI til~lliloItII. ......... ond I!b:3tDI~ .. !fuI1I>;I. il l8lj 1m

hi (]I;~ 'Iil1Bn til hi1IlIU'I'1~ ond "" ..Ii.-.~ . .... IIIlrl ill~ Il

1'99" ·~n.bnt<lotpa·The (]I; IIb:I~ llIlisI""..,

,."., ..... _ 'J"""" !Yl til ICIU> bdiIINI \9!I1-2llJl,~~it>~"h 1m Wlr1d SlmniIlor Olibeo. \'Iel Han is row iI'I IhI~ al~ IfDl'IIILioI pin 01.amin.alitl53~

AhKlI' ..... IiIm _ *' ils fnl:Il!Ipl1ltn.g rlII.O'IIl ........~ ...hafro'Ir ..m ..,~ Wi .-...... pomd, taws~ .. ptIIIl:.

tDI, i3II .... ek3bI:J1 II~ ..~ til P'IIWV DaIm, om.. llf'III<Iia> 01 lIbIi: MoIhh ~ IIIbaM~ No n _ ,.,... !hi

GMlill.{I.-.lI ... · R lrRVI'Ior~ ' 4 T 1JiiC, ....-.

qrrn. CIliIb •~_lrl diIdlda!iIJl CIInra. .... Ma/II'IIlh~U'1 .... !1m.., lImfII CI'IJiJ lt1¥ItYllI

ftDll"""' .... 1....''"' 1t"'" _ ~WI! iIIl 01:1...

D'''.o1CIo, b . ,HO,UB Il v.mNiin·. pnI eoiI '" ..... ;..tir:o, "'"~raspyIllIId~.~

"'" ell: rnanterI III 'MIl VIol Nion IIIJ1.oiwn SwediIl1 SM fie D*nn _""-1lpM!e . aMI'oWd

......... taws ...... lIlft ., '"'1CIl <IIlift:Jft'I cIIibl nl Iho al--ThII_isd ~ Now..... wiI III bmJo19d, 1JInb ~ CIllltw " '. 1 aIlDal:IIIIl, _ "CO til Itr.II lO:ial-..or\;&'$,

.~ _ 1m .... .., /IlIlIa>Qi.,

IIIIotr. bDtIi IIamni!1/f1II( II-v"'"/ltf1fI$I i ..'....·~ I1TJ1 ..• J1lf t.ddmlltM8'tlill/ml Jl.OoI.

'*"'11.- $Ij1 SllIJtI&1 Waod'<II:<e. til

ltICff !\li:l..."" ' ,,,il flara. I '

-

•

_.-'-I------- --------

•

.-

_....---._.-._.....u . ._

•

•

•

•

•

•

fit. 11 hi...., odIooI.nroe-...rw-... . ll,...._ .. _

fit. II llalling 1M1Ilid-clICllH IlOIIs_ ..-..n;_oorat.._ .... ad I ·"p"...u:qlflo........ _ _ .._llwG

~ child 10 ISU~ and to ~IopnonnaIly. and to n=ive >I \ea!!I bask1><-.IJ.h <-arc and • primary cd.......ti<In.lhc C"",,,,"!lon britb:es. for ihc fi,.,..~me, the idr<>logie:iI PI' ..hid> baa. Iways ~lt:<! oronnmic and >O<iaIrightll from ctviI and politirnl righ ts.

And it 5lao<Is .. &/I inlemalirmall)'

ag...-d rnioimwn Sl>IOdan:I '" !h<'tnr.IlO"'JIl 01 d illtlml~~,~

l'ao."l>I:: 1br~ts n ",....

(Ie<I~ ., the Woo\d SurnmiI fiJI"Childrm{'<Jmmined tht'ln...elve to~mification of !he Cnnventi"" un theRig!JlS 01 the Child. Subscqumlly, 11

(),.. 1993 WoridCOIIfercnao 011 HumzoI/i¢IlS in ....""'.... il .... ogrec:.-eI 1haillJ1iven\aI ratifICation could and ohouldbe achicYI.'Ol by themel of 1!E15..~: In bs IIwJ llvc yean.

!h<· ....llImajorily ollhe ..".;"j'. oatioos

• 167~ • havt' ....tified lhc"""'"'"lionon !he Righu 0/ the ChildNi"" mon:haveoimed \he doeum"m·indicllinlf an inlm lioo to ntify in lhcIICVlulW'e_ Ooly 14oaIIoo. OncludillllSaudi Arabia and lb.: Unite'll StIK'S)havt' IIl'itbcr oiIIlI"'d nor ratifioodllll ofra1119!>4.

Thm- is~ • rHlIDnlIblectwlce that til<- plto'ill bI' aehitwdand 1haIthe Cn' '''' 'Iltioo on the RiJ:htlOIII lb,-, Child will b<=mfo the linth"""'" riKhu 1n'alY ;" biol."y to be~raliJied.

AIltT ratilkalion. the oexl 0IC\l is!he preparation of I nalionIII repon u"lhc 11I<'UUn." w {'<J to implcmml ihcCOUWlllicln. ' l~ repo<U, ...bmillodlu IhcCommill"" OIl lhc RlJIh.. oflhcChild. in Ilelpim( to open up • dialolue 00 """,y ......,. IlPt t...., p<t'¥i

oullly been dlh...~ or hiddenfrom the ~t or l1iscullSiOIl, In 'lom'-'<-.s. lh<' "-,,.,no haY<' pr<l<IllllCdnational Mba!" on """h IMucs ..W'-"" childn:ll or child prostiluti...... InL>tbcnl. roun~ ha..,~ prt'llII"1'd"' e<>mpa<"e poli<ioo. and de""".. SllCh""bitro inlenlatiooally for tbc lintlime. So far. 46 lIaIiooo have Iulrdlod1llc ronuuiIn'It.'Ill 1<I ....",,-I ill deIaiI onthe impltmeoUlioa of the CnllV<1Ilion011 the RiRhli of lhc Child. 1......1 8W .,. lhc ornunple nfY".... Nom t<I011"",lIll.1JfOC""lI at worl<.

The Conventi on

The CunV\.lIlioo "" the llij:hlS 0/ !heChild io lllidcly ......,.utct'1."<l lu be tbcmost. ~<ivf,.~. and ~cilic hlllIWl rWlto treaty ever odoptrd

by !he M.... ber Slak.. oIlhc UllilcdNation.. By iocorpor.Uinjr lite righl 01

~ of al.U'$IlIO ,,"'-an W31<:r and~e

lllUtil3li<m fur all c<IIlUIlUnil"", by \bel"'ar2llOO.

fI/Ilt.;/II:ss: J)"r,nilion:! of '''''''-'$lI'.....' too varX-d and SIalU.Ii<:o 100 ft....

to ,.",.....ho.."",1<1y thailfO'll ls briIl,ll'achicYl.-d, Kepor1~ from 93l\!tion:o llllg'"~ Ihzlll"'f"Cll'S"""",,..,,swale withn-achin,ir the~ of~ .... 1....101" all.. IH:irij: mao.le ill approximately olQe"".mlriN (li,o;(. 19). ~'vr '""" oanil3!ion,1I'...n- only a lhird 0/ 1M ~\opinI(

C'O\llllriN are r,kdy lu "'ach 1llc Koalon fln-""-'DI11md ..

Thio dforI ;" • continualiOll 01 tl><Inl.tTnational J:lrinkinJI: W....T Supplyand Sanil3!ion Dt'C3dc (1981·1990),"iIich ..'" !he proportincl of fomilicswith~ III saf~drinkiJlj! "'all."risefro", :l1l'i; '" M" in Soolh-~"'" Aa.from 66llw M in [.>lin America. andfromm to 42r. in AIiiclI.- In Jndia. !hepm:m1J,lte of rural Pl. lllith ...,.",..to safe \OI3tcr !wi ri""" from iu"'- ........T3lA in Ill8010aboulllOf. in 1992. andon _rn In'Dd. wiD n:ach aIm<>Sl1M by 1m .... 1991'l Sirniluly. n""",lhoUl I dl'\'ade af dfon >g>inS! l'IlOI".

........ oddo""" bl"OlijlhtllanJIbdnh tod,e poinlw1,=Ml'; of 1llc rural populItion now Iivcswithin 150~ ar.OOW"<'O: '" salt:drinkinoIwater,

lIy any 0I\:lndanl'0, II><..., ..... mormnus achitYt.>mllll... And !hey ~bttn brought 11>001 dcopile !he fl<t1haionly lboot a li/lhuf lhc $10 billionto $12 billion sp<'D1 on >I'll.,. oupply""'-'fY l"'ar io aIIo<:aled to~waler and oanilalion ""I><'m,-'. scrvins:!h<' poon:S! mln ,nunitieo. \li lh ""-11 •partial n"<lfd<-rirl.ll of sceh~turf'll ill lm>ur 0/ tll<- poor, today'sIcnowIcd.a:c and lOdoy'. lechnol<'l!i<'sCOIlklactJi<...", theJ:OlIb of dean "'ll1er

and ....e ....iwi<>n lor all in then~ years of!hi. cenl1lr)'.

Panl19

Real aid:for realdevelopment

O"d rhe_ ;'~""W

l>'P""lOll: .. rhe~I>I!Uls ... _ I1MJMd 01 ""*"....MJI~I "'" ' . '*. ".".,....."if rtmJr1/I~_in,W I

~ d . ""","" '"'" HJ II"'",-. SiJo I'*>19l'- II>Il!1B9STateof... WoMI I)IiIa... tfI/)OrI_1I>I_lit" rNI$lfJfM

l'IJbIic: kltII"tSm II no! -. Many"""":l ...m of~from .... llbnet _ -" ..ilbsd\IIl! IJ'I"II\V • m fllf:rlJIriIm,prMnlatlle I..... IDd ~~le<KY 8uI

d'Ii$ iclsoIi$lil:~ oflid " in M

IIMnced rille .. ClIIO'rCSicn IS" r-so:rl, l:5~ dll>r misliYICf f1WWI goa III1M 40 INJr 'II" 'pa l aIIIIIJiII;' IosrlIIIrI15~,. III 1M~_

l!lr; 10m INn~ gotlIlO j:I'imaty IwIIhCStI W~ IlIamiw~-1Ild~ "'" goa III lI>r ptimMy JChooIJ

/liar«lW"'. ~J

The n r:riItIriIr1 ~ '"""""_ to !he _ill' 01~ III bod1

Iictt IDd poor -tl:I is tho _"'"' ............. iii is tJolping III avertIImItho_n as.-tl or~~ Is!"ion!y gl\OIII il p leSl -

til ... poorllSl al<IIlriI. 1Dd ... p:X<Ulwi1IIin «u'Itrios11s •~ JI"OPOI'tioo d iii bl!ing used wISSisI. (Oojectsin _ tho poor ~.,_ portici-

po\II1 11 lid being .... til iI1pnM thoIivoo IDd IquM tho WOI'kloodo ofWOOl!!Il1 III lid IDIllUnng lD lm101:I>".....1 dogadolion '" to _

<Ie,""",",",~J If Ill! Iloiplrl;) III !inafa... retulIIIll CllSIS II'Id SIIIIillIt i:lldgelitems, h ~ II'Id ImIIllIiII<tLop, in "' .... to mok8 .ffident lJSI of....stng !d't*! II lid bmg SPn 01\

1o<rI«ISl~""",.~...... _ In 01 ......, ..._ III meeti'Jg 1I>II'IllOdI¥ol intru.1

OIIQ 1M PfOl/lCb'¥iI!' of1Mpoor'!

III ...." Nl lor~ oiwld

be 1NI .,;1 "" ~The ....". IDd -.. 01

r.. do....... '. ~ b ll\l__..

It>o oapItI\la of lNI poot8It. "'""

...ntIl1'1d rlIIritJon. Ihei-"""",Don lIld~ts. me.- ...1nols 10 meet (WI

.-:10. CCIf'IIld _ ....,1M _ far 1l'IIiI1Ib:us.

And tho tiN hal <mil ...,." no!

G'IIy lid but ...., dIIIrI roducIion ...

node-"' Shtullllorm~ ofI,Q1 <kw!l-' JllC\ til'~ pm:;.palrlg induoI:riIlW:I na'liono ~mIlb I co:nrn...... III in<:rMM

..............~'"' .I ....'l'rrilm wot*I make I ctrlellD'"dinllcu,""a•• rt IlI l ll'1ttom of tul __

_ dIII~"'II"'poor...1his is lh& ki'd 01 de'oelOP I .~

_ IN mapiIy of people inlhopoor

"'Jrid _"'!I'U il lhlt kind .. <IMf._ MIid1Ihlt map:1IY"~ in

... indIt<lI..r""" _-.Ad~.

fina&,:, ·r_ """'Id oc:cu-JJ'/ I pIoco .. tul liMlapnonl,

flJ WdlitllM . , dtplltld or ""dIIncI to gn>W IlIIheir lull~ IDdmontIl~ of ~ to11""' xhooIlDd loam ailll, -.:I"ft chIfa 011 d1i1ttwd in1IiI>d'I1ovIand Iet\II'rty prorbnrIalo ". re. IIId

inmllilily, tl'IIo1 !</I", prllgrISl: is con.-." be... <ni!rmroId Ir,:~PMI1Y The~ il'lOOOs Rl bcdieoI

'" -.. IIlJSIllwRro be ...... ....

"'iIY lIIlllOClion. n.e ""'"' be nogrNter~ CJlJSI: """ r;ouII!be no motl praIlICl'" _'.e: nthere cwld be no ptoI !"O'ity lot,Nlde''IIIOP:&ll.U

._-~-_ ..._-_..__..._--..._ _..__..--_ _.._-_..-._-

No _ ""OUld ... tllould claim thatW eoa"UIi<wI .. w~ 01 Wa.ikI Mol~~ lbo moIitr'" <hid~ ....,. Chi\oIn:II .....Idrw:, 10at> Ioalm'. 10""""",,, 101ft"....lIIbIc~ low ...... "..............,.~ 1bt1 c "10'" -...clio..""""" 101hr-':.111-.... 10....n..,.'-"'IO '"•" ed.1ll Znl....,s._ooIIl.. ..,. of !lie _its wbcft, ..C . ...... . , =boe-L

a. • ai,,,"" axqJkil codr "'"ihc_of~" .................... I1. .."'·I I.-w.I.........,. "'" ad......., ......... _IWWofdlildm> 10oII~trira .., ... tim « a. .., j(

IlltiWes lbeq "'" Ibe_..tobrio0lIIl11aOft diIioI); ..... - w ..... of--.. lrom IIIllw:rIlIl a"'lbRtt 10~oban ...n.

FInaII)'. tht..........:J IIWrt oIlhiaCoooO'tll\iOa oboIlld DOl ...~w!ItlI cnlualirul: iI:lI ","*I ti$. Thf...., of dIlld ,;,;bll 10 aImoot a1wayJ1l1~1l ol in \tr'nlt Qr exctpIional andoftl" crImllll! abtlSl'&: 001 ooeof !litjIrnl brnkt!u'wehs mad<- by lbt:Cocwt!ItioII ~ lhai ~ opeciIicaIIy NIHthat malnuuilioD.~m-.and lld 01 bui<" tdutlliod art aloo>ioIIIions 01 tliIldftoI·. balO<~Tho .... odopltd bJ dll: WDridSo-.iI b" ChJdno,g .... _ ...

• __ !IJIlIItl .............~ Ibon.'IIiAtiuoo 01 dott~ AIIIl .oil 01lbt Ill ....... dotmUllCloo thisrtp:lft Ibc:...... .... . iiuiI

....._ ....... Iht · .' ' .0I1llt Coal( . .. Ilor ItiII*oIw.-

Two ......... d>io brid'.mr. fII......_ ~ IlI9O ........ sprioI." .

..... ee ."ito.._ ItUlultclhtrt _ _ • II) be'...-utcI

10 ....... .n;m..., Del oaIJ ....l/II* io lheml.... bui QlQVtJ dieotaIP 01 whaI.. btIn«adW:vtd 0Dt1 by~ ill 1l>tCIiq. t1csh andblood till only befall bail by imIein-

kui: ooe·. QWIl dIlld ..-.ll:r TtUn\f:dby~ dd........, ....crippItcI forlit::

by or~ "'-ltd bJIa:k 01 It. or ....1IItcI1o InioIIIil bocb' by IIUIIouIriIloG, ...~.-- 1li;QpIo, ...."'rt H CWlItI IiIot)lllCJll J'" "'It m. 01" ........ .... lor;" .. . IbiIIrII:<'dJ btqft.=lN.widI.iII~........il lIIiIIioaI01...... . ni6et_.....

"-d. ,.· ,••,_u. _,.... '*"" \It It.w ..... .-IIl1IRIlIe.., -..0 .,1Iidoooi .... ibt...... 01 __ l5 ,..dbylllt~......... • ' J. Tho j1i"""'"....... Ibt .....~ .. 1htI9!lO s.-.lI ...., bt,... IJI> .......

In<lioa .. lilt rtIl-.orld.~ 1Yot1lttIo. ,...,. ;",pon.1 IIiarn """"'1'" 8ul1O ...." illo••~.

!lot~ tIUIbIislJlod II Ibc WoridSwnmiI for CbildmI lint bttn IIId.... brInI'~ into fO'aIiI)r .

Thist/Jortwill C'OO!lrllk. Tho 1995Ro-lt lJT. for I"" lIIOIl. pet. . iIbcrl1"li_ whim "'" .... III ..~ ..."oafs whl<h lII'e~ lowards dil:.d li............."11Jikoi,Iro.......".." ond m<n......,""';';,,-flul lM. pn.._ llw "'"~1wl<llr~ htn: ..~ tobuild lhe ~.... ito"", IIId~W 0Iltn:a<h t)'IItmI-.tlidi -.ill <'ftlIwaDr be Illt _ ol.mi<:. ... __difInIlI _ kqel:r...... .xiii d<od_....1'"....... j( " w. , III.., ....""'lho.-.l olw ' I ...........

1htJ _ .... d>rit p . to •

llle 1!l9O W.w s...il .... CbiIdmo.IIIIddi1iollIO rc-t'Q t . Ie lilt ....,.

.. ... dIdr cllikftu.lho~ Iliotd 10~ aid1ll0C'1il_. wIdi. ri<or III

. i", lbt dudo..;' 10_ lU /Il that _ .

onIr.1ImIll jIl'OjIOI'IioD fIfall aid •P<I''- lrw INa 101 · .... brirw ....<aICd to Itnpruotrntnta in IlUIrilio<I.primary htaIIlI~. I:w* l'Il\Qtiou.

fit. II ",-,1IlI'" .tt........._ _ _.A11O_ -.....-_ ,,--' "1•

•, - - _...- -- -- ----- ........__ ...

fit. lG h il i", lilIl....l.lWtnii ".. .......... . lI:Iill-a j;l l_..1!ll1'-_ l!Io ll al fIo

(tell Do- ..... __e-

,~

•••

•••, - ....,•

--~_..._--._-

"""""'" W2\ff ond ....,i...tion~andIamiJy IllannhJSI: (panel !/J ,

In mosl indulllrialiM nllio<l&.Ibm: is Iittlc cvideDcc of any~.

canl n.'SlnICIwi"i 01 aid in SUI""'" of1M aw-l ~oaIs.

lnotcad, ...., lin<: .,...," I /all in __...allaid ~ls <fu!:. 20).Today. lht~·

age indu>lriali>:<.'Cl nalion gr- ju>l1l.M of G;.IP in aid II> IJ<o; ~JnPingworld, the IowcsI for 20 yean."Meanwhile. 1MCOOl of pea<'<>k..-ping~ has rWn ltom SllJ billionWS3.6 billion in the Iosl &ve yean, andthe 1Ihan.. 01 UIlit«I N_ ....,1ltaIl<;c

btinlr <Iew>Icd II>",Ii<f and '''"'' it<''('Y""Ork has iDm'Isran~ may IIPPm~I

in the !arR,... pi<1u But anyl'illll01 aohiII in """"'<litu /rom Ibo eau__..

of~ 10 ill COflot<l~

iIIould be lrivea I special~hl for itis I oign thOltl!c.." -mol~maybe beiJullosl.

ID IIOIDP C'3!lPS. i11111Y be tim indu.lrializrtd coonl",," h;nr" bcld bidfmm oommilmtnl. in Il<der 10 ll<'C how~s lilt l\M,loping rounlrir>:lhem.-.elveo were aboul ",..,hing 1M.Il:I"ffd 1IIl"1"- In tht mo,inrity 01 aseo..llw qw.'lllioo nw1< """ now faded.

.'onna! rommll.......u. by the poliIkalbdl.'I'S of tht .sev,,1opi1ll: world~.

in ""'"' aa'S. """" lollow<.'Cl by silmif.inn! prartiral po"", . ..~

suwo<l fromIlK: indoSlrialiI.<.'Cl rwion.is ""'" OSSPtIlial if Ihi.~ i. to beonaiIl......e'Cl. ..... if tbe m<lI1' dif6cuh

IUld PlCp""~ 'i"'U" 2000 1IIl"1' an: 10be~<I.

",."" i, no valid n...."., for furtber~Iay. Given thepoIiIkaI rommilml-mand 11M: praakaJ __'OIl to date.Ih<re ill """, a dc.... "JlllOr11Initylo<!h<·indo~ 1)jl;,,1lO to lillpport this~r. 1M rr>ld \OW ill uver. Ihr.',""rid ol l1>c fulUn' larco ""'" ..... r1i~

fPrenI sa-unty thrmt. moIe'Cl inPQVt1ly and populaOOn grr1<o'Ih. ondc~ ~. n,.,~ lhaI tw bc.Tn~lo"""'lll ~ ooriaI~Iguals in \he r:ar1y l'='S oI lhe 19900,and the mod! ,IlrtIlPr JlRll1rftII thaicould be acllicYl<l by tbe year 2000.11t8drs """'" ol lhr mol <'10""" 01Ihooe thn.'3IJI. And $UpporI for lhp~ world·, plfons l<> n.....-IIIl<rial dcv<:lop' . :01 l/OIlll< in tht ...,.or\d hall"of In.:, 1991M if.anoppoMwUlyto br'xin building .....ow po>sl-colcl war...lationship with 1M "-Ios>in¥-

Words into deeds

StJNNAJtY:AM at lIWtkiaJo,w s*' ......~ ......MiI_,iINw

/Nt "" ........... "" ... . ..,.,.,.,.,*¥r""'".. ' J l mI...".",.. ' , •• ..... _ if .. ..,.,........1>Il1O• •.....n, __ "",... .. ...,., z · , , t ..

•• " . _ . ' , . ; ·i;tlom~~* 'T..................._ • . ,' IINJ1 .n ..

..,.., ., /JruIt,I~..;" dow.".., • .,.... ..iMo JIII~ • •~

no. ..~ .. WMo' s.• ..;,Jw SIriII Do,,~, /'fit ...

........Il'P• ..,......*"_ i ,. 0 Ww_• •lqi.~.._-'1 ..#f'<t/iw,..., N_ iOI. '\u Sa/iw.....

.......ur.t, Hn ,. /lnlGrd ~ '"~ fI'" IJIfitH,'l.m.- ""•

.,,., U.il,JN.,.o."l<if>_ ,."",..._ (UNDP).

3

Wilhoul In.· "IX"rifir~ 1Iltl"t"-'<Illjl(lII ll lilt Wort! Summit for

Child"'" thr ~1' "", .. <1<<1in cbIpl....2 woold no! "-'~ po>oo1liIlIr. Ilul ~ II~ IrW to)l(f 1lwlht Summil. IIlmIdirc ........ _Idbaw~ trlaliY<tylillie. Tho .....riol la<Ior in Iran"_ iDlo....... hoi bom lht oaiLg• ..,..,...,., ....~ .,. '" ..,._oflho- 1...( ... · .. · .aIld.... , • boO! wilhiII V ti lWk.

.-:l~ who II-., bditwd ..tMw........dIiIIft..:lt........._lbr-.allio: .uL

1'oio: ' fI ' " <IIIi'riIlI ..... . -' I '

_ .,. .. ...m- illbr: mol

--w.iolhe_ iIlparQM.lbr_..... .. dot bol ,,",,_c1 <II.dlr ....,. ill Ibr: I . •~...... ~ .. _ wbi<II_

.""od) ,.... " till' 'NDfld SommiIlor SoriII Oc,d~" Ill. for !be"'"....·' .... ufC~ia_lhefur1Mr~ tod~ '"~. dt o(', "'Ill OOlllO: l'dUS.: ~ itlbt 5I>dlna '"~ WJY" -'_ 1<1 ~ft lIWlSlICinjp: lOday'.

larJI't den ....'ltru romeDlIUI iIIlo •

1arF-.. n.-aIily.Andwl'ol.-rev ft ;1undoubl<dJy lnIe

Ih&t "'Il"'tik in""",...lion. in h.-.hhlJId nutrilion. hoo.", diIlinllIlO PIllinto~ on. wor\dwjdo, oralt. faop

low~ tllaa the broood«~ 1llal will be~od • lhtWorld SoammiI "" SoriaI 1>ewI<>l>.-. m., a.rood _ 10 to idNiIr aDdto WillI oa~ -tL

lh;,. outliIo<s lJ>o,.. .,. -tIIdI till' _..........t ioIo ... World s...6orC, ... _bftalI a I d .._.

Thr iW"""'"~ bIoor: bed:..l llw ~ . , " oIeu. fII. bra-' .....-I oIIit<lioa ... 'lIoIbIe' -.1_..............w ... --.__ " " , 0I 1ho~~poIIkal( .. •... bi:tbttt~ po>iIiaIleod "... doc~ ..."........ 01IIIrdiI;md 1Iibk--,=D .. I!I!lNljnrion 01_ lIIIlclI wi<Itr~ til lIlI<W~ l!wI II tat'<l,oonalll'~ wilb __<k••Iop•• ,. efIuN · iDdudiIIll <dunIioa.aI &y3ItltII, maa media, .,I>oolf"noIi&\w. JUOIlllI. thl:~ com-

._.._----~_.._-_._.._._......-.__ __.~_.---_ --- ...""' ........_""..__......... ._...... ..__ .....-_.._-......__....--_ ..__...._....._..-_._---_......_.._ _---_._- _----_._ ----"-"-- _._-

mnruly, :uK! the~m" "ta1~tio.,;

the d.,myslilkation of kn~and leclInu10tlY in unk... to c",powerindivid.w. and lalllilin;

II>< ....-duction of proe<.><Iu...... ."d"",hniqu<>s to rfl>.tivdy ';mple andreliable fonna~' ollowi~~

O\,,,nll"'n. and ,he widoop<e>od a,,", 01Iarll<' nom""'" ei panjlNle'OSionaI..

I u." <!<'pIoymnl1 of 1M expertistar>d rn<>II!'Ct"S of lhe UniI<-d Natioa.and ili~and eibilalOr:il .......laJItt~ in clcse suwurtof ~)l<'laI.. Th;, ohould incl1.ldclhe do." monilOlin,lp: of~ro~

Iowc'dapwhm~by~

-"""".Identifying the doable

The ~le<1ion of goab is cnxiaIllJ lhi.

'""'"I" Ibc"o!y. R03l. and W'Rrl "'h...should lIOI be "'-'('1.= fur doinJIwlw me.. <>Ut IObI' done. In~.""'b fIOab an: often """'""'"'" (0

lr.uI!lla,c polffltial iIlln l'f!QI !u; !Mycan make lhc absmIcI inlO 1M tangible; lhey can brin2 • $OIl1I<' of """""""""""'"" IlJ !he wide YaI'ie1y oforrani.uliano """ iolerMU tim mallt bein"'''''''' in any large-oa!<: buman""tel'Jlfisot; IMy tan ...iilain and lendIII"Jl<'II<."f to "flunlo tim "'" nc'n'lArilylong term; !hey can ...~,." • banner

lor alIra<Iio.'I """"" alh'o6on and pubIir ...pport; lh.y can ........._ the ~ffi..

~ of ddivety~ !hey taninlRldu« lhe ImlUntabilily 0I>d man"l!"m",n by objo.'Clivt:s, fnIm the di...Iricl Iovd up. thai ...., so <>11<.11 themi","nx <OIl" in lhe ma<iIiocry timlinb po!ilGl ~mOie:l with pra<lii;lll

-~Ilul Ill...., it • auciaI distinnloD to

be dmwn betw=J 1l:"1l'-""I aim and 1sp<rifir I/UII. ~lall aim. such ..'h""hl> lor all by <he )'0'2000' oum upI desired ml result /lilli_ bn.'Ik downIlnil oim inlo doable pmpos1tion..And il i. 1M doable proposition lhat"'"~ II the he2n of the arhic.....~""",Is desooibod in rhaplcr 2 of Ill..

-.

In!he rarly l!lllOs.lhe wi< ufbrills!.illll" about majoriJnproynno:nlS in dtild~aI!h wilh wry Iimikd r't."S<IIIrtt!I

me..t !h>l prlariIic.. had to be..!aii'd. The four priorities adopltdby tI:IIICEI'......, Il"JW'h n"",iIorin,Il".ORT. In''iilIcc<llnJr:. and immunization, These £OU, ......., cIt<N" Ixnust!h<'r oddrc.....-d major opociIk .:au....ot in 1Inl!h, poor~ 0I>d earlydralh in aImosl ~ dt.....-\opirlgC'<IW1tty; Mrau" R.~.....l """_ inlmo~ 0I>d l"" l>nuIo!Q" had liiio(\.,

il possible In l1IIldRss lhl-.le JII'Obk'msII low <:OSl; and bc'QIIsr .....,.,nladIranrt.. in soc:iIl orpnizalion ar>dronnnuuiation, rapacity had mad,- ~

poMIib~ to _ I!Ieolc S<IIution. <Nollohio on . massivr!lCall!. In aImusl allrases. Ihe solutiom; ""'"~ ofbeing ill\lllcmcnted by following otaII

dartIi.oPtl aru:lt...,tutIrally """"" vuHkline.. !hal bad~ bet... laid downby WHO.Andin .-ach~, the impa<1ollhciIll~mull! bo''lu.ootili<'d.and~ 1IIl.'O$IIn..-d.

As tJ,. rlIort (0 read> Ihc.... I/OIlsbelrao, unMnal child immunizoOOneme~ .. lhc amt ...., IIIOSI~ could be achic -d. · Fill" !hi.r'US<lII. ~ bfame. priurily &mo<IJI pr;.oritiet.By ee om! of 1!J90. till' /lIlII oflI:l\immuoizaliou (75'1' io..,b-So/w;m

Aliic-a.l bad bl'''''' n:aIiD.'d in .~of <he~ rou"tri<-... II !las

oi""" br<.""'""""" by ",""y """".Ilul il aIoo 1l<.nnI< apparnIt !hal

immunil:alio>ol rould be lhe thin md '"the 1Inl!h~. To~ four orli...e ron"""" . ~'" betWffilamodn'1I" "..<lira! *-'l'Virc and over 100 millioninlanll Iw nlC'alll lMl\ 0IIIy buildiIIJ!'and lIlr<1lg tl".,niDJr OUln'K1> 1l)'OIe1ns.bul also ....'Orirolino: hcaI!h *-'l"\'ic1-..10Wi1I'd$ the l;l>klI of ru1Iing ...1 10the ~arbed. of """;"ll lIOI ;....those who COIlIO Ihrou.o:h dink doonbul all farniIirs ill • give.. IR'a. and ofnurn<"Rlinx pupulaoono and roconI·ing births 50 !hal IlO """ to",..,wok-d.~Nt' the e-s5f:lltial~of a 1IcaI!h .........n. that no <'Ijlablc of........",ung the wider ...... of l"';maryhealth ....... And in many COU"trits\<Iday, OIhcr hca!Jll inl<......·mion. "'"""'" Irinsl buih iIlro (/In<, >lln'IIl/lh-

nIC<l WIrnI;b 'YfIUln. OKTIIld oitallliaA.for........_~III I't*:lI QUI 10 '- __ popul;IQono_ I'WW ~ bcaI c<llllCqllolcd

~ doe ..,.... • '" !be M• • _. _ aIUIIUies,

_ , f 1Ddio," IllUlbahwd iDi

IiIlioa IIld IamiIr ,t •~......~'·.h>oow....m lli--..:II~ 1h& * _____ ",.. . • OM .......

"-... .-3l1llluicl.T1lr~ III ...u-.: II1II ......

........~ IialdIbMlb ..= .'l ...... __ 01. _ , .

....... 101bt' dtIIbIr.. tbt:D bi ..

.. -Ihnloch ... addilioa <IiodIt'f'-ibIt- .. . ejI' III whal. hasalrt'aclr 1lonI ....in.d. 11 is ..iInmorlI' ptXIiaIl IIld amble _

c-. but ilio IboJII"Ol'<"" by whi<h w-:nil oIljoxlM: of~ for >II is_ tiItol)' 10b<:~

Man, Olho:r eumpIeo toold b<:~ Bul W~ It:Rlon is 11m_ .,.n alm6 mull Iinl b<: cIooooly

""1Inin<"II l<l ..." wtH,n, !he pol..,1ialb"..akthrollJ!h~ call bE flIadI,. KIlo....•lr<!~. ~~ _ !IH.-~<'fl(f' 1IUl IIu Ixm Itair>I:tI from 40yun 0( l'OIIIciouI "'-"'O'iopmtnt

c:&n. ...... b<: IOCt\IlinizoIIi in onlrr toid••uify Iht .......-.~ _whochrr in MMh .-. -llIl'Ilb'..... """""""" • lhIl '- 1lonI ...-..II> --. 10 b<: put_~ w _ 1bt

..oblt:w.-.n k, '"*,. il lo ofbi. "1

..... -.... udlbr ......P; ',••• ' 10 "' d. E__lhirw ...... !be ..WbUliooi of..... ' 5 10__To Mtlak-

• ,..,iI_'*1:Iinlka ....... ilrIhtr.... _ , :, .IJo.""~

; _ b _"-''''' • ....., hooPIll......., t-.....Z).0Ira,1IIif_ lIl'IIiIc _ IIfJl'lU ....

lhIl Uk • _ ........ lhaII .....

T1lr tInrin..... ot iodinot .diouo ...... by w .,.. 2Im,'"~plr. -*k-_ ..ilion.

A... is..c. ioal iI has. dolt:iIl~ -.IIi __ -.nIoiI """ br --.mI. Aad. __.....Iup:.kal ....... '- ............ oflnl reonor _ .~ is I

en- ..... lbII~ wiI br'<pdt:IIi. "'"'* oo .. io ......lbIIlIO qalI .". 10 -*'d. Jl iIlbc.dote .. oW III iluocluo<...._5: .... .-, ............prriaIk~fIIPUll"

AI tI dIio . oqu:i:.. "'l''' ' .-IIt , 'Ii _ ... oocioIThe fIo:t \hoi M:II. - *» ... ....,

I3tdJ' au 1 » 10 __ "' Iho <ftIlnI... L m of..........-l oocioI ........--A....."'"""blludai...... 'IS.... do: :I " 'k lll ...... 10 lhaI ......lIOOIlk~ iIIi:lM1.110~l<.~ a(

"""""" .."",,_ eopcrlaIIy for tbcIJOIlI'nl. ancl IhoI Iht~of ue bHir bo:no...filj a( p«Jl(Ib$

""",,1IIi be: bo.>Ih di~ly ~od ...ddiI'l.'<"tly _ rtd.I'o"rlhc>lIt bcncr sa.ri\l1icv., Ihlt part 0( tht eIlniO-"""'s .un.ply ......n« bE impIc:mcnttd. TheCopmhIC"" SwnmiI ohuuld II.. tbtabo &ll<'ImIl lOiMtilute 'leW _ oflIt'DInlinI ...".,..." ...cI!lmely ___

lb on 011 wpt«tI of bo<lI oocioI.""""0j0'IlCfIl and iIlICiIl dillplrilJ.

As far ... ..-1*. monitorirII:oloouId~ IlOl 0Illy polill<:oI lnIIi-d'j IioII lht c"" Ie... ....... GO' . M' IIot publir..F.c 1 ••~ ~ _

tioa ... lCIIiIt -.l ..c _ po$li-

ciIDf -.I til ' . 1M "'" Itlie..... lW pMc .. eotfJ" dtDKi.......iodftolllot1__otltlie .....q.t _ "'" wllidl ~ It" jM • a-tIooId ... I I Udoe"""'" bnIeItIoI..<e'm_IO...... .. J" 10..1tlea btPI lO

• of tl&Iio6:s Ihat--.I dIr Iirdro 01 iL itt_lIUw. baillb ~, ~

....,.. 10healiI I'M' aoo:IlomiIJ .....

..... miII -.do ........b WOIlltiI. In iol, "_ alooboaImt.." 0I1lIc...." oro:!1I'IiI of mtdIti , ."" ... 01 poIilical~. 1Ild of ll':IbIic (Oll(t(II.

Social statistics

must become

part of the warp

and weft of media

coverage. of

political debate•

and of public

concern .

Follow ing lip a ll

til e com mitmen ts

made "as so far

involv ed over

100 indiv idual

meetings with

" cads of state.

Political commitment

0""" "!"'rifle II""" """" b<x.. un.",..tionaIIy agrffd, hilf;h-I,:vd politicalOJmnlllm.., l1 l1111S1be mobililO'd,

In lhc ,'llI'ly t98Os, lor l'X3l"l*, itwas oINt thal Ihe on"wd ralo of~, in VlICO:ina.tlon~ wasnot "lJf'liri",,1 10 <2r;y U,.. --W t......"

o:\Dofo 10 lhc gool of M immunizationby 1990. In l1li oIlrmpi to qurim~ oil tw.""". of governlllnli illlho: dt......'k>pinJ{ ""rid "'''I''e osl<l'll tomallo a IJCf'lOJIaI and p1litk>.l rommil'",nil 10 lhi. guaI. In 19114 and 1985,""'-'" 100 ~ll< -.l 1'I'im<Minl'1m did lICl. Thf' poliliol mobililatiOIl al thal time ........' 'll ll>< inflt<>.lion polnl in immu"i1.alion'. J[r.IlIII: inthe serood hill of tht· 1!lllOs immlllliza.lion ,,,u,. ro... r.opidly, n<l<'1lin,l: lIOlIO by1M Ia/'J(t'l dolo 01 ~I..T 1990,Durina: tbwc five )'W'll of "'IIid""",,-, lh< majority 01 lh< I'fn.idem. and l'rim<' Minisl.... 01 the""""\opiesI -nd 'I't'f'l' visited by th~

t><.d' uf UNICEF or WHO 10 appt'tifor !heir l'Olllin",,,f rommilmnll "' !heachicvtmtnl of Ill" goal MOlly iMj.lulrd mlmlhly ...-quar1t'rly reviewll ofpnllU<'S$. and """'" parUcipal,,,f 11""!lOt\:lIIy in litos<' reviows. M"""wlUle,UNICEF ""d WHO '''''Iinut'd In~ lb.. supplyof va<:rinH, and In

..alit~n\. Lo ....'1 \Ill lhe PI'"o.durn., ,'lIlab~olI lh< <Old ohain.. andaYlT<'<llrl' th~ mony knl and loWotnl~J",IIS. { }vcr lh< rou...., of lb<dtndc. Wl! O >l... hdpt<! 10 lfainlhuuoando of immunization tIW\alItI'lIand l=$o!th",,_d,of~>WI inO'o"'f 100rounlri<'S ofth< okveJ.OPiIlJl"w...-ld,

Thesamepr<IC<'" ;,." 1.."<"11 in!llntI1ll'Dlal in fonin.<! lh< """" of~lOWaI'd. lh<: guab adop<cd al 1hcWurid SummiIb~.

Following lhc~ UNICEF..... oharRt<l by the~Talol the Unilt'll Nalion" with thc l.ook of~ with th~ lJnitnl Nation. fam.iIy of ~"n,;e" in onIn' Lo IoIlow up onthe <Of1IIIIiImnl"!h.al had~made,That rnponsibilily~ so tar involvnl~ 100 indMduai mffiillgll withhrad . "lolalo. In J""lWY 011994, the

])i~...'n':fal of 'NHO and II,,·f.xC<lllivt' l>im'tor of Ul\1CEf .oI~

wroIe 10 ""':<Yhead of~1I1 in11M: Iltw,luping WU<id askinlr 101" hi. Of

"'.,. IIo<livc I<-adnship in a<hi<'Vi1l,l( pO.only IIU<.i.aI RNho by the m'id-PJinl inlhio <knd<:.

(}oc., """""'-'<l poliOCaI <1X'IOUI·""",I. IUUs< be ... l!I.ail>l"f (and r-.""n'll ...h.,,,.:'..... ti'l<'re ill • rhanJlt-' inROYmI'nrtll Of' "'ad<~ip) . 1'llt-n'1lfi.li<... of p;Iliti<':.1l lir. ..-n lhal Ih<imp;llUnl ill ,..""n"'lly """"" thn'lI1from Ih<- immc."fiat ~. !'o" ",!l ,I(OalJ~",,'foo e bo... . l<1Id""'1' 1<, sinkwith""l a Ira«" .. """" all poIiti<:ll

"'31ffl.' """"Ill<' <boppy • :ond muSl ""d~ ba<k 10 lhc ...~ lU ""-"Yoppcntunily .

Wh.......... P'J'lI'Siblc, !hf' IlfOI:l"IlI ofbuildinll "" f<Hmal poliliol «lIIIIni1.n""'tlI llhwld~D with lhc 1!r:twinIt'.up of "II"Cifi< oa1iorI.ol pI.\Iw. lor IhI'~nl at~ go.olll. In lhr""" of the Wurid Summil furChild<tn. a rommill1ll,,1 Lo naOOnal~ of -=tina (NI'A.;) wasbuill into 1M lumlal n'MlulJorJ bywblo.:h lhc /<..... ""'"' adoplrd Mo...lhan 100nation.. wilh WlIi oI th~ Iln't,~

oping worId'. o~ haw ...m..qu<'O!lydn.wnup NPA..

Whm..",,< rclcvan~ uu. prot'<"SO

IhouId be 'W"at.d II PNvincial or~ "'"-..... In W <a!I<! of lhcyt'U 2000 I<oaio for chikln" , 50 """'"me. l\avt'dr.own up ...bll"tional plan,;and 2Ii ">On! "'" in 1bc prtI<ftS 01dulnIl 51;/. AU 01 Cl\ln;I'. 22 pn>'o'iacn

""""~ lhei< own pr<Il(fa</""'-"

oI....tion. all """" 12of lndil '. 26"""'-..(f<l'\'nin,l: IGti 01 ~. P'4I"blio.). Inl.atin Anl<ri<L 16 of th.. 24 l."..,nl";,-,",b...,~ .,.. proviociaI pw.. 10.""hirYiul: lh<~ fur chiIdn'l\. InM",","", ..hon """"l' ...to b.u i<Jl ""'"plan, Pn.'$idrnl Corloo Salinas <1<'r>DlUri I\a.'! cundude<l OI<"ItIHnnuain......... 01~ al <abin<'1 I<'¥cl.ftIllow<:<1 by " nalion.oIly lcl<'VisnIn'PDll. In the I'hilipplnes. provincial~'1'1IUr.I nod mayoro..... rommiut'dLo knl plan. of oction 10 "'ocll thegoals. and to pnrvidilli; annual pro.JII""" rqlUt\O: n.........uu.: lh<... plan..and lh& prugn."" aln.-ady oclIi<.wd,

l'mIKIt'llt fidd Ilamo.>s "-" o.cJor"d in1994:-0., "'~ I"O!&"", "" ta,.gtI. w. "';l1ft.a .,..., ... ,,,ot btp•.'

Tho: IimWllu "''hal caP bo: sdli<.wdby paIitir;aI mobiliu1lon "f 1IU kind..., III<ic'ar_tltt poIf'llIia1 bmfflLo: itis noll/! apprtlIIC/llhaT. 011 illl awn. mbe """"""'" Wbrirut" abullt lundam<.....tal tmlaml< ~hanRe.Yelas .,." of."ovmoIlliU:lt"JO' it~J~ itsill1flOl'lanCe. MOIIl~ o{ dc!Ycl<>po""'ti......,. in " ........Il )".... hvc led c·....." .....aUy to the'paimlhaT thepolitical win if.lacki.Illl ." do whal d>U1d l;w, <k>ne. 10l/K' lulU",. ino«'l>d "f 1><:nloarIirut" lhtlad 01 poI!ilr;d will, we moo;! do mon!

tobuildiL

Social resources

'['"~ P"I'II"'-"" I1W: 1\2$ eeeemade ... fat t~ lht y"u 2000JIQOl. for child...... hu .olOll d~ded1>e:wiJy anwhallw «>me ttl eeIcncw.n,.. the "' .....cogy '" ooriaI .rwbilLwion.And it i. a """\'"10' whklI ruuld alsohtolp tn implem<-nt whII!c:I'n" ~<'Il1CI'R" from the Capmhagm Summit.

Thi. pul<.'Iltial on- fromthe~I<mo:Itioo in ..,..w <apa<ily a<IVSl' 1Md,'Yl.~ """""- llw <:lpOCiIy • lu~"",.to adminillUT. ttl n:ach OUIto_It and irlfonn all ",,(in, popuIaIioIl -~ br.'(11 lRn:lfunnl.'d by til<.' 2bil1ioo radio< =l the 900 million lekmion ","-to .haItnday brirut" broackaslo.liaIcllil c tr;w>lIl1islJion.. aIld ridto ",to

mnol CIImmonitNos. It has br....'Il tm""fo>nt'o<!<l by 1Mri... of1i1"""-"l' LQ amM and of primal)' rdloal~to lI1rnool tj(S, ood by til< 9,000 cLaily~ and rount"'" numbcno of~ illId p<.'riodio:al5 tlW .....now bring publWl«l in !he dI......luloing.....ncL Itlw br."I'Il~ by !helI"""Ih Il/ glWt."fl1lllC'Ilt "'-m...... by the"""" than :; million doctnn andnu......... and lht: many moremillion. ofrommunity bl.'ll!th """'""-n. Il':riru~

lUralClCt,'IISion ago.1:lt><. WlUTand un;'laOOo <'IIRin<..n, tr.lin<:d birtllatlendanls and <'Ommunily dr¥<.'1oI>,""",ofIi<"nwho""", mo:h <lIlllotheIm'al majority .... rural oilbgt.. andurbaIJ nci,<rllbowbood.. It has """"

1l'a/>tIf<llllll'd by the lIfIlWll1 ofbankinlland I'Q6Ial~ of dedririty, pll

and~ Qtllitn. 01 matk~ andI'l.'tailin~ ,1IanlI<b. 0( lht "l'<"1. on<!rnt..uinmrnt indu.m.s. of 1ho lradoounion ood~ m'.....m' ..".... ofemplnylTi' UllOCiaIiornI and probsionaI "'><.~ AndIIIMl of ail it hoo"""" lr:I<Isfnrm<d by the Im>"'lh ottboosands '" V\JlllIl\ary avncits. lIOIl~to1~ ",lWou........~i<,.. pt.'QPIc'.~.. conSUITICf /ITOIIPL 'OIOIllC<I'I~lioll&

ywtb """"""""s. IIld the <nilli<>ns oflocal lIril::hbourtlood .-.cialiom,hloalth rootmitla... ..lIoge l"OIIlICI"

ood tht'ir equiv;lo1I\O iIII toalt of 9ll<ill~t. Yrttoo uflrn. the world ha.I remaioc<l ""'"

t""t with the 'labun1<1fY bn.'alc.thruugh' tnd laik>d ttl ...., :occll the'00<ial brmth~· which, in all_all ra:o..... is tb<: rnal link b<:lwN-n an~ ill know~ ..,d itll~spn.'ad appt;cttioo.

Aoutly """"T--Wcapacity_mak... ill'Ol"ible to Jak.. ...m kll<lWlodge and t<'clu101ot!iet off lbe ohclfofthrir IKllnlIial and 10 put l/K.." M tbcdioposal of thto ........;1'. farnili<..>l. !lutthil new IOciaI capacity for 'going 10or;ak" wiD ",main I¥xclY a pnI"'l[ial

unlU iI i. ronoriuu.Jy mobili....d forIOciaI devdopmml. 0nJy '" the <"aU""or immunization has the polrntial of-u.J II'IUbilitalinn b.en ",aIizt,d. AndiI is :<ignifo:ant that imrnuIIiwiOllrnnain. !be only 1Ul.'<!icaI 11<1...11<.throu gh that has b<'uI maM aoailable 00110 10\ or 20lI bulla the Y;r.<I.

majoriIy.In <"""tty afI(:f",""tty. tho: immu

niutiun """"'"Jl" h~ ....... 0111 .....

l:'M-"<UI"'1:l' ".".,.;.,-", ODd~""'Illlol orpniDIioru<. r.,bition and~in. n'.....)IpIpen anrl lllaltlIli\1tt.ChUrrltC3 aoo~ lIctIooL. and~t"""'Y closoH, proksgiooal bodictand the business 00I11l1l'ltlily. supt.....marIwbo and "P'JII' dub$. <UJemaO andOladiums. Urgi ll,(l" on the imn",~e!l0lt in1bc tale 19l1Os. WHO Oi",...1,""·

1mIll U 11 izaticn

remal1lS the only

medical

breakthrough that

lras been made

available not to

10% or 20% but

to tile vast

majority.

"

In H,e recent

co mmitmcnt to

[ree-market

economic policies,

i Its llfficicll l

accoun t li as been

taken of ti,e

effects 011 til e poor,

011 the oulnerabie,

or all tile

environmen t.

Gcncr.lI Or. lIin;ll<hi Nak¥.... arJ(I>rdo

"11'. lIw.1d ai.. at "'","",,'t ItWiJj.liwliotl of S«iJIoJ fonr$ j>T .raJlIl"-topwrnl ... W,.."" b1Jild _IOfaJJia,IU$ ";1. Ill, "'IUS fil......ift:.IiolU _ . _ M__ i.~.

...·111p~ a"li """",..II] """"

.uatiov, "'illl hsi..... _ "'11<nJ,,.",,'" " ot oow", W, "'1Ut ~....,t,

a""" ftwt< "'" isIJI4iU>. ,,"Ii uri'" /II";0 "">bin> 10 IJII' ItrtIillk j>T.raJlltp~ . •

Todoy. the J'Olcnli:ll of lIDcial m<Jbi.~ fll~ beyond the bankllI"l(u>d of hffith. 11 <2Q be u~ 10ptOIlIO!t' ond ..ppM e<!1nIion ond~. family planning and cluld"""'. m\'irottmMtal pnIl<"<1ion ondtnrr'JY ..mcic.'IIq. nulriliorW im_Illl'fIl and ~lIunll inr>onIiorl. IIcan hrIp loemuean infunned demandlor basic'~ 0IId it <all hdll 10"1aU ....lable knowIcdIIc aod terh~ for li$:h~ !he: wt>rl<load.of """"-11 and Kirts. 10 all of~..... inel<pensive I••,hniqucoo and~logk.,. already cxi$l. T<Hlay'tnew liD<ial capacitycoukl ond slloukl

be ull<'d 10 ""' that knowl.dg . II \hedi"lKl"'ll tot .....'<Y famlly and <'Vl,'f)'"""""unity.

The role of the United Nations

10 5U years of woc\<iru( lor devt:IoI>lIIt'I11 and<~ willi Jt<M-......menlo and aid _iH ;" "'= ISOdevt-Ioping cwolliool. !he UnilcdN:diooo WJtily or~. ~

buill up III rnarmouo !wid tot expni'"""" and <",p<'T'Iisc in oIm05l <'Y<'T)'

orea of _ia1 dew1opmeoL 1'11ic< capacity. too. IIln,;! now be lJ\O,.., /uIlyellploited lor the impl,:m.,nlilOOo totrodayo~t """""""'..

10lar'J[C ,r. .." ......... I1w dewlopruomroDSI.1lSlI. is~ in !Ill' wort~ by lhe UnilolCl N.lion.I ond ~.

~ in the 197IIt. n... fin! UNCOII!crenc:e on IIUl1W1 Envin>ntn<.'111;"1m. lh/: World IWJlalion Co".ftr't'tlCe 0IICl the World Food Conf<.'n.'OC'Cin 1974.lbc ill' C<ltIfcrmoo onlll1lI1llll So.'1l1<1ll<llbl in 1976, 0IICl, \IO'f"• most ~1('aI111y. the World

E",ploym""u Cortkr'cDce of 1!!76, W<'n'

m¥Jr Jorres in ctIfI1irlg to Rril'" willinewoodromplex"""-. __~ 1hc

-.. and dnlwing II>< cvndu""" ~

thllIMI't' inlll.Icoc<:d lhe ""'lrld'~ llIiok·ing oboulllw...., i$oou<.,.""""h~ lui 20-\luI ~ iJ lruc 10 S3)' I1w """ of 1Mrecommmdotioo.... roaIs 0IICl tarR«s"'"'-""1Pn2 from throse ....jor coofe<.,"",,"..rIM 197(1,;wen: translaIl.'d mID~'Od PO"",'&i'UJIH of octio...Many fa<tlln imp<'<k.'d lOCh ICtiOII.I'M 0lH: of lhem was llIalIM Uniu.'dNotionfhad IIOljll.1leamodhuw10u""il. omllllWaI<'d~. md itssiJlnil"K'lIIll U\X.'l"lIIiunaI pre9tllCe m...'arly l'Vl,'f)' COIlIltry.., • lirIkbel Wffn

irnmlOli<maily 0j[l'I...'d ~uolsonc! pra<ti.raJ KliDn OIIlhe wound

An)'progn..... 11w thm: mis:hl havebeen ift dili din.'<'tiou ..... elffctivelyderailed in the19I1Osby the o\o,bl crisis.by stru<:tunII.adjulllm<lI'~by !he 'lWi1\li" \O'I03nI. an oImnSl txeIu·oM: n:lilIIICt ""~1 <'WI>DItIiCS)'$leml<. ond by. m:ojur olIifI ift ""~10Wllrds lhe: llrt1IDll Woods irIstilU·lion.. Much of lbn W<lr'k and IIIOD)I ofthe in"hts of lh<> 1971lII """" thm.-by-The owil\li" \OlOlInls morl<~ _!IDtI1k S)'&'mS ""'" Oca"SlW)'. Comm:ond t<'<lIID<IlieIl hod gt:fltn/Iy faik'dto """'-1 hwnao 0«<1, and pr.·..1lt""PNpJe fn;rrn impruvirtg lhrir (fM'I ~";l!

thruuRh llI<it ""'"~ HulwJ.<.n:o.o il ;. obviou.llI.1 m..-mor\<'"I.'I'OtHlmir :sysIc,n. are mO<1: ap1lble ofvner;oling """""'"'" growlb. ~ is farfrom obvioo!< that !My .,.. r;opablr ofcrcalinll just. rM1izcd. and ..,min3blthUllWl~ hnd ill the """"It:<>nlIIlilmtnl to rr-nwktt fCOIIOlIlicpolici<... In tnany nation. of lhe (\o:oo.Ie1opiJIj( world. &ilpporl<"d by llI" WorldBarlk and the Iotemotioll3l MonmryFUDd, ;ru"lfIx;';',n mnl bas 1H.'<'t1Ween of1h<: r.1f«ls UIIlhe """,. ",,!ho'rulnenblt. nt on the tnvimrunenL

The social and human censcqu"".,... of 1m. omi"""'" .... ..,...bo¢rInioll 10 be lell 0IIe mull it •IL-.MI of irtlt.'n'Sl. in lIOcial~n.....~ and lblsic<doar1y rclIcc1cd in lhcraIIirIsI of lhe COP':lI~ S<lmmiL

NaI..:pillinllb. mudl oClhe~IiooI .....~ buildq: \II' lDllPdSummilIiDb loodt 10 lbo:~Illa W(ft ....... by Ibr U*"s.iDmio Ihr 1911llo,~ iiD ill C<IIIIOmI

_ 1hr ~7 ' OIl .~dia," ___ ...... lIlr _oI\ho....b M.

Todir. tbnr .., .... tIIo( lbrUoIiIN xu- _ hrooe __ ..

<kodop ..... _ .. llIIkJOdr ........• Ibr 1f1OrI; ,Ibr~ 10 .Wi:~lIlr , , . "'......._ .. Ibr licaI ",,5 " '"

dtow 'Thrll ..... """" -.to 1100 __ 2lXlClIfIlIlt """~ """ _ ."""" dtpclldnl 011 dolt C ,...

betwfta (/NICEI', ...... " " '"Ibr 1I1li1od N.lioIot...,..lht WortdIWik. and biIMftaI ...., _

<in. 1I"'\lI,_ in.~COWIlryhaa beea -.. l<J ..~ or iflllOlIItorhI« haa~ thal CWTtllIin'nd."", timpIy ..... dynamic""""Slhto "'...·h~ 1IIM1.. iMn UnilodNOli<ono _'Ilrit.. ODd DOtIi!""'""""""w orpniDtion. "-' t-n aN" '0wMcwlIh~ .. of\rn~iall '-"'lUI.~ ..... 1undi:I,:, toIodp brio« -'aI cit" I" pille'" guoIo..wiIhln~ sillIn

Thio pul1<:Io\iol of Ibr lIniIodN__ 1aaIil:J _ .-.. nPoiIetIillht -'al kDl~~

... &um Ct. 011 , . _10 ~W-

loItd --. III liIl doirlt: theU SoIiDlIa .. ...,. • ...,. .. ..,.'" r 1I: .. ..... lIIrtwto III '""'-.., ill Ibr thl .-y-;u.. ., ithwo ..... . ...,. ~10

......... tbr .." wocwiqr of_II tbr 2lllI R!III:Iry.

Newpandigm

no- .... lbo: ..iooJpol ..alqiu '"wbidl "'.._ --.lI1ht ynr2lXlCl-so . dliIdrm IIao Ik<'uad\W:.td."" will be <Iion.-d .. Ibt _ <:bop..... dlty ramoI, alhtir~~01 dc.dopolkDl, briDl( about d>aolIl.... lbI' _ • .-y ....... 10 impIemenI

1Dllq'. dM.Iupo'''''d <'<lB!leIISUS. Ilui

.1>r,ItidIIrdJoIJ,lI:-lIC""~F..-w.. l.Innor ... PI""'IO'Uk'..... 1!lll2, has aid OIl 11oo .........

lb::md """"'7lir.a:r.tr ' ....1_._

~""40" 'i JIIadi. - iolWint" ";leaf m S• ...,}IlIl....- _..

ltflllI..W ",...... W ; ·. ar __J-,,~ _...,M.t; .".. __ " ..,....

,...~._ I/'O ..... .; • I " • .."""""'"',.... ,,;,.• •

b-.. 40....' "".- _ Ik__ ._.~ .Jti," ",. ...... ~ ... 1 .UtiI,... '>;" . "';..-lIII ,Io .m• •.." •t" +f, -.",,-..1; II _

-'"" .....~ .wJ/i_riM ,./a(, ..,-,.. /I .;II '""""

.-.", ~'" t- It< mm..MuJ~ II ,.iii l'l'rlQiw(lo 'f(Witr..~ "... It< ....ttnltd. IIwill"..j,. lUff ........ ., litlhiml Na'itnu Ilft'Uin JOT _',.."", to wi• • 104I1JUINdj,.. aNd "P!"'''""' /II I P'~i<:o i. ;NdjrUlwa' "",.IM,lllillllJlI ..ldi<ll/> np/iIj. IJlti, ..iJsitJwaNd I/>woMJiu • ,.,....ur _ "'<if<,<h'_ H.t .... .JJiIwiJI MI. i" • •"""""'_ " lit .,.iriowo _'*w-mn;.,..1 ~ _ ....,.1"tN" ~tl&IioIM ••_ .."' If 1M Uwjld N«>-... . w.,.m ..,....__..,. Sod .... is .., ..,.... WI, ............_.....,......-.. _.,.".;., ,.m,e " Ikw..,..........~ ..... ut1m( ' .. ..... IIoo lw..Jtr.... 4 ' ut 1Udof. cit..; . •( L" laD opoci6r ... dIlIIblP:.. • iodNr1y~1Dlkh_~ ", ., h" duI _ _JIlkwplLd ia ~ .. Md ~ will~.n ~~ Illa is a...a.... 18 Iht .. (..ciow . .... k.a.up 10. Illr Wortd SummiI """ Sociall"""d,,piiitat.

The t"OOIUlIitmooli """-""'<l illto •1Iv 19!1O World SwnmiI ilr Childrm,

Breaking down

today 's

developme nt

consensus into

doable prepositions

is very milch

more difficull than

any thing

attemp ted ill

the past,

"

and 1Mmaosiv<' dlon dw has """'"httn made to hooour th<.'IIC promi..,..,..... imp;:tlUlll btginninll of. ",newed

<'lTort 10 """"""'" th~ worol asp<cts ofpoverty and slow popJlalion £"OWIh.n..,~Ioj lJt., l/fUI majoriIy oflhe "",rid', poIirical1codcnl lU a r:arlll"

of sp<'<.ilic _ ia1~l guaI:I inlbc lit-ldo 01 ""lritioa, htahh <an',....,n' lIUppI ~. O&OiWiorl. primary «1o·("luiotl..wi family plannillJ! basalradyb<,~., o>a<k and ;,. in larlIf' ",....."...briolr ac1Cd 011.

A Il'COItlIIIiImnllo Ih<lIo! yW' 2lXXI,l[<Iah; inC~m ill eosential ;r,llepolitl<'Il and prarricaI """"""'''10""hind tMrn.. 1o he olainWn.d.

On the brnM<.1' fronl of <'<'tlO<HIIicand 00<iaI d.-I<lpr-.l. lJt.,~

(:"'nl'ralof the Unil<'<l Kilian. lull PIllk>rward 1""'-' bmlId o\l;e<ii>b .. .baaio for di"",,,"",,, inC~·

the m1l1C1io11 of the pnlllOrtion of~ living;" Iboo"'l~pcI"tfI)';lJ 1M(fta!ioD or thoo~ jobsand",S1Iinablt livelihoods:I the oilfnilicaot n.....udioo in dioparilio.... among VIrloo. inn>mo C'Iuooeo.,~ othni< _po, ROO${I'DphicaIn.'llions. and lIIlions.

10 . ddilx:m. UNOP has abu PI/I I",,·wan! .....ali<:~ kw ..,.,~II. >IUAA<'lIlioman::I That the g<I","",,",,\ll 0( de>'eIop.in& rnunlrif;s """"ld allocate at lca.I::.'CI% of th& <':lP<...dilo..... 10o~priorily hwnan IICl'dI M adtqual"oolriti<m. deaD _, sal<! oaoiwion,

bhc he~th <an', primary \"dU<alion.and famIly plaoniog in!onnatioII and~ and thai 1ltc indOSlriali=loationsshould~ exi:lliogaid~"-.. in onk.-rlo alooaIIocaIC Iminimum 01 2Oll. 10~ ..",., basicpriorities (tbis is POW an~ pes;.

lion <>l UNPP. UN1CI'1'.andUNFPAThI1 1IK."" iDrn"llOCll in t"XjO.'ndi·

1".... 011 bhc 00<iaI ~Ioponeol

sboIlld 1>" lIlnM.11ltt.'d inlU ajlm....""'tlbtt",'«11 doMr and devdopinR mu".tri<.", dcIigo<d to ol<.'<1 basic hwnanne<:<hl wilhina do.fined Umt' • and lhalprorrns in impltmmlirul: llJtsl'~...."lI moold he inlernationally nlOlli,~.( That bo.>tll d,.....'Iopilu( and indpsm~~ obouId IlK"'<' 10 I tar,IIC1«1 annual roductioa ral~ formilitary !Ipnll\ing ll lNll1'~ a:n; per )'t'1r l'C"dueti<>n, which wwldyidd IflllI'(ll<imaldy S460 billion in WOK'OOd hal{ or lhis~) .

The ~·...rth World Conf<.-n::.n<:, 00W"""",- to be held ;" lld jinjl in&,>Il'Ollx-r 19!15. muld ako a11empl lo~ downthe <M.'R11 aimof progn.....for wnmto inlo opKi1ic' goals. i\j[Iin,lJt., ~"""ri<1l('l' pin«l in n'tt'Ol ynr:oshould mak.. ~ I'O""ibk: 10~doabk ~lio:n . in IlUCh licld. ..l"qIIa/ opportUnity~WOIlItIl',

rfpI'tld~ boalth. "'fOaIitr of <duarional oppommity, and the ""d<:,.pn,ac1trU<I'Olion vilJt., kind of Iow<:os1 u""'"nooIoj;:ies thal C'OIlId be an important

Iirsl Ill'" inIi~ the lim<' and th~~ of many nvDdn'<!. of millionsof rural """""" ill lJt.,~

-"'-Thedr~ of ""y and all of

Ihc$c ~. wiD dep.ud vpon IMirbeiOll bn>kca down. and if """""""'Ybrok"" do...~ and ao:ain. volillJt., doable IJI"IlOoition. arc~.

If this ran be don<:", 111m lhe~'9 Summit will haw! builtlJt., basis lor I rI.'JlC\\'.-d in~mali,u'lll

d......,lopmen1 rlfon in lJt., IlC<VIld halfof Ihf, 1900s.

Pain now, gain later

Sloo«rr; N..."'fItla .., .18l....I\f" " ur..,." illfJJ4,' tln>tlqp_ "'........is ", lit j"'J>/fllWltM.. I. /J<Jrnn.w" 1M~ '"diJcn.rbfllw".I<s~a04._~nrI, "''''' lit IUldmwJIt:1l4ouf rt/mtt."'--"1;"-0"'......../Jot _nomri..'"_ _ I ~i#I.", aJld aiJ P1'IJ¥"' ,""'01 i .,I'l... . ' fl( lU

100""11.~ ... Military~j/ll",. alld sjgoi/iNI.1 ;1Int<lSf:S i. 1M"""''"' """j"'~ /i1r ,.r1irott..",ItJu,_illablo' dtt>tioP"",,L B.I 1M Rl] joT'""~ is oII.t...nd It:1 ~itiMl alUl «0"""'" _til ilrltrFm. Dl<4 ., rIr, f><I/ilWJJ:J. lIIlllmtti". )<rio _. gal. 14ttr'""11/'" ",-''"11''«til,UU$SiJ/1 po/id...

4

T"" ~""" deo<nbrd ill lbr.

"""""'" chapI..- Mvc helped l<Ibnplm>ent signi rt<alll ",,,,..tical _jltaII ill k<y ....,.. of aociaI dcwlop

""""- &1 LhilI '- """'-"IliaI t-n •I'fO<".'S' of!akins: "I'!hI' olao:k of wbalrould be ""hi<-n<l wi!hin !he !lWusQ\X>< BriI>RinK oboul more fuIleWncn.lalctIange. in Lhe lace01 !hep;>UticlI"""~ =4td in~.lhaIci;.o:wnscribc th" rn:edam of acrioa01011IM,IIili<Jl Indcnhip$, ~ I """" <fW.ltftlling lasl<.

Y.c fun.w.",nlal<~ i. irnplicil

ill todaf. dc"o:IoplIlc"t ron!il."n5ll'"AndWngoid<' \be etJO!t 10 identify and

arhifft cloablo proposition.. tbcr<- is I

need "'" I~ at1<'mpt l<>!Ill"" ba<k Ill<! 1l<lundar'ft of what isd<W>Ie. Only by • """'binalioo ofbolh~ 1Mone eonSWltly lakirla: in\be ob<k creaI<'d by lb< oth<T, ...anIOday'I <!e•• Io:>.. ,..."'1 """"""""" belr3JISIa1<'d inUllUlity.

In part;cular, lhr problrm of lbe<ron<JItIic~ ollhc poorHI llalioni, and oi lb<pooreil poople";thizlnaIinns. mo ot be ronfmnLM. Nooocial pr<llU<'SI <an be ....OWned, 110

1IumaII d~t raD be anticipaled. if oocial and =mornic <1!rluoionconfull""' '''bellJl'dlict~of naOOrW and ldubal~~

....11 (lig, 21),~.~ «:o "ami(" policiell

haveshown lhaIlh<y an: IIIC<:II:lIaluI inlht ,mrHmn m:aliotl of wmJth.

C~a _1131'1' "'"~biIity 00 Iwneu thai powff 10 theC3U~ of SWllaiJ>abIe dtYeiopmeuL 10panicuIar,lher hav.- • n,,,poa,,ibifily10roun~ Ih<!inbuilll~ offm:'-mar1<ct <""""mir S}'Slmll! Lalavaur 1MalrNdy advalllagl"d.

10 DIaD)'~ ooualrie5. for('l(OfIlpie. ~ is diflicuIl to see how.,.,...my CUI be <J\'t.'ft:OmC wi1bout ladt·ling lht relaIed ......,. of di"';""iaaliorL~ and~~l In Win Amm<::o~. re-.- lhaa Jill of \mo:lowornl0...... aImolIl. IlO'i 01 w land· In !beI'hilippineo.. Ihe proportloo of nmoIworl<cn who ""' IandIcso has rioonfrom 101 in !be 1950\1. 10 501 in the1990s.· III BaDgIadesh, !be poornl

lillI. 01~ba~ ...", lbrir~ of w. ,,"Ilon', farm Imd faDfrom :l5' in 1900 10 lll'l; ill 19lKl. la~ .-tU<h has • repuwiool forJTffier equalilY. ~ is ino:reaIlinJrly !hecase IhoI _ prodlX'tive Iaad......

devoled 00"""""~wbiJe IheIaDdo of"'" poor majority ee oflcostfquality, I't:'OtiYt .... iaveom>cal """..., <apidIy~~ anddepleted. (The llOtioa Ilw~ly isolgnificaady ""'" in AIri<'a also lind. no...ppM whalever from Ihe ~lllo _

maliooIhoIis ovaiIable 0<1 ineome <Ii.

lribulion: the """'""" M of "'"pap.daiioollhareonly 2.44' of aalionalinoomo ill T..-nia. 2.73 in Ktnya.aod 1 9S11O ill Zimbabwt: in alI lhn:e of

f1t. 21 "-"f "-Iofl..~-",,~ _..,.",......, - -"....~_ I!lII!iKIIIIBl

- 'I,• . ..-

-0 ... _ ,.

110 _ ....__

• rn ..._ ...__

~----_..___0_-_.._....-

Ib""". """nlrif.o. OWl" 60l of na6<>naIinmnIC a<rnIts 10 Iho riclwA 2I'll oflhe~.J ·

Internationally. m.,qualily ..... Il<IW

""""lied /QQll!ltr<lu. prnp:>ni<>n..~.

ail lI\<, rlclK'St fifth of the ....nIl /lOW

has. a!>wl 85t: of lhc workf. GNP""Uk the POO"t'5l. JiM..... jo.5l 1.4%.·

Mark of failure

~n ore ~~ 10 Ibi. polt<.'m.

pouticularty in Sou1JI.East Asia: inllldonnia. !<>r6llll1p1e. lhe pn>po<tioaof P!l'lJI\o Uving b"l0... lhc p<M:r'I)'liMhas faIlm lrom 1m Iv 14~ ill lIJlllf'IlXimalely twu dttado>s. 1101 in too n'Wly

n2lion. economic ~Ii<y ill IClin.Ir ao akind 01 ""'-"'" >hock absorbo:r. ....... ,..IIlI[ lhat lht poor ouflrr lint and mosl

in bad limK and~ \a;,;I aad k'asl in¥OOd Iimcs. Ecanc>mic~"t oftltis kind. ...h~ lhc b""cfit. to lhcJ>.IICNlff. ;" an """"o'Ok ~telk1

.....ich tcreW!I Lhe poor l."'<T ""'"'

lillhlly 10 Ihc'" p<M:r'I)'.This io 1IO p1alform for ",,0IIi0c'll

social~ ADd lhc Cl..'lItr:11 chaJ.I<:tIge of d<.·.c1opmc'll remain< lhec~ lI01 only of l/"D'-...-ting ....,.;.roornc'lltaIly suWlnabJ-. t'«HlOllIicrrowlh but at ,,,,suring tbal in....... ofb<;iog marginalizL'll by ~. tIM: poor bolhronlriOOif! to ~ and bmcfil from ~.

Only by 1~1lll' in people and job<.... that d>aIlc'O,l(t! "" mel. .. lhe .....~I~ of Soutb-F.ast Asia"""_.

G""" Inequality - and tho rapidpopulati<Ht «J'OWlh .....ich it M~ l<Imainl.lifl • mt1lIl tballargo numbcno of",...>pI<, ...... w..n-.. job....... and~ Add to thi. poor~" ofnulritioo. hnIth ~. and fllu..'atioo.and h 1"-....... doubly~iz<'ll bly <\eb;uTrd from tool.ribul·ing fully 1<1. or bctJdrting fully frDIlI,

the "'''' uooe. of economk IIld -uJ-,Thl....... are ..,..,., of the~....

bul~ "" all oi<\elI by ~"'<.'1ful

",,,,,,'ll ;"1<:1'\._ that IlIU'" also beOO.,n:II/l1" if lI\<, nc.... rhaIIo.'Ilj«:S tohuman lI«\Irity .... 10 Ix mel.

1l>cn: I. "" lack <>f olnl~· or "....:nof broad """kn.... . fur acIdrtossillJr;0....... i........ Of II>< many JlIVIlCI"&bthat can be £<,asibly prupound<.'ll. thl'\."or fourMlI"""", to illuSl"" e both lhep<no<i1>llilieo amllh<- difficullica.II J<>bo can be <TeaIl'd. and product;"~f by and for In.. poor ClIfI 1><'Incrca!cd. by ~licn CIIIlIbining landtenun! rei"",, with cmIit, 1tainin,Il:,...--nti.al infrutructun!. Ihe maI<icJJtavailabI<: uI the riRbt~ to

omaIl lam............d """"""'" poIicicofnoorin& ill<' u'"' of labour ave. caPI3l. If (his .... be 1Il1Il<.'YI'd. a. it II&!Ibeen lOr ."..",1'1< in Ihe Swlh KornIII' China(when: rural""~"'_''flIpkoy 0""" than 100 million P<'OIlleand prod~ """"' (han • third <>fnationalooljllltl. · Lhen lht I'\..wivdysmall wnings 01 ""-'I)' law numbc'l'$of 1"-. lClId to InnSl.otc iBtaincrns<:tIdemand for bc!k.'rIood and~.1Ith ........ better fumitun! andcloIh<~ bcttcrha""", and ",.,Is, ""'t....toots and~ '''''~Mocb wiJlj,; d<.'IlWld COlI boo ml1 bylocal Yi1Io and maleriak. P"CIfII'I'\inl~ ""Change and~ fu,..tII"r mlllloYment 0W0<1 uniti<'S. By thePU,,",~ of .....h jlOtI. .... itnu.lI and!abnuNnten""'" pat\t1'nS of~IJIOSI familieI; couldbe .'fIabIo.'lll<l UlfflIhcir ,,"'"~..~ Ao John Kc""",1hGaIbni1h cummo"ted in his moo!l't'CelIt (l!l93) contn"bulion to thcMvdoprn<.",debllO:

"001. qfdot""_ qfpost #In"" kaslIMo i. /Jssoti4ti., bot/.op" ,"1 'I'dkiJIIIIlOlry, IIOlt>bl,y pri"", ,, i.dO<Sl'1. AJIIIPrill prkts. i.frtq....1rmn. Iul........b1ilJ.mMy IIqI IN lIS " p""", 10 dlr."". pop.lI>ti(no. 7Jrio...... lIMo " dis1UIn>I<t ........ m4tnftrd /«) 11/1... '* I.laW h_. /I .. IIDirl«lrlJIJ IMI dlrd<wI4P<d I/Iz/rs. flU"'/lit'. i. tJlt post.ftTo'Wl1p«J.mllMir jJ"".... ".d.n1J....

'ClIMIJ~" IfIi/lo Qlrindll'i'CIUDtfgp"".1 .. 1<",.1~ Na""". ''1i. rtentl h'.." IwJjfcI'risJltd I'JIII..."I'""""",Ie "lid poUlimi .lJI!IIt.. 11/grtillI4JU1h>ra or ..". '" fM41l a. ... 8cIJo_ _ Ot Protm> alUlpq/itical Jntwe.

trXJ ,.,q.j,., /iiI1 w-ir j~...

/MorN b<' <J«tmItd. II} 1M "'.. ..d_ • ..." tiIIlJld"lId. - .

lit> oll1y dnlllIllht: dcdaraIXm 1IwwiD b< made III !he CoIl"flhatJ<.'a.&Ullmil odnowI<.<Ill<'f 1M~t

"(iDrr",,,,,1CIJ "'1<# j",p_ tIu! """.djliclu"II" IsJUll...~ III",,,,.. Isoil,.,fistrilntl,·.. aod Isltd tnt.,., ,.j,,..,.• od <I«It1IIpa.J IIIn< ....-111 improMl"",.... tonodil ppliQau "I.jp"".I.j,.,;,wia. altd It" SIOpP/Y <)01'''''......... olfd t::eItIIsia.o snWaI./mwtic""i ji""wdDJ .".,...,. aUtuSiM j. III. p_ 6] Prondiv ...ji../Idlll rnc.rm urdtd" IsJlJ Ill,...,.-. _,,,,,..1qfmtftitti. rID'....alfdIs"" j",p_ 1lu ript:f"_'"II}.0III h'd, II} IDIfd ood 10 iut1'i/ "'1«1

.. .....,.,f.""protmtd.. - ·n (',o....rnm':ol ~ilu...,. can be1'l'SlrnCluJl'd 10 makt· major inwo;t.

mcolO in lht: ho:alth. nutrilion.""" OIl...Glion of Ihe poor. And as limy$/Udit!; have demon=ed. a ,.,..u.noorisho<l I>oahhy. and odll<&lod~ulatiocl i. lhe olO6t baoi< in_nllIIai ran be ........ int~ llJId--w ,levclopnlCllt

n....,.. lOr """h rt$l.nIdurVq;: Iw.!lMlIma major put oItoday'"l'OIIlI<'tI..... "" :ooriaI d.:'.iol'nlftltW At. pro"'-'lit~I~in lhc~R ""'l1d \Ol2l apf)r'OXima~ty

S440 biIIioII a )'I.'U of which ~. jullll/Vl"- I~ or """'" $SO billion. is alJc>.cal.-d w nulrilion. baoioill cart'.

primary \'Ilueati"". lamily planning.llJId dcaII wal ........ 1IOk sanitation for'ru."J..... peri.wban ........~ lftlw_ponion......" III be inI:reaaod to 2Ol, ill

UNDP. UNH'A ..... UNICEF have~...,thm~tyS30blIlion• .,..,.,. ill ClllnI """"""'" woWd belIIlKlt.....uabie. 10 _ ClJUDlrieo. lhia

_Id be~ W<:tOl>'lrucI baskllOcial w.Ly~ ItId III .........., thaiminimum humao Ol'<'ds """" motwithin • A!laIivdy sharl time.

M<l5l rnunlrirs COIlkl in f.xl ill IIonK way laward. lhe fne<'linlI ofbui<"",-'<10 bJ• fairer aIIocaliOfI of CldIilinJl!IOrial t>:ptoditUrl'$. In IndoI>eoia, for'<"lWl1p1c.~I~on1he

htoIlh lIllhto rirtI<sl 10'10 "",olllllll 10

lIImc- tillQ rnorI' !han on 1lIO' I"l'lf"SI

l~~ Similarly in lndia,~ of~IDl'OI hca1lh """""jog is aIlocaItd \0

<IIl'llIM-~ in urban ....... wl>ffl,

25'Ko uf lh<: ~laIiulIliv<:& and mOlmodical doct<>n • yea< an: OOIlJl'lnIincd lithe <mI Ill. public whumthey 00 llOI~: 8O'lO 01 gradllll1..... rooln.ighl into prMw~ if! urban_.

n.....me.,....., can be made in""'"..lion.. Moot IIO"t1"IDl'OI oprnding

"" highe.- ....umloo is~""~olready Ildvantag.-d; in nlllrh 01 Asia.:M:l' of I[<n't.'mrDeDI .-duralionalopmdina' is drYofed 10 !he besI-<:dUl'a1od101; in m""" 01 Utin~ mort'!han 50lII of g<M.1'1lII>nll opendidg on~.-du<-olion ......"<OIed 10 lheeJill.dM!01families who belong10 theridl.. 20lIi oIthc _lalion. Thto IinaociaIrot!I 01 adIieYin.l1 prima:y .-d""aIionlor all has beeo eslimal.... aI OIl extraS3 billion 10 $6 billioo a year: """h a"""" ..............linsI ""ly &boo, 2lIi10 3lIi1If thc developing WOI'Id'I CDmTlIannual ~lu~ "'" oducalion.rouId~made ."..ibble by~........ ,..blnody mocleol reslnKllIring of""lK'fIIIl.I"""" away from lhc btlltN>ll' ond illfavour oftJK.JlOO<'.

Snrh dillIortiooI an!: r..lfIlIOOfI"""","1M Ipl'ctnunof b;uio:!I<IciaI ............. Of tbe $10 billion 10512 biIlioo•yt:>Z that io <'IIIYftIlly "1'""1on Wlllrrsuwll' ondOIIlilaiion . for<:lWII~. 8O'lO~ allora1cd 10 rclIlivt'ly I1igh<oot~_ • water' IrealmeDt planto. P'JlIll"

ing Slaliou" individual hou""hoId_ ....Pl'6eo.ondhi¥bIY """'haniml~ I)"SlmII • onving mosIiy !hebclln'Olf eo.rumwli<...• Mrmwhik.only • VftY smaIIlnoction or lht: available """"'n.... ill IrfIIM!'rfor lhe .......<mI romm\lnilY ~'InlI thII couldmakede... _ ond ""'~ _italian

almooI unlvrnally . ". ilable at "'blivelylooI rosl.

Pmpooalo lila!~ nptndilU",pallt'ntI <houId be lIhak"'1ljl ond rl!dim:It'din~ottbc pooran: l>OIlMprndu<'l or ....... radnl iJoalina\ion.The World Bank. for' elWlJllIe. halmade a """i!irant ronlribuliOlllO thilI;upo<:l of 11>0 cum'IIl ron..",",,, In ~.

WorlJ 1:ltPtI<>p.. ..., Rt/IOfl lor 1993.thc Bank concluded: -Goom<_ ;~

Government

expend it ures can

be restru ctured

to make major

inoestmen ts

in the healf1l ,

nu tri tion, and

educotian of

ti,e poor.

..

Only about

2% of aid

goes to primary

education , roughly

4% to primary

health ca re, and

less than 2% to

fa mi ly planning

sennccs.

u..;"pu., ronma~ 'ttU j,r1m. "" 1U1fflllt. abil>ol50S b·""~

111., ""'" do ~~ In> <WI-d<ctiw "'~/It~ti<>Iu "u i..vra;/ doobk '" tripk.,..m., OIl k!ir pll1Jlic 1rMhJI ~""",_.- Simibrly. 01\ ..-al...- supply,~&nk lrJIUeO thol~'fII·ro.

ol» i",PrfWt.~ ll$< t(pd& lftI.rM

'" </i",i""li.,~rwui nd>oidin~....1« "U ",.ira/imo IJuoI IHtt4fJ Ill,", iMlt rlass.- -

n Simibrty, ~ is ~ mudJ·repcatcd """nl" lOday". """......... lhatollicial llevdupnx."t~ should be nSUUC1UJ'Cd in favournl"IMpoor. Only abuul251ofloday'. aidR"""to the rouJI~when.- lho:.1: qlWtl"f'S of tlIc wor1d'sIJQ<lfHI biIli<ln I""'l'l< """" live. Onlyaboul 15\ Ir'X'S to the lI,CIricultur;ol....,.IOf, whirh~ a 1M..'lihood for l!I<>mojQrily of~ in aImoot aD lit"",\<>pilij!: """,triM. Only ob<HtI 21/1""" 10

primary edlX.'aliun. roua:hly . " to pri-mary boaIth , lIld J.M than:ll to

family planninll ~·

To imlllemmt today', t\eYe1opmen1~~ wiD ~bIy J><o,_

""Y for aboul 5(JJ, of aid and 50'1' of~I OlQlt!Idiluml in 1Mdev&opingW'OI'1d 10 be alIucaT<.'d 10 a din",Illad< 0fI llO"ftIy. MOO! of llw npen'mlure should be dt!Yotl'd to 1Mlcind of~l IN! wiD =ale j<Ibs andinI:orncl< for the poort.'lII fifth of !hepopulaTion. llul-.ithinIN! loIa1. rot'.olaid and 2(JlIi of~t eap.1Idlnun should be dcwtod 10basic aociaI~.. includiolr nulritKJo.. <leanwot.r, safe ...uwlon. twO< Malth<.'atl', IrinarY <"du<aboo. and familyplann....

ADd II Ihno Sl CI'trY twlmiiliioa.rq><J<t. and tonIem>a: of W """ 20jI\'" It.. n~ the indllSlrializt<lIWiona dIou ld fulfil their pi«lgc toIIivc: at Ioast 0.7'0 <>f GNP ill official~Iopmenl assiWlK'e. Currenlly,<,>n/y N""""y, Swt.-dcn. l>.:nmarl< andthe NeIberIand< are doinII ......., I Ilcsou=t ClIQ be lIWilclted frommilitarY <ajlIIl.iTy to !lOCial ilI-""1and job l"n'alion.

F".. two 1It'Cad<... 1JUuWy~Il"

ill the d<'Ydopillg worIcl Iw~more lhaII twice as l'ast lOll per capiIa

inoom<.... reaching "" ""nual aw:nl/e

01 SUIO billion~hOllt tho 19l1Os.Thi.1Wl1 is.opprt>limately three timesasmu<h •• the amount thol h.. '""'"n:m-l in aid..,h yur. and olmos!as mudJ as the ~Joping worIcl',aIlIIual ~u," on health andodocaliotJ durinlllhat d<ad~,.

In the 199<». militsry $pe'1Illi1t/l by_ d<.<.t'loping """"""'" has 1oIk.'D.1.alI:oI eotimates~ th.tI the <."\I'"

n'Ot""ouollOlal iuwroxima",lySI20billion-- Ytt cYerI this IoWff sumdwam "'" sum. Itw would btm'juirl'tl 10 III'O"idc basic oorial ....virt:ll. 11te additional "''' ul nl<'<'li:q::t"day'. wtmt1 demand for liantily planninJr. lot" cxarnpk. has been PUI at.......... SS biUkm ",56 bilIioJl. year.Sirnibrly, tM ll>IaI <OSl 01~univtml primary ""uraIiOIl would be;.,Ik "-'ltiu<t uf on<ottnI 53bilIioJlto56billion. y<:aI". Theestinloltd addilionalC'O!lI of Pl'O"idinJl: clean~ ond S<lfcoaniWiun '" aD communilico""""'d btSSbilliun to S9 billion a year. And th<:bid for mmil\ll: all 01 the jI\"'" 200Jheahhand nulritioo~ wt>Uld be ""odditioftal s u billion to Sl3 billion •~.

Thc money for aD 01 theH odd. upto . boul one '11W1....oItlI<!1It....-Iopiog....-1<1'. military ""lK'Ildilllrt:>O.

Aod......, !lIouih military spondiogis l>eat'ily conceo~ ill "'" Middlet~ IIld~ ofAsia, almoeI aD doveIopina" coun tries. could finarooo baoirtocial ....-vm by redlK'ing mi6tary_.

11teCOllI uflaod l'clurrM. infra<Irur.lun:, lrainioJI, CI't'dil. leChnoloIty. and01 m:okln&: tho..-."tlaI ;n....'SUIICflIO iniDc,eased producthity by aad for Thepoor. wwkI rt:qUin: signifironlly mon:ill ~~ way of I(OYef11ll>tnl exjl<'1"<\i.lures and IureigIl aid. Bill the $UI11O

iovoM:d ...., far from i/npoosIb"'. Andif it wen to be llttqlIed thol 50'1' uf~"l expenditllJ"($ ond 5Ql; of

f~ aid~ W<:IlO "" be<k-voIcd to tJ...... CSOCrl!W onu-pcrva'ty<illalcgK..... thcu it ""llU1d be posBiblr.witItilI • de.:a:k ......, for aD rouJItrictI

'" acltioevo: "'"~01~'<'<>UODliC dcto;.j.opment II which IlOl only were basic-w "'-""""" ~t.ed bul !beF'eII mojority of loday"s \lOOt" woukI

1Ia.... Ih<: cmpk>ymcnl by which l.I)

mc."1 moil" own ~. by thar own..,~

Vested interests

n-. ............ of the obvious ote!>"thai ha..., !><'<'ft ....unted as aresponse to """'" of lIM: mt>SI ba*prnbl=s of P'J"<"Tl' and~-,

!lui \~ ,u,tm l.'COII<IIIIi<: pr0blems oJ"" poinl to the <Ul lra! politicalproblnn. II has been ddntcly put bythe World Rank. Aft... aJ'fIIini lIM:rase lor "0 IIfOjDr ml:mti... 0( , . /likmtJI<JffS,' the 1laok'a 1993 World~..tIIl N,J'f1fI add&. "5ad tMJIgtleiU 11<d~. ,;a", 00 a mi)' 0('0_tsI grotI# 1//1I1 JUly ra lou....

In lIIher WOld.. ~ ill oaluwy 1(1

"""'fflIbtr "'" obvi"".. SudJ di<tor·lion. do DOl happrn by rridcnl Thepoor renI2in poor principally becausetil<')' ...,~t.d in polilbland fCOn<>mic~.. \leause theirwioo is 1>01 t<lll5ntnl/y loud ill !heselo<:liun of 1OCicIy'. priooities, and~ thrir lIOedl< do lIOl wtigh ...tliM:lIly t-..avily ill 1M all<<alioJl. 0{

pu blic~

A varianl of the _problom~lhe a""",-pI 10 restnldlW aid pro.~ hi the Unile<! Kinldom. loreumplc. l'CIII't'I"IllatWn of n..;or~ are asI<t'd 10~ on th~

disuibulioll 0{ all aid P"Jll"1IIQIlI ofwhich m.y~ art IIIlIjorbcn<.-6ciarin ill lho: form of 0I'm'I'1O=-All """b problotm ..... ~nlM:r....".pouf>d«l by lhc inlt'lio<kinsl"~ 01\'$t'd inttmlS in bolb dooor aridIt.'<ip;o,nt """"lricf. And lhc n<1 ..-Itis e>:peodm.re poll"",, which /avourlhc imponcd <M:l" lhe dOlrlCSOOdlyprtol...:ed. !be ~Ien.we (NCf

m. <mploymml' ""alio,c[. npon CfOIlI<M:1" IoraI Juod prodllClion. h(g1H.vsl""""a2" In"'l1JtIetIl plants lII'<'I" Ioc2IIy">adc IalriIIco. lwuochold ....tl.......wlYsyslrm5~ COIIIIIIUnily SW1dpi1JO",

ccnmd """""" Illations ""'" ful'k1li·ci••lI _ omtrallOadIinp: bo<pitaIslM.T local t-..allh «...tres.W1~

ovtrprimary ",hoob,1It<: cxp;utiIWn ofIWionollOirlino>o.,...... theimprov~n",,"of local bu.~ the collSlrUCliooof lbc lICW OV<.TlhcmaiDI~ ollb<"Id. - iDduotry over lIl(rlcullU"'. themilitary lM."l" the --w ."tv"",.. !ho..~. \l"<tl" lb<- PO<:OmIY. arido!timatcly!hoe bott....,tr QV<TlitePO<If.

Thm: wiU a/ways t>. po-...rfulvt...tcd iIIl<TC!11S at play ill !he I1localion of public ........I'<U. Nor wiU thefora1I tha, haw olJap<d naliunalspendinj! and aid bOOgoI. ",Iinqui'"lhoir holdat the ........, appe.... " ..." of.«>nom",," onw!Ial.~ should bemad••Ultimall"ly. ~;.,.dtomotr>cy il,;eUth.almu<l.~Ihe~IO""' .

si"""'1 diOiortiooo and~ But110 dern<lcr.w:y. oith... in lhe dM:lopinIl world or in the Olllablished indu",tI'iIlIizt'd IWions, Iw yOladJioved !hisIt.'\Il~ 01 oophillli<alion. All detnO<.'1'Ociesha... oeriou. na"" and "ffeor imp<.'I'i.'<.1proIt'<.'tio" oorain... _ed irUer<:slo.Nnne1he1e!ls, ~ remai"~ 111. <38t! lhallhe rna", oll""";"" 1M domocr:a<y th."""'" ~koly it is. ""'-.. !he Ionll haulth.al govcrnmmt polky and~IlI<'1II ""l"--odiIU..... will rclk:'<.1 !he,""",Sof lbo majorily. 0 "" oIlho llWIy

~. wily th~ Indivl~ 0{~ralsis ....h . ........known. nampIe 0I..n....IiYC health """""-... Iuw child dalbratcs.low krtility. and IItlNJniwNaI

primary and ...'<.'OIIdary <-'duc:ation lorfirU. .. lhallor malt\'~ KeraIa,for all itspr'OblonIll andiuIp(WMy.1wbe<:n 011. 01111. ....orld". _ vibrantd~.. (Jig. 22).

Unpile lho t<1-boocl<s, the nwrlllO103rds domoc:racy across aomuchoflJlc, wor'o:I in ""-""'II l"-..... tl\n'rion,

~'"th~~ of • changcwblclI. if tuSlOirK:d. 0:0<I1d IUr>damon·tolly ahcr lhc Pi"""""" lor dt.-.dupmenl ill !he~~ ohcad.But this illa~ relalionsltip. 1>O"lO{",acymakct. !he tuo/ain<:d acru...,menl orIIOcial ,II<Iili. more' UI«:Iy; and social

"'''''' tss makos lJICft likoly !ho.' ,;ur·viva! and dew""""..." of "'-'tDO<"J3C)'.As us Secrebry of Slate WIIt'I'<."<IChristophe- has put it "Ill.. IlUI1iIlO! IItltaoo<nld.. _ , Idh'_~11 AAtul ...tkoi, o/lUi/J to /itjT titiwu ""1

dnMcrtK1 roo/kli "

The poor

remai n poor

prilicipally

because tlley are

underrep resented

in political and

eC01l011l IC

decisions.

"

M any of flu

changes needed to

implemell t today 's

deoelopm ent

consensus rlln

directly

cO l/ n ter to deeply

en trenched ves ted

in teres ts.

After lour dIndeo of~ I

'Signi6caD1 proportion oj lhl- ......n.r.~~ in ~hlil1i' coollllllJJi.m inth<- 1WI>e of ....mo<l¥y. 1M~ of~rold warmighllogicallyhzvl.. brm......11 as III opporlWIiry u> devnte :aninmo~ I""'JIl<lTbon of tho$<> ~:IOI.Im:S 10 aociallOd f:COlI(Imic~_I in "'-' lIiaDjI IWiowI whffl,

the""""'" of~~MllongSUf'o'i'o1' beau.... .. l"-'I. lh<y lack theClpldty to tlcliYor~. &\lito..

Asynchromsm

TheadYantt andrefillmll'lll of<Iemoo'""Y .....y b<- the loml'lerm hope. bulthe immcdlal" problrmmull be facaI.:IlW1J' if not lDMl ol the d un,.,.r><edcd to implemmlloday'. dc¥elopIMfII roo ..,...... run dira'lIy """""'"u>~~Irenc""'" WSICld ............$laD...., todWlll<' by the military-indulllrialnlablisllllloMt in both indu~and~ counlrirs i'lIl <>IMou.and Iormidablc l'umpk. !luI in _k·ing to prot"'" puoit;on. of ~1atMO

~. comlon. and oocurity. psy.<'boIoI!iCIl .. wen .. oWcrilll the~ofthenu1itaryiono! in pnn.<ipIe dilk......'Il1 from the rniswKe<Iffered by~ landl>oldtn in "'boon[0 the JandIt.s<I, lhe mlddk rta..... inIclatioa to the poor, 1M illdulllrializo:<lnaIion5 in !Ntion to "'" dc:vl..-IopiogoaIion.. or ""'" in n:lalioo to -...for lhe~ aD ad»anu.:..Qllitkly~ no!WIWan'2IIt<'d 1I"iYl.lo!:eo bu l tl<pfcted 00fllll. And """'* ofthepcopk:~ thia~ aswrII.. """"' of lhooe inw"""" in ~. _!Won, are in OM way or~ bo._~ of priyi~ from which they.....,)d n<>I~ be ...-ponit.'d. n...'bo.'ttCN>ff ;0 the~ world •Iho!oe ...ho woukllose by lhepn><asof

~ IOCiaI~lUrn ''''''

lor the _ put """siderIbIy """""'utf than theiJml majority of I"'lI'k intheind~ 0Ilicm..

The OIIl<IlIjlIto implement to<\lY.ron""",,,,,. also faa:sIIIC'WCr problem.~ 1oa¥'!emI II'>Cial f'"lIs.

maoling minimum humanoeed.. ..,,,,.

iIijr tbe Inomt1ItUIO of pupu!alioo

i'U"I'\h. lIMl\'inJ!' "....ard. 10 mvifun..,."taIIy ""Olain3ble path uI dcvclop""-1lt -allof 1"""-' ouf!erfmrnone veryobvioouJ- disodvan~ "'hen ~ c"""..tu lnlIISlaIion into pr3ctiCIl policies.

f or tbey uouaDy rt'qUin' "'" kind of~ ofwhidI ~ can b<- said WI!be c<l!'I mlUlt bo.' bom<' now and lhebrnclia winnol """"" ""tiIlat,....AddiII the a"" 01~ >C1ioosagain" ....m thrcalSISlI:lobal ..-armingor loo-np;d IlOP1lalion 1I:J"'l..-th. 1Mprobk.'m is roJI1J1Oll11d1'd bot-.u..... thepin ..notonlyIoIU1 "'"" bulllll<£o"".Iorm of """l<'Ihln/llhal does ...... hapJIl'fL IIcanno! thcn.ofono b<- ex;>r<.'lt'd to.....iJth 0\"1)' hnvily in the ohon-IL.....,lIa1an<Io of <WIS and benclits whieh islhe basis ofmI>$\ political takulalion.

'Jhmo an: (O<I;('ption. to thi. pal ,

It:m: the prtI'o'ision of ek-anWlIll-r ""l>plH:oJ. kIr~.""" 0&....~",,1itiCIl ............... wclI u ~iaI<

beahh bmdilS. 1l<1l Rtnerally . >aI<.ing, lhe 'pain ODW. JI:lIio Iat,...' e~terislk of many of lhe .-..qumpolid ,:. is an """""""s haodiClp. fori1.. .__.,tally~.with II"""

_ Ioyslems 01pu~_ Evm jp

dt-root:r.ui< "J'SlnTIS. poIitiClll<aden,...ith on< eye 011 "'" opinion poiIlllIIIdlheOlhtr 0lI tho: cwnlllowD to ~It ll<'l<td<.'<1i<m. h."" ~nle ~u-.., '" ....,.....,poIl<ies wru.,h ioc>Ir political or finan·ciII «*f .-i\hin Ibcir CWIl tmtl orofIict, bul~ their benrfi.. onlytoCuton:~s. Similarly. t"" bo..tim IIld \'<>I1ll1l<niaI world II<lmIlllIyoperatH within reIa1M:ly ohon tiJlIc.fr.omt.. ft>r lh<- s=ni:IP: of relums <l<I

~L [L too. is IIK:rrlorr

u~1y to""",,". susuUnt."" inl<.n'" IIIinillatives tIIalod willi. th~ 'pain .........g.1in Ialtr' lobo:!.

ThU probIom 01 IlI)'IIt"hroni. mbc1wenI 1M time-r.-.rn., 01 lhe""IIIir<d pulitil's aod the tirnc-fnJ1It oftlIOOI ""Iicy rnako>rs "-",,,,",-"ills . srri0tI . <!IIlIengt! lO the elj>l<'ityof mod.". poHtical "ISlems '" cope with theworld'. mouoti"i' !ooz-lt:rtIl prnbIcrns.It is . problem wbkb canonlybro>memorek"IIte. andIII)' I'uno:Iarnental rtsOIution will require lIOlhing k... lbaa!be~I 01~""Ilbisli<aled

Rg. 22 Ketala factor'"weahh. thB Indian $late ofKeraIa fallsbelow thB lM;til\ll! for roa lIS ~

wI'dl!. n SlriaIIJtII18SS ~ is considerably llJJIea:IYarlcect AJtn;j with Kerola'1long mmwyof~"" oocial palm. l\W 01 thB mollpw.oertul filCltlr3 are~ UOOillCWl 01 PIlrlic~ deIro:racy and ~ nrq oornmitmaoll tel femalellllWIli(n Almosl all jjrls~le sau idal VlIS "'eUlIS primar,o educalm

Pel ~.pitIdom..lio Plod"~l

19911SUSI

m

~. -,

..

educat ion is tile

vibrancy of its

democracy .

Ou e Of the reason s

why Kerala is such

a well-known

example of low

child death rates,

low f ertility, and

lIear~u II iversa!

-J

•

- -

Women·l lif.upeotan·Y(I'' '''1

'm

•

••

•

•

•

•

-"•

P" •• ntag.oI~nupl•• usingfl mily

pll .....-.g 1991..P., ••ntag. of

womenIDrI' . 1991

••

Imlfll morIJliIVI!>O, l.em live bi:tll.1

'"'

•

- -,.

..,.

•

,

- -

• •-

,

•••

a

:1P.,ofllllg. '" gi~.

d,oppl"g OIl! at sehGDl,gf.... . i-s 1988..

..-_.._---_.... -

Afler years of

reports and

appeals, all

increasing number

of observers are

despairing of the

effi cacy of such

effo' 15 .

""""""ades and ,be C'<'<>lulion of a~in~ and lnvolvI:'llf",lblic.

Creeping change

To I Iimilt.1l Cllt""~ lh<,,,,,- 1WII fImda.",..,ta1 and related problems • of~ inttrHI and aoynrhroniom . <all

b<- cim"".","od by __IK'O~01\ gradual andi~~.

T;qcts can be oct for n'd~ inmiliWy expend;turn whicll ..,.mtINo pain lIVer IIWIY l"""" nllO thefuture. The<titeria 01\ whichaid '" afIo.calc<! cal ,I[rOdualJy be~ inllrvour III the poor in IlK' WJIl' ""'l' tIIlIIthey have~ chan,<rm. in tlIe 1!l9Os,to llrvour &"'''.....1 and the pmlo;'C

lion of the~\'ironmffIt Similarly. uerHtn>rIuIioi 01 hcaltb and cdUl'lolionbu<Igels can be achievl.'II .,.,.",.. poriod

oflime by IinlltiJIg (ullin!~\I~OIl u.nMTIirics or I>oopjtab and daroting lhf: l[reOl<.'r patl of aDYiIJcn,asI'Ilo

primary tehooh and to runl hc..w.dini<s. Zirn1>al>wc, for mrnple, has~ I~monuorium on..y_~lsin=tralbospiWsin

..ncr II) C01K'ePlr1le ~~ onimproving IUI3I hrahh clinlto and d;'"trict bospitaIs.~ Similarly, 1ndia;1 pro

grmYd}' m1l1<ing the p.:rc' ''f1Uti\"~rod"""liotIal spt~ aIlo<aiN tohigher- education (and thai bcnclitlIllIaiuIy \lie middle das$n) inonltr tomove lO'nrdl al 1f0:llba.x:NUClIl.ionand IiImlcy lor all. Over time. peni..Ie""" willi IiUCh polici<... 1311 "",non!the al1o<alion of rnoIll'reI: inMa1.lysia. '-hh poIi<y has t....n on.emcd Iowan'" the poor for 1"'0~ with lhe resuh th OI 10M:<income JlfOUpo 11010 1'eC':;"'" • """sid·<""b!y gmIl.:r :ill"'" of pubOC ItcallhcxpcndilUrCl !han do tile middlec~ Similarly. COOlI RIca h.. pursuni l poor~trdMaIlh polky",..".~ do<:adn, wilh :10' of ll<J""I1I"mml sprodina 1l(IW bn\<,fiting m.,IlOO"'"l 2O!i of ~hald. and only10lii beine~ to 1M rid~SI,"'-

Bill ;" !he l!=I =J<rily of the1tIOr'1d'. "",",oll'i<'s, a 1arltc l[I><.':llionmort< m\l$l ",.,.,w, ....... whellwroudI

~~.". 1ik~1y tobe ;"troduc..:l "" ...bcttk..- tt!<y an:~' of~abwt~ ..fundamc1l\al .. \!woe now~ •in<1u<IiIUI rtdUf1ions io milillrY t:tpn>dilUreS, Wm.'UH ;" 11K- n:s<>Um'II

lnilablc fur .....vifIlfI""""taIIy ....w..... IW~1cIpmm. the 1"f'$lrUCI"""1l of~~11ml :and of lid~ lhe eodinJl of w.mm;.rutIloo a,gairo;l \OIImefl :and girls, the""""'"'"'" of k..-tility lhrou¢1 boIhJam.ily pbnlling~ and tile kind of~'IIIl.'<It>l ill 1J"OIIIe'. IMo thai....,>1C' the clnire lor omaIk..- lamilko,II>d • rrthillkofthcumuSlaiooblc path

of ph"""'" beioJl' pufllUt.'d in the<"Slab'"""'" ilIdu!llJialil>o<l CCUIIm...

These are r:IIdkalll>d ~octIing

chaogM.. andtheyhaV(' btflltalltol forDIll by~ JfO\Ipo or ......... <7)'ilQliIllbo~ but by rnmmissiM.or n.-portlIll<l u.jl by 1M intl'nlaliunoleslabIi.hmnlt and iovolvin$! ..,.". of1M ....... ~t >lid ~'xp" ri" 'l<,,<1

ollol<.'lmnl ...d IIateswomen of wr"-

Yel ~ """"'" be dcnicISof such~.. and 1M ,..",stantrepetition III IIIXh "PP"alo. lhe iI<1ionthaI hall bc<"II t>k<.... i. in no WQ •(lillie. And all~ "umber ofobo<............ an:toxby~, and in"""'" r....,; franIdy orornfuL of thectfi·<:'¥:'f of tueh cfforta >nd ouch owe>l"-

Stl<h views ClUl be summed up inthe bhml~ of <>IlC of theC1Cpeno iIMled to comnblllr com". '''11 fu llowiDor tltc 1900 publicalionof the Soolh Cumrnissioo'. I'<."lJM n,Oallntl' '" Ill. Soolll;

"' klirw "'JStV lllal dr, _ 2fJJ"""" " N..u..sm.1JI 1'If')IUJ/WtI$ ....."", pitw '" N _ ~II ..r tffirariIJtts IIwI Ill. /Jut 2fJ :J'f1n. ... A•..~,..., "1M /ibmlb "....., du "...". ...ltd '" tUirctnflPffl'S r. "'.... 1'$_ ioIh ... _ of"lolly,itmia. IJI"I """.1"1 qff..,.... .... _./wU "XJ slpiliI'lll i tffitl I. 1M p.tlSt ,,",.,,1 hodml:J'f1n t:tL,~r I. Ii' ........ </ dlm1 bod";,,u,,1 ....bIi. hyIll' ppprrwd. " owl

ill#I1/ ""'" "" """" tJ1r<I_. '.The voict of many conll'mjl<l1'>1'y

cri1ic5 is~~ hmo. And 1M.......... tn the question it jlOS<"A • 1M

l/IIelIlioa of wheIher the cllan$:etcalItd for by today's Cllf\lltMllS on~\op<no1It i..-..~ tooradiooI andtoo r........~lIChing tnhave any challoo ofbeing put inl<l p",ctk e "" !he "..",.OilIY..-ale ...d ;" thefaoe of I'I"<""'iIinJl...sled inlrlbls - ..ill <kInmio< .....,.n .... or fai""" in the ancmpll<> makethe lnlIsitlon tn a susWniblo humanIillU,..,.

Onthe basisof hislory110M, oucha';"" l'aJ'lbe~od. It it olmply ouI

trw that, <M:r the1asIlICYl'f3l htllldr<1l,..aro.. .....,.-ts .00co~ and~ ......., ll'V"l'd incapobIe oflICh~ chaolit' in the dill'ction <i"'luily. .iustic<' and -Wdillg <t!........"Tk pn><'tSI t>f lIl/U~t and debak.and appnIslUrnsm.~, andmli,<dlteMd ...1J.in~ have pIajI<...t

a "'*""~ in the ,."",. .,.;"''''racism. l"Olonialism. ap;u1lIcid. and ;"the P'0ll 1<'$S "...;Ie ""'" """,Ill~ t.....ards "'IU&fily for """'K.1I.And ..'h<.'fl'llS;t;'; true thai the -tlim1offd~w ,.",b/iI'6J II/dl.oppmud"ha... aIwa).. ba.lIl"".lnlt."d """"'11 theprincipal eau...... of dUlllJl", it ;,; olso

truo. tl'.at lundamculal cbinge hasmany ti""'" been br'olulht aboutlJOI byvio\ene., and """,lulion but by""""""ratio: politital~ IhaI ha...rnnnrd 110 inteIliJl<"llt and r......w.tedrespon.. to the problem. of poverty

and~ NO! to llCCC\II thisis toimply that rapid and (U1>dam<flLalchall,lrem nnlycomc aboullllt'OIlgh an..-.vlutiorwJ~ of lhl: slatIIsq"" and aD its in.mulions. ThaI view.long~ held by man y ..110bo:6tv<.'d passiooa,te]Y in~, istoday <'OOoldenbly the till~lor~ beea tried. Invariably, theTnlIh has 1:lc<:tl the COfICI:Olration <i"" ....... inoo ,""'"~ hands and the..,lMIchitJg of Wla<'COIlnuble '""10""'"thar have faik'd eithertn~ b.uichwnan rights or l<J """" baoichwoan.-

AsfOf thepossibililifs Jotchang<, inthc ""ar (ullin:. thefinalchap(cr of this....,.., puts forward lhe oaK lO,ll:3io>lpt'llSimism. NtOW and t'llOl'1llOll<ly """'"crful fi>rt<-s forchangt~nowat_tIr.in the world. And Wy are~the rule< of the.(IIIOIC ofc1wlge ~8clI.

"

5 Unfinished businessof the 20th century

SIlNMJIXr: 1kt (jfim N trlitw: .n..J dwtIDt".,,,, ,...,a if ~11 tJ(Q ~~.,..,.

rh If> _ ,. -;'"'" i" 1M j"W..tujtM .... , ",r~... lJoa. IUft • . 0/11, ;"

Ill;'"01l<" ....1ild i<hol~. '" ....l. ~i/iL<J.'~"'Cti<tJ /wtl""'1- c,,..},jM/ltitll 1M _li"./", illtn'4S< i" ororldwUk prodlldi.. raptJdry lUI """. IIIilJI 1MllIdtJJtrioJ ,.,,,,MilA, dru </ul.,. I" rJu " ouIhfyi ..g >IIriaI.IJt~ IIaf~ i/ /J=ib/r'" p.llIo. b<ui<~ tJ/progmsa/Ill. dis/lM'll tJ(aIL CImlplni", tIoif moI.h'""is lit n /i"isku kif tldu 2tJr1o "'lIl",.n. .......... lIw' "" arllWmJ",~" i. rjif otrwggJ. Iulot ""' ~tabo., ", lUI' iwril<J1Jh /Qrt. tJ(iuu.., ar /lrIlJllJloD. hi'" a rf!<JrI· 1M

Inf", fJ'''"'''''''' /Ir.o. ", Ptq{J/• • II> ....Itt _U/J",am. 1<'i1ll1lli""JIri", rnf>U'fl. 7),1"001_",,",. _ "''i'T••~ aft-ph ;.lIIif~if lilt I>tst Illl"../fJr j",.,J"",, "IGJ tIuz"l'.1M j",p/nrnJi., 1IJdat' tkM.>p_ _ . atU!prbriqi", ll'Ilal IIIat .. iW.,wilJll" du bn'ods oI rdull "'. lit di1u.

T ho: cI'Iim. \Q odnJl<'e00JCiaI~O$lllItIll wi to makt lht m<llll

bal<ic b""dil.$ of PlOjpUS avaiboblc lUaD. ;" a COlI... which. in varlou. formt"Iw inspim!1lIftI and """""" throo.JRb.0Ul lhe IlItL But it is I cauoe whichbas <lillyb<1cuo l<J Rain !llsI>Iil'icaJlllnlclion in Ih.. C\."nuy. And ~ i. W. hFrlorial CIlntm which ill 11K- SlrOIl,I(nI

.'1/IUII<..1 "ll:ainsI~i"",-F.". tell !hyu,;;md y<:arlI, dvil $O(j.

tin haVl' ah_ inv:ltW>iy "':"11SlnI<1ur«l by. ond lor the IJrincip.aI.....,. fit 01. " omaII~ or1lWmcmbcn.. And fQr IJlOlIt of thotie lrothousand~ (hill ",,",c of.ofbin; has

bc.'<'Il1'fOlllO\ed .. 1lOnlIal. rwwat aocl~. Codifyinj: Ibi. trndrncy in"famoWl book lIM: 19lJl.a:ftlwy llalian....hulu Gectano MMC:I I'IOl..d,

-" 111(>111 IN 1'lI-'1 fioIf:s G~d I",,·

dnu-its ~I 0'" IIJ~/nodi~ all /''' IIh'·

",I "'iO~;''''''"'" is'" 06'..... lJIal Iluop""",,, '" llu IIIBSI <IISllal".. /~ 11!1-uli... ''''' d4sw rI~ op"",-o<1= tJuu ..Ia OU II <Ia# lJIai .. ..IdTIr.fi r$I r/olp ·lI!lI'QJlIllot Itff _~..trtIO<J

• pnfimou all p"'iJkal /I<"<ti,,....IIIO""P"'ka /'<I'«' aU ~ IJI,

"''' .UlI'' Wil PIIw.w bri.,. . ..tr......IJI. surnU. IJI, __ OM"""'" <1=,is dirMtd alfd .....,1'OIItd 1>7/J1t jim, i .

a ...,,,.,, Ural u ""'" ""'" '" 1m1qaJ, _ ""'''' II' 1m amI",,, alfdoi<>It>d.-.

Ollly "ll:a1nSl llM:bad 'llnlUl>d II r~

asloIlishinsI~ aJ>d hi","';'cal du~1ity o.>l these -_ . 1 factsa~d ttodnrits- <."all \be O<U: or !hi.""''''rio...hicv<menl~ be ........

Almo,;t ~ previouo <n lor~. WO\IId ""... f<lIlnd ab><urd. iflIOIlreaoono<ls. lIM: IlOlJan 1ha1 socitI~

Mould~ oryanizx.'d in lilt inlerell$ of!he IfWIY. or thallht benefit. of \u>ovoi• should be~ by all. InaocicIIl E«ypI. in p"--.:olonial lndill,and in Eur\lPl' Ihxn tho daY" of !heIhuid. '0 !he end of1lIe MiddleAge...the wrillctl I&nguage, and I<"l"tSS to...,ijlliw. l<:llts. ~ ddibo.....lcly ~stricted in <Jr<kr to~!he stanJ.and p""-er ofthd ew.

Uolil C<:>rJll*'lIM:ly n=nt tilllOl!hal power has ......... bttn allo""l.'d '"lI'3vt'1 Vft)' far Ihxn !he em"" of :my1IOcic1y. E""" lIM: ",k:b,al"d dirN1

democracy of 5llk"n'ury All""" " '""

a ll'I""f1Immll>! the 6..... by Lhc 1<.....ror!he r..w. wilh ""~ and "" V<IIcfor -..rn. for nlanua.l\abou...,..,., C<>rfrtt n..n withulll liIIllido..1\1 ~'I1y.

.... for thc oo.OOO ·~.ooo ....... andchallCIs who U1\<led 1M cndIe of00n0cr.tcy. i\Imool 2.000 f""l'lla t<T.in tIK: new Atilt"" ul R.,.w1ll<all«!Fk" ",,,,,·. _.,. and~ """"also <'I'lI'IC.'r'1\l<'<1. <"«'Pl for !h<.'bricl<'>l of 1I'-1"iod.. in lhe IIands of 15O6uniJi<,. ...no- oombin<'d .....oaJtI>",('<'1.'11,:<1 thatarM of the ~1ormtilll'

c.iti>1'fl1Y: onlym..... 0( -.milt> attd sJd>.rsafl'«" cuuld hold<>Ili<r>. and thoy did1lO""" Ur~ "",t{il aftJr. rid auPO""'"1"1 01 tA.~ of rlu Pi'O' a~d

Iowl1."' Similarly. in 1M FranceDfth~EnlilIhtf1llrltl1L tbto ido.'a tJwthe ll\I$S

of til<" IJ"Ollle t'XisI.d to """'" the >tareandi\lrcUte ...... n:IIo<'led in kt6:ilalioothai~u~mpled lh<' land0>I'I'Iing nobi1iIy from Wtts bIlt forcedthow who tillo<l 1M bnd to IJOY~than a qu:llW' of Ih,... il\COlllCS tolinarI<c th<-wart..IM~"" and U....d~t'aUX of[/" .we."

Divine sanction

Such <Xtn........ of <'Iiti.m ......... mail>Iain«l nOi ""If by rom: bot by an1IfId<orlyin.q <'lhlc 'O'Itich ""'-'Rht to ptI">

_I thill oW,' of albin .. divindy"l'P""'<"1. China'. mandarin. iu"'ificdIhdr~ ",Ie "" tbto~ thaiIb<:y alone cwld in~ lhe will o!the l/I>k 1<1aJnk~ IQw: eomrIi""", ;"..,l,,'d thc same principle 10

julillfy the=lusiorl ofthe 1I'-"U\IIc frompartici;>olioD in lI"YftTI......t; and \on,o:1><"""" thc Brilioh roj Illrnlpli'd 10lWthen~ illl t1l1o in lnd~ with !litSlanlp of dUly and rr'ligion. HinduCUt,.. had re6ncd thoir0W1I m<.1hod.ofensurin,l: lhat 1M~ordc"' kntw

thd, place.

Iiom 10""" in dirK! contrldiction10thc lO(l:ll ba9c u-.rhiJlgl5 of rdipm.such class divisions h_ insislod onthei, divino: 1tgitima<y.1he Chril'tian_.lornample.1w otIt'l1 bemcomJplod10""I'Ve the"ridI au".,.....

'"' til 1M~ afrlu /I<ff au 1<ntIj'and to lot !he Jatt..,. know thai Lhcir

ink'rior 5WWl >rail ordaiDcd by God: inSunday o«:baob and chorch""tItrooJIhwltM ChriotiarJ 1"or-ld loday.~ favwrite hymn cootinuClito " 'mind!he faithful thllI. -n, ridI ""'. i. lriJrtUdt. tJr. /I<ff ""'~ ol.is ",It , C<NJ",,,,1IItIII oJJ Urri, >IolUno. 004utrkmStJrri,tsMlt.""

nu. idoaofaclaM born to rule, andtoCIljoy lh<-n-by a virtual monopoly ofprmlell" ond~ b..u ounived inone form or lIIOIhcr • ariswent """'"pea>M~ while race ~ black.l'.u"'PC"" ov<'" AsiIrl and A6ican."..,..,.<>Ver "","",,", malt ""... fomalt ·l......, throuah !he 2=1 b1>cr.ll """"""lionsof the modmI ....1he AmtrlcanRoMdutioo of 1m; IcfI. obntr:ry inunn.. F~h ~liun of 1789""""cd /'101; /'Ioly indkU1~ but.. ..MIII'lI1 COOljlIaiIK"d in the: 179Os, in then.~'I1Il.'nI of an arisl"'-ftC'l' of birthby an arilllO<Tll<}' of"",aIIh. AI'ld io thefollowinJl _ Iury. !be ir><k'l><-ndc.......•IlII'l'o'eme1IIlI of btin Ammc:a broughlto P"'""'" '''''= '''''1'115 whicb. io !heword. of hiolorian EmiUo V"lUUi <bCosaa, -1iI<M "" """""~II/ 1M ...... afIlr. /IOPwWiJJtr, ...... tM, /toml 011IIdnliUd:~ Similarly, ~tu'Y

1InWI"," ,pn1ll colonWi$ll1 inAfrieaand A:li& ImV<' r>1l<'Il.~. as R:ajolKo!h:ari has writll.... -ill "" ....". 14<1. 0

lrIlqrio, ",. />OW, fro.. D.. Bilt Ii>alOD/lrtt. '"

Unfinished business

Only in this _tury. and particuW-lyin the: last 50 yr.'aJI" have thcoc '"",.w.'/otGou ,..d••dlS" btlNn 10bI'........~

!l;>!f . m llury &gil. QYtf 50 nationsin Mrio::l &/'ld A:li& wrrc r"\Ilcd fmml.ondon. I'ari.. llsbun, f1", ...,\s. ....The Ha,;ue, HloH a CCI'llu ry agu, theNalio<Lall'arty was about 10 introd_lomlal &jlIlI'thcid in Sooth Africa. HaIC ._lury .",. rommuniorn, whkh !wilU!lQituU'd tht party '" tilt da... that.... born 10 rul<. .... ....bliohingitsclf llCl'OSS Eutl:m t~ andbo.'llioning illI acIvaJ><:e inlo many ....1$

of !he deftloJ,pinJl ""I>rid. ll olfacr.lIlUryiIJIG, WOI1lCll in FmItt and Japan did

Half a cen tury

ago, over 50

nations i ll Afr ica

and A sia were

ruled f rom

London , Paris,

Lisbon , Brussels,

or The Hague.

The ulI derlyillg

ethic that has

endured for so

much of human

Il istory is clearly

losing its grip all

human affairs.

•

D<Jt have \lit: ri.lrhl 10 vole. And IIalf •Cfnlwy ilg<J, I<Tlm mud> of !heUnilcd SU,u:a. a hllck~ rouldMith... VOlf!. ...... """'" on I ju ry. nore3I in ctrWn I'I."<W1ml\$. nor omJp)'• bu 1 if I white _ .....-...As on ovmIl in<llc>tioII of thill~. ~ .-d only t.. lIO'.cd thai 50)'NrI .., <m!)' I .....n propwtion oftho.>wor1d'. people ttad • Wlri' on YlIlcin Ihe~ 01 thuR who~o."m.d,hem: today, the prop>rtion !ln ri"""'0 betw1.'m IWf IIId threeqlllflers.

Many S<.ociI1iI-sarc !liD dMd~ inlOunamlUotable n.lcrs' IIId UPl:<lll'l<.'O\·inJl ", led. Many more remain divilll:<:lin!<>~ lew and~mIrly. In nlOSI. the basic benefits ofpo 01'C'9ll1IIYl' IlOl Yd bttn mad~ avai).

able 10 !he~y, Noll<'thelcss, on<:

"" ,dd have to be "'" jwt I rynic but In:duilC to dHIy that this lI$IN:>Id ordo<:1"is b<:i"iohakca ill our limK. N I minimum, tho WIdmyiog <thK: that lias"""u"-"<1 /or 1lO mu<h ofhunw> lIiiilnfyis cItarly looOng its grip "" II....."~ thcre is b2rdIy I -w:ty in theworld today wlH..,., the idel of • cWsthai .. born to ndc. atI idea dcfmlIC'dby monI philosoph..-. and puIiticoI~ from ArioIolle (0 Cllln'dlilL isaro.'PIcd .. ri.IrIll. Of IIOImOl or ill theIl'hm.of~·.

Nor .... thi. ehoni<' b<'<'fI canlinedto~5 in prindple. Made~e by • III2>lSiYc IIId caotinlllnJlin£re.... in w<>rtd produ<live capocity.lite ide. that !he aim of progr<'IS, andof lfO""'mfIIClIl is 10hmclit the moJorrly olthc pooopIe hao, in thesro>nd IIalfof this <m1llfY. broIJght mor1IIOII"

practi<al rhan.o/to (fiR. 23),A~ lik""""'Unry i" lhe<lcoc1oWw ollioo. ·thai Il""ful alml ll>Sile mraure ofimp,.,. "",c,," in iIIcomcs ond "ou;.lion. health core and cduation - IwIWci t-.llrom~dy4llynnin 1950 l<l 62 y....n by 1990. CbiIddnth ratts hI.~ IIIlen by ,_ third..from around 300 10 100 per 1.1)))births. Adull Iittra<y '"Its haw: d0ubled 10 almo.. 7Oli. Sma1lpw<. whirhki1k." IPll"'xiID;llCly 5 million 1" " IJle I~... in the....ty 1950s. Iw bft" end·iraIM. PoliG. <n<-a>les, malnulrition,

mkronuuitnl dt/kiondt", and dju

n.o.,a! di....,.,.. iU't' btinll' bn~.

0vn'IIt concluded 11M: World Bank in1993, -Ma!tIr _diJiCU """"" lktJI'Orld .110", i..pmwd ..""" i. rJr, P/l#4(} ....... 1M . i. fill <t/p~ b",a.killMy.-

Th..... ldlio."'<'m<'IIts W(n' but I.n.;g" -..II... the Unil<d N:dianJ waI<

founded. In 1952. lilt Uni,," NationsR~ "" Ur. World SMMJ SjtouninhcraIdc. world ""'" lK.oing mdeUfIC."lid CIldof\led tht- hope ofthe hillwrilIn Arnold TO\'Ilbf:<, that -u.,. 2QtiI

....IlIIY IriIi b< dli#JfJ ......"'I>t>rd i./will'" ....hlrits "", as a. '" <t/~ili.<almtAirb or I«bi<r>1 i. ".."tWu. h I<D ao aui. I<IIrjell ...... -m, damJ

'" Uri"'" 0{ /Jo. -l/iln '" 1M ..Iwkh ..... "~'"~ 01"~ ab;«tiw.-'I'lifficull II it mayb. lu imoRioe fromm. day.-Iq htadlines.. ~'mlvieww... thai. tho: last 50 )":'.... h......len", mll<h to jII.ufy this prop1>cq,

Sea change

'TM! i. !he hi~ <:ontC1\t of thtlllnl l!l/le for dcv<:~1 tho< n ......I\'IIChin.II ouch. cri<iuI..-. And thepartic<>1an of thai. 'IlNilI1c . includinlrthe $<ftioR of flOOlo for the~of ehildreol .".J the Ill'''''pl 10 bringJliCh :Il~ illl imtmwizIlioo. bookbcallh can-. farnilyploonitUl, "'11<1" and....i!ation. ",. prilnll)' ""u<Won l<l oncommWlilios . .... pm of the 1ll<'fItIll10 ratTY Ihi. ItnJggIe lhtouj:b l<l itsC'OIIlpktion. They "'" the awUfcoU.tion of the idcol that tile II105l basicIdvlll~ 01~ ohuuld be PUIat the dioposal of a/l: and they .... thecmbodimml of the prirriple \hal S<lriely ohauld b. orvnizcd in 11K: imcf'.tots 01 the many I'Ilb..- th.an !he ,.".,.

CompIc<iIlJl: thi1 historic prort3S i1the t hief tUtfinioho!!d bu........ 01 !he20th CfnlWY. And on \>III" ou<-'C<.'$O orfailure will dt-pmd theoutcome of the,....,.. opinOl 1irrlI!!. Only if (h ;" cau>JC it"""" throuJd> to • conrluoion in thel'CITIl imm<"Ilia1C1y alK.'3d will it be .,......ble lor tho worid 1<1 rope with theproblems of papulation J(I'<J\'"th. <.1lVi-

Fig.23 Progress in basicsThe effm tomal<8lhe most baSIC benefits01 prowess a'li!ilable to311M

achieved remarbble restJlts I~ theha1f<enlUlY sinal tile founding 01 tileUnited Natioos.fewreliable 5li11J511CS are il'IiIilable frlIntIlll940s,blll theo;/I;Ins bekJw $lIIVI1aI'ire theP'0ll'e5'5 Ih;n has been nllIde in the throo

decades from 1~ to l!l!1l,

_ ..._ ..10'''-.1"""",.-.._.-_.._..-..- _ ..""' ....-""..- ..-."-~..---

Avefilgenumber of children '

•••,,

•1.. 1M 1" l"'l

-~-

Net primary school enrolment

•••"-"••"• 1.. 1m 1. 1!1!11

--~I- II_-

Health conditions

across the world

have improved

more ill the past

40 years than in

all of previ ous

human history.

- .._-_ .._---_....---------_..--~_._~...~_.._-

It is the power of

concerned and

committed people,

and their

organizations, that

call bring what

needs to be done

Wit/lilt tile bounds

of what call be

done.

I'OIIInenw dettriotaIion. social disinl.,.J:Tlllion •and m. c~ 01 8lIStlinina: new~ (pano,lIO).

The hillOl)' 01 !hi, lllruAAlf, als<>I(ac~ m. OM olHmportalu ItMonfor Ihe baltlo;,o Ihal >lill1i<! ohmd . For

Ilw:~ th.ol J>:M,btco ..,hio-vcd'"' far~ notbeen ~hl.'ooul byany aul<>nWic ip'l'O<! of!<rlInololo' orby OIly ineYilabl<' 10m:ofhiSlOry Thr.y

have~ brouxht ;Woot by I rooscio<J. dIU" w make monIily man:h";!h <apaOly. As Martin l.utlkr Kin8"~d 01 thecivil riJlhlJ 5llUgg\t-.

"Hw"u,.~ iJ~ " wit>IfUJ/ir . ,,. j"";Jabk 1':," n .../VtftrinlI«Jk nl iislorJ "","If /lin, . 0 r«inI04,."," YOlk i. .. tit. ri«If <fi"ttIi,nMj/J, EM'} Sltp """"ntr ,.,., ..Is<fjWin "~wjm stlrI'i/fl't. .,.",..i.,. nlld rIr. rim... ",mill... <1M

pauimJ<ll. "".tt'''' <f tkdi<nmlbfdjritlwllJA. " "

No he2vicrwci.dll 0I1ndi1l<>n. ondno ........ d«ply ""1r\'IlC'bod ..,.001intcrnts,for~,~ft'PI'beenanayed againsl P"'fI'"SII 1lwl thoocthai ronfrorIIc.'<! thr aotiooloni8l """'""""'IS ollhis o:>:'Otul'Y orme WOIlltIl'._ and thr eminJnmc<lLal

""""''''''''I 01 30 l'NI"f ;wu. Yl'l Ihe..",. id/.'afl!impl'riali.....~~Iw b""" ....·..dI..rcd o_npu.bk.Similarly, Il>e . n""""",,"nw andWtl<JleIJ' . ~1S hzvto madeprt>gre>'O. pnlgI'KIl i:J auiludn. pol;c:y,pno:tieo:. amiin' . lba1 o:wld ........iyhr<.. been~ ill • limo. "" lew)'<'2n ogo, VI'hen the early SIlppor'lt'nl

fl!~ n"""-"'lmU were di.missedby Ih<: e>Ublishmrtu lIflh<: day.. mill'guided .xtremi.u on the frill)«! or\hepaliti<al~

No1l"JIm'S"" rapid CflO\lJlh i:J lhe!lire of inju1llice and discriminallon. orwlK:n tho:ph~ inl<¥rily oflh~~

~ io 0........ liIrt'Il. &1 by any ru.t~ Sl8Ot\atd$.~ io O1li1t>dcand ...-tioo. i:J Ibeo<.o lWO """'" hovebeen both profound and C'l<traonlin.";Iy rapid. And 1~ have beenbrou.<tht about k.... by 'n...."'''''..1othanby pcopk:'. """""""'t.. by • .,.".pIe-Iro ilC1 ctwIIlt' in polbIic P""-"tP'tiol>$oI whal "' and "' not o=pIablf, inhomanaflairs· and by.co~

c~ in tilt ~...rdl'lllOCr"tic politirallf,......" as t<> wJw C<>IISIitotl'S g<><>d palitics. And as lhc>;c

mmpin show. ~ ia aixwf. 011 \h.,

~ 01 colX'tfTlt<! and con"niu<:dJlO'<lPIo'. and lheir- O<Ranit>IIio.... lba1<.'2n brinlr what ~. In ~ """"wit.hinJhto bounds 0/what<.'all be<Iono;,_

Nl'W forcesfor change

If this i$ ind<'<>:I t!u' kIo'tt thai <.'2n ob~

malely brinJI aboul lhe. n~c~ tho... 1OC balanc'e may ......... b<oohif\irijI in • ..,.;u.., din:<'1i<>n. ForIhl'roan' today ''fK'OU~ !<igns, ina1mool .all COUIItrW, that w" an.' ""1<....

ine- • ..,... on of Pf'<I\lIl:'. invoiw......,,1in po~tio:aI and """,""mit chal$. Inthe indostrialized Wl>rId. <am1JliJmslor oocial ond ""vimnmenlal <all"""J>:M, betn raIk'll ..... 11/ tltt ptJl<'/JIilldtutrits .,. tit. wit """,rinll ""tit.,.... In tho, 1l"Yclnp"'lI world. tlo<"""of.....h~t. has bfJffl "-"'ffi

"""" Mltraonlinary. lltimulal<'<! bycommwOCalioosI<'C~ and bythe lnrnJ'onnalion mllOcial <'al*ilYdoo1 has a1n:'ody b<:en~. thrnumb<.. I>f Pl"'-'l'lc·. mov«I"-"'lS ondlIOIl--lf<""l_W~ Iwris<.. .-pidly ill aItnoat aD 1Ir<o:~

COIlnltin........r re<'<nt )'NN. i\lthwgh!hi. ",""""""t is imp<>$llible '" quan.tify, ~"" the_ rurl~"'-'of .'tIli"""'" "'llIl'..S1. Ihal m. nUQlbeno 01>IlICh lU""'1l" ....... doobk.'lI", """" in!he btsldecade. And ..~ the .fa<l: q". in .. manydevriopiOJi: ""'...tril... the """;""'-" 'ononUc indicatonoond tht Iacts 01 P""fl1y. ddll.. .""0llU<'IW1ll adjuslmco~ lllO}' b<: '*""'-'lor pcsoimi"",- tlo=- i. ill the """'"time I grcal '""U1IC liJr IKIpc in lh"~ ill !he mi<fO.l<:wl of thou·WIds of ,groop5 IIId organizations.wh<:lhcr thcir ·..,h is loc IlciJ:\lbour-hood or- tho: ti"". thaI .... worl<ingIor~ .

Th;, 0'OWIh 01 ~', iffl<>Ivemenl in the ~le lor"~ hasdetp fOOl.. It io l'<l<>ll':d in tilt dnlma\icinnn.<oe in~ capto<i1y ",hichIw """""" up .., OlIpr. ......'k1l1<'<iIy..-ide!/llP b<.1.......'O !hl' ....,.ld 1$ it i. ODd

tho world "" ~ roWd ~ And II he"",,"Il<llogi<:s haw oprmd an ........,.,.,.. of~IC IlI<ldm> wo:\d, ill! poBSibilit6 andito~ to "'"'-"Ycomllllll>ily OIllh~

Jt:\ol>o', prtJI'tJI<in$l the ...mparisoo..

aIluwing 1M i."I~t'lD'-"'''' <lI2n.ltin8 111<:altiwdt.... htoj¢U"';ng fruot:alion..holdinll" ou' Yioion.. <Tl"ating a lit....

o::ap;ICity for 1"''''* l or"", """;bl< orebclng~ as Il"Olll< find • newlIOIidariJy aDd a r.<'W COllfllkoo: intrwir...... riJ;:htallld .bilitn 10~pal<: in Ih" ~""""I of~r ownaIfaint No Iolu:er aT<' p"",*, wiIIifli 10I<'l"'<'PllholllO<'ictico should 1><:.., orp

rUzed thaI~k~. """righl:l, slmJld ~main Irw III<lrIQjlQ/y afthd "w.

n.c.-r., "''ill be lhase wlto <Ioobl",heth", ..,}'thinK :III~. "an1><:. majur r...m for"hlllJ!<'. But in the19900. 1My mustask lhemse"".. whyit if that mo:.hllionuy~~

be<oon ............'11 in l.alin Amttica, inSoulh Mrica, in Ceolnl and Ea>temYoUrtlP". aDd in lho roonlritf;ohhc fur·m.:r Sovict II"."" U\'t'1' ... lillie timeond with "" Uttklr.ln!<illooal~.

They must ask !IK'ml;op1\ti, for mmpic. how likely i\ II'IIUId have ...""...j

"-11 l"'at5 ~ Ihal the BI:'rtin WaIlW<IIlId"""" fal1l11d lhallhe rold '11';\1'

W<lUld suddenly """"'- 10... e<uI. AndIhry mitlh' ask themso.'''''"' also, howrealiMio: il .......Id ha.....~ tha~

within Iar Jeos tIwI • dcca<k.1'n.-.idc.1I1kch WaJ"sa 'O'O<lld he ",-lI d·int • ", I...wam of ronvotIIlolloo 10I~al NdsmI M~

In the 1IUl, """h~ ror~ h""" u/tc.1I """" ~ with1\llfI.'SSion. BIn in~ n.'('<.11\ andpnIItIinrnl~ ItlXC"""!ldM'S<>f tht: t>Id <l<der t.- rffiized I/u.I~ if brtwling .1eu andless~~ And opin, it if tht:po....... of ~unicaWns that hMlIlI.W11Ilw oppressive rqimrs ore IIlI

IoIlgC'r quite to~ I" "'" a<bilnuily.or in !IOO"«Y, or wilhIm""n~y, "lIaiMtita1atcd, inarticuwe.u~"Il ....dun""'pp"l1<'d [l<'OlI1<s.

!--maIly. it __ld IlOl he illn<>ml

that""'" pressures Jorch;angc "'" oIsa~ 10 emerge from within lhoifIdu5ll"ia1ilcd worIcl. In 01.- all oftho ....,1IlIIllicalJy~'II natians."'"'" it • palpabk.' and~ng~.

k'ly aboul lho """"'I tro,i<~"'Y ofprogn..'llf • ""-'0 10 !he rank. of llwocwlto rooId be Aid l(I be among itlIprinripaI bfnclitiarit.... Failh in suchprojIl\"SS, sa <'Iidcol in tho 1!l5l>o and19f1(ls. lin hr<.11 joltal in lh<: lastdcaldc or to by I"", fum... The lim is• oprc2<Iill,l/ rral inl;"" tIw <UrTnl1

pilttem. ofCOllmmpOOn and poDulioo"'" crMronJl1t1lWly un"",suitJ.bt...The-.>ndIS . ~pfm.""'nIlw """" Il"Oll"t'S ;, also filling 1ubring with il ~I funhtrimp"'''' '',,,,,,I> ill tk quoJily of lifr forIarJt:e numb,:n of people. Thr cstalJ.IW>ed i"""!IlriaIUcd n>tiarts. Ih:oIsmallgroup of !hi': ""'"' aflhJcnt sac:t.<'ties the wt>rId has~"""" . an' saQ..m ..11m!: ab90lulC lJCI"My~a probk.-m.w~ ""';(\cnlun~is rontrl\QJ\ C'VeIl~ the rclaIMolywclJ.off, aod ..here-.ocial aod "",""",.mental problnns. &llm ain.. 10familybmkduwn. from """'tal in.- l<I

druJr abusoP. from poUulloo to """,talS1n'Sl, ""-' all ~'II1o be iII<:f,;......

iog. "~~ iO/<l~/Itt"" ""'idt ......""'" ntd /iocxorably.. the20th .....luty '-'<In\l'S l<I an ""<I. thr """bilitiesfor briaging aboul fun_olal

c~ "'" oflm o;;dk'Il fur and ""often~. ore !h~ no Iungcr" '''lOlC. Inasmuch "" anything in tht..fulure is ......... d .... to tht:_~ it is

clear Ilw lUndamt'ntal~ I, 01....Common cause

Diversity aDd~'" t"U1JtJJlittn<1l110 • tbausaod indiridual o;;lIuon •

No longer are

people willing fa

accept that

societies should be

so organized

mat progress,

knotoleage,

(HId rights,

should remain

the monopoly

of tile few.

•

Pln,I10

._._._-----

._- -- -._--'-...._--._ -"- _.._--_.._ . _..__..---_.._--

._ 0_ __..._...._----......_--_.._ .......-

. "'_ ._a_--....__ ....~---_ ..a_._._~_...._._ - .._..._-.....__ _._-_..-_....-....._._..._...__ ...-----. ...- ..-------- ....h--_._-

I NS TA BI LITY

.' -_._.__..- ...._--..- ..._---.. ,._---------~--

."'--- _.._-._.._-._- _....__.._..-.._._._..._-._..._---- ---=

....__ ...--""'---_..-......-....._-_ ...--_.._-

.._--_.__..........- ""..,., I¥" . _.-.-".._ -. ...

security• •

CriSIS

ThePPEspiral:andthenew

Last yea-"I Slale afthe

Mri1SChildren repcttdj:lOJSSl!d theIIlteractilJlbetwee!l pcMlrty, pllIXllaliongrowrh, and erwironmootaldetelioration, To stress theinseparable natln 01 theseproblems, tilt repon usedthe term 'PPE piltiei,•.Thisyea's rlIlXJI1 SlI_

m 1lltnel'IIll8'eatU.rJI.urty lInats arisesIII. 1*1. from t!le-_1ftpi_141f'd~;nl

pcIifical lllS1llbilities ThediiIpm!dlelrlalires the.......

wb<tber k bf, llw Al1lS aisit or tbo,."",<OlioIlvlloail c... io orW~ vlbt:olsor w pn>

It'diaIII ofWllllll:ll/nlm~. isIMhaImIr" 01 the ......- _ ill

"",,*'1" 1m" lluI is tbo doid'.... lor1lle~ IkII if k is 10 bf,~'Ii;:;"", .lhad, lIZ..co T ,c6iaI dIDIIt. -.I lII:IbspOl.b1ubu .. ..... . '......... M1Iio ' oI lha w=.=_.._..- ......._ ..... _ of tbo baIit prob-

.... ',It.. Ibrit- • Z·( ' '''''-Ci..~ .. 11 is rol Iha tbo

.... .. lht ..,. of thildtftllbooIW __ 1bo ,.. CIIdO

and__n'J of.m. _-.IJll'OIIlt" ,..... 1M ..",.. t1W:r.

I't.-WIc --.. .. the """"'"... IIlfIllaI. aIld~ dndcJp._ viall dIildn:IIiro the ..,........

of • botltr lui....,. !he md and 1MIllWlf ot &.....-Iopmen~ thl' ""'Y bin·dfIioIl lor lC'CIIIOOIic do.'Vciapm<onl.-w <'OhcIion, and political lllabili (Y"And unltllf lhi. in-...enl ill made, allof humanl(y'. ........ fulldoJrllmtal~"

l<.'ftI1 .,...,bItmo ..m ....,..., fuI>;bmcn."'--~lhe lW\kuIar ""uoe, bf, iocWllOOQK1 or h....... ri;hts. dewt-Iop_ or equll:y, .-.ltr oquaIiIy or

~~tbou-m.

dCi<''' 1tiII." of dIiJ...... iocaJlnollo ' 'krm .........

Sla'\iIoJ ... lilt bai< -' optcik....af-.ML btalI:b,.. Iw . "......... ....,. ...........dborlheiolu " ... , "). dot' _ 111~ ..,.lht

I t ' fII. _w.......01 ,..... 11'1: _ ~ C «-......d m-. ill ..-ra,•• __ _ par-

tinalw ....... mil ill *-' :ail 1M__lIIlht...td..

'" doe .-. ..,. ..,. "- bt'tII........... InIlII tbiII iINaIe b1 ill.. .... ; , ..,. 1ht idtathM......w.e the.... lOHds lllall dIiIdml illOO dimnak. !lIII .. and I0I:l

u" h"'''' • IaIilIO be achie'.tod in tbtiItIIlvdlIIt'lui...... And CII>l' ofthe;rntIa.hofw~.oo~

~ """ tbiII _ is to dil<p<l--~ ~ \e<1·*Cio. lorl'lCl6AI: dIIdmI'l II<ItdI .. ttllIlitd1........ _Mftdr .. Z I. Tht____ is "'JldJ' ill ...... AcwI

lbo:~ ... is """' ..r:;bkill IdoIiooI .. wluIII ' ".... III

... in IhiII~ II ""' """"~

.-d b1 moW. ID.rP.... =IUS1CEF. for , I' dill ....._111"00·$' ....--.. .......ill the a ,d .. Xc k.. _' liFe....... . due · ..., I' . C<INa _ . =1.111." ............--.. ....~,. .. tbo Worids.-it for ChiIdfto.~ "" III therqicwI of. ' ( . ,ol $30 biIIioo 10

StO biIioa • lft'", two 1llrdIIII-.taidID;Juld.- n...thedt,. l .. · ...___lIit'o lbov_ lo The ..-Id~....... IhaI:l dUo plI)'ir'lI .... TheUaitrd So/(of "'- of !hill biJI would

bo: "' lhon is """"~ naUonally, ...idYcttillinlt toblltro. The~_halbtfft kno1m Itl mobilize$30bilIioob" . oinll\c mojor l.'OIlllll'U<lion proj«.'I. • dim, • lurmd 1/1 IiJ1lOl'l~.. find tudI .....,. ... mal·

Itr ofCOIlI'W!: the Unit<.-d sw....""""""S25 biIIioa ')'lW 01\ ill prison III!l"Iite__;" Gftrr>IIl)' 60ds....... thlII> S30IIiIm~ )'OW w ..- the IOciIIconof /'t'lftifk'Mion' 111* is IbuulIO

m-~ 1nI timn •mudl itI • 0$IIiaII Iibre _ ..........

lbe_~,·

MtftlIrt~". Dtte\k &0",,_....... --.. ........... 1Iri"~MoitIa~_ --...Thr

COlI of a ... .-on ........ ......-. __ ioI ~..... =1..-...... : .ofPllo......bo:...,.adI__ $3O...

...,.... DooolIle II:~ is llill _ ~the-W~.....· T.... II:~

iodbr __ .Ibo-W",..~.£_ W1ht " '" wn1' 10 ""

lllIdta. Z ' k , lnIlaty__ is ..ficita ...... ...d poIiIiaj ..........

--~-- ....;.... bt..... l*1t. flut 10N1ll1M dot..td ......,. iIII tbio __ alIonI Ibe

li..-:iIl ('\ltI of lIk't"Iine ill duldmo·.lll'l'lb Nld mdinJI:~ of lht 'mY

Unless the

investment in

children is

made, all of

human ity 's most

[undam enml

long-term

problems w ill

remal1l

[ undamen tai

long -term

problems,

Wh ere there have

been tlwuscnds of

orga/l izations

there m ust be tells

of thousands,

where there have

been tens of

thousands of

people, there mllst

be mil/ions.

wont asp<'<"tS of l>O"'ftI'. malnurrition.I"'l"""'Wlk: ~"ll*:. &lid illiteracy. i$plainly absurd. And then! is • n<'<:d tokiIldlc • _ "'-"ISO 01 duo ;w...rtlityamong I wurklwide ..,blir. OfOOUr'llCIhcnnrmaI JPVl"Ih and~t ofdllld.... <an be prol<!Cl .... or<'Wr.l<:

abllolute povmy ClIIl be o,,,,m,,,...orCOIlN<' populotion J[I'OWlh <an beoIow«I. Of OOUr'llC <'tlVironJn<.dtol<let..rionIioo canbe~. Fur<k'CadcsIIOW, thill """ 001 b<o<-n. queMioo 01""",,,hili"'" but of priorities. And thelrUIh of the IlIIlltf ;, UW these prob

lem. coold ar>d """"Id ""'" b«.1IlarJIrly detest..:! iII 1M l!1ro/. and1911Os: if one t<:I1lb of \he mclUn:t1IUW Iu.~ bH1J tlm>Ied lo buildinll mi~iury ""flOIrity .,..". tholIe Ile<'adeo NdbH1J dtvlll..:!10arhi<"lrin.i bask oo",~

oprnml guals.. then '"" would nnwbe1ivin,II' in I wur1d with ~m. or M IJW.nulrition, ..ith far""'" d~_ ar>d (\it.abi~IY. wil11 fat higho>r~1s olliI01a<)'

ar>d <-d"'-'"lioo. with hillher' in«lm<'sand lower birth rala wilh ItIrIff lIOrialond ~vironmentol P"'blems. withIew<.,. <+.il coofIicI.and ..ru- dwith (~and1Moc~ .......

Thi. comparison bo1Wtt1I mmwytxpo:oditur"" snd human IlK'<!s maybe the In<l$l oftC'fl rcpI:;\ted dieM in1M d,",'e\oprrlll di<lionor)'. Rut '""muSl never w... ot IlIIkin,I/ iI. "'""'"allowthis 5latC of afbir.Ilo be «11I01<'

~ as 10 any wayriviliml or justifiable. 0<........ alluw Ilk' _ bbwllim~of our-lirnHto IlUMide intothcilIy am.-plt-d. r......o in the pooI

caId ....,. era. the WIl<ld annual~ditun: <HI miliWy capacity. <HI

mWiJct.lanks.1im'IIl. li¢!l er plaact.rcmaiIlSIl • k....~ thll1 is,'bw' Ii", .. iJI.~• .J " ••waI ,.--.. ofllk'_·f$ QIW1... of lbe deV'eIoping world'spe<>ple • the I bilIioa sbooIule pOor.

Ihose who~ willwul the basics "rlik. lbOSl.' without l.'docalion BIId jobs,r!>oo<. ..;!ho<lt ck"" .... ter or ba""-'htoalth~. thooc ..-bose ehildr<" dieand tw:.:omc disabkd in ....ch IlUlI1"

ben, tholIewhoon: lom:d lo ruitI th<...own "",Yiron"",,,I. ar>d lulu.... for thesake of !ltll)'inj! ......, lOOBy.

Becoming involved

A pcoplc.l<dc~ ill tht: climall: ofide... inwilli ill consickn.-d OoCtq>tabieor USIattl'plable io !he rrlalion!!hipIlbtt........ I'"OPie ar>d ""Iio.... is !hebcot hope UW the,o:tnal~.. 10"""'" win t>. changc:$ for the bttler.Tbc "'"Un"'" locus of thal effort muillbe 10g;;w, lhe pn.>lc<.1iuD of tho: 00I'tr\alphysical.tooltal. and ..",olima] dcve~opmenI Df childn.." • fi"" cal1 011 ourc<:II>CO'm' and capacitic.... And • M""'" towards UW aim is 10odti<.'Yt: thebuic ~oalo lor th.. W<>rk!'. chil<lrtll,hal have a1mIdy1>=1 nIllblloh«! andbffilnd which roosidenble """"'-....tum has a1n'ady bt.'t.1l bui~.

But if the IIoCe apinSl titJ'w, it to t><,

"""" then """-",, fhl-n.o hM' t:-n thou·md. of~. thon: muSl beI,""" of thuuSoUldo. whm: thm' h...,bc<'Il ten. of thouii3l\d! of~.tht'n' m"51be",""y millions.

And by benominlI involved ill this...TUgg\r. in wIl. I.......I"3}' and onwilli·l."¥<'I" fron~ itmay bt thaIan ...........willalsu "" futu>d to m. prol>Ierrul ..~icbtoday bowl SO IIWI)' 01 rn-. io allnation. of the world. woo"'" m. principal benef~ or the Jl"llII1.... !halIw~ achieved in this <.'tfIlury. Forit may !w.' !hal the bcinK invomd in •cau!It Iargtr than 01.:",,1f ill • d«-phUllWl n<.'<'d from which"'" ha-.ebeend~ by the pal"liNlar directionthat llfOlll'-'" has takeo in ""-"'01littles. If so. ~ i! • need of whichG<-orgc Il,:ma'" Shaw has Idt us •J">WI'fful ..minder;

'7'Ioil ill'" In«m;.11*. "" M"fI1IStd/iN" ~i7OU rteog1Ii:d lI,"","'IflU" "'i.fIol1"" . I Q'" .,.,iNpi.iQwdItll""lift I>t/mrgJ to IIrt l<'Irlll, """. ...i""u I1S la", III I ii ... it u "" pririhgl llJdtJ j>, it tdut_ 1«I'. [if, 11- "" hrir:!aI.dk It> "'•• h iJ " 10"'" opl",didtt>m\ l<'Iri<'/o I N" 101 IIIJIIi .,. /iN 1M._."'1,au I ""'", /()""'*' it 601", III

~,/y ...~ HIOTt .... 4'106 i/ ""'"/iflltrt: tn"mtio/tS. •~

REFERENCES

u_ ...,,_~l'rngronunt, If. .....~R4«t 191N, UNIJP, " .... Vork, 1000t.lit.43 , p.li3

2 WorldIlook, K_l~'''''''

Im: I~,./OT~.World Ilank. W............ IJ.c.. 1\1\14.l>bI< JO. p, 22lI

3 .Jo/u.-. CilIunl M...... 01/'1<..... OoiU"."."., j • .obonW, 0Ii\dmI.• ll<i.....Fuao1 W:t<biolrtoo. D.C.lg:j1

~ U..WN-'~"'l'IIbIic

~ 'ThoJol>C...••OIVI~\II.~I._

kiI.lot Wot'IdaIr~ Uoil«I N........ ."I""Vorl<. July lOOot

~ llronA. Ilogh, 1lot !Wit=. Ii""", ".. Ihilt<l SID",. J'\oolfIIialloob,I\'ikin.l. 1981. p. ll}/6~ 1o...,.

aod..,...,.. 0/1""~C_ .... "'" Wotld Sou=iil lo<So<ioIll" ..kil>,., ... N.... Votl<. z:I-,~

r ~8 Somavi>. J..... ThtN~ .... N...

~:thi<lnlnlc-"_'.

...".,.. o6dn'OI to lnlcmolio<Hlal f'n.oos.. CoouociI "" lob'1nIIioo-.:lC ....noion 1or!nlcmalioAalDo ..k;pwm. Itomr, rI ApriII 9!l3

9 Tho ...-.d 10irK'T.- th<.ritim<y 01ilM.........., 10 . 1riociPoI 1hemt .. tho\\·Ofld llan~·. W_ I~..t

k_ J!NIlQ UlliI<:d " ......Child,,:,... t· ~o.t

G.lJfiwOoilht!o: w..u LI«Io..........PIn"iII:N<ofr>- do<W_S....il fiw CW<Imo.•oJ 0r1<........... It< I6PI> of"" CIIild. UNICf.f,N""Vori<.~ 1990

II Editorial. n.N..... r...n.n. I1kIobo....19!1ll

1 2 World lr<'Ohh~r._ "I<>tJi..~l~ ..,bOsh<d joinllyby WHO,liNin ,""" "'"1II1~( QUidlor \11< C_ oIlodiPcllo:'ficl<n<'yllioonlm. II'HO.Grno..v.o. 1993

13 Fi»t c..llfr Cllil4mo. ........11 Worldllnllh~""·InlanI"'"

V"""" Child 1'1'._A""""" ondH_II.:,,,.,,;0Ild sum. 0(

~"'''''' \nI_e- 01~ ornr..--miIl:s.._.lMJ",M 7/ 1i, f'tlIOII bl' Ill<~\\1l0 ,GmL.....MatclIl9!ll. pn. 1601

IS"",,-,",un-. 'M_l.ool lOII'Ill<1l/ Slnl<yleo', ill UoiI«IN.......C'bil<1rcI>'. rUDd, n.,..."..."N!JWol. J!1!I4.UNICH . 1'1... y.....1991. p. 7

16 lloi1<:<1 N.......~

~"' ''''~Sobcurnmitl.oo 011 NUIriIioD. c...r",IJi""...-_. A~. NutriIloIIl\>li<yI......... Pap«s, S... 14.J_,~

17 \\'OI'<! H<>bh O<1laol",... n.~"AMmo";. W.....,AT_.A_l"'-".WHO. Co........ 1992

18 WOI\d 1l<'Slt/l O<po;_ .w.m .....Y"""" ChikI N..-·. op. riL

19 Uoittd NIIioosChiIdml·. ru.... WorldHcshh0., i' .ion, UniledNIIioo>f.dualloclol. S<\ooU1l< oM M urtl~ ..... UniledN._~F""F_/ur/.ilr:Ae.-... ..........~._odi

..... IDoTCE!'. s.., Vo<\<. 199:12Q WOf1d HnIUI~ ..... \IIIiI<d

N_ ChiIdml'. Fund. 'l'I""" ......1'romoIlIIa ..... SllpporIinsl Brnol·fttIioIl: The Sp<ciaI Ral< 01MaI=iIy~. joinI \\'l!OIUNICEf obi'".......WHO,~ 19lI9

21~Y"""" _ ..,~ 0I1'atdIatrb, UoivenityHlIO'Ipi!oLUppoaIL ....- _ntioP. 9St\ll"",bor 199'

22World llealh~ ·WonI.....VOUI'll ('bdl NuIti6on·, op. riL

:13 W...... llealth~ £I;;oooclcd~ .. tmDllloj_~_~/993.

\\ 'HOIF.M/GHNI9I..l , WHO, e.......J_ I994.p.fi3

2-1 WHO aDd UNICF.!' dolo, " ". ,,,",,,, illSl.'fII'-...bf<19l1l

25 World H.alIh llrpnj . GIobo1

I"rootrtmn>r lot V""""""""r-o.. .... ,MIOOI ~__... .~S/4tKIe-.WllQ/C,l"IIl'O UOI9l..I. WHO.e....... ~h..I! lot c""tn>I oI lliotrl1o<ol~ """"'.... Rrporll993.1I'H0/CllllM.4Il. 11110.~,~

29 Wori;I Httllh (}rpoi"';""~fotC_oI_

~ lo/c<.1!ons./.,.,;.,~.. Rt/IInf 1m.WIlO/Altt/ll:l:lS.WHO, G<neIoI, liW

3C WIlO CoIIoboonIino' CnIl<...1otII..-m,Troinlnlr. aDd ~ndit>Iion 011~Iiooio Ollhe usCmu:n lotI_ CoaIn>l, G';"'" W.... M'... , . No.42.JIIlU>lT 1001

31 W<>r\d Iltabh~ 'Malmlol..... t'bild 1I<oIIh ..... t 'amil, 1'laIlniD;r.C<lrRIIt S,'t'do oncl FoIu'"Ori, ,,,,,,;o,,, ElI93I18, " 'I""" by lheDirKtor.G<Dtnl. WHO. G<..,...., 12J_ I993

22 Ibid.. p.5J3 1I<Nle<hcr. 1l.1IldCvf' J1ill. R.

'Primory_ .....~1lKf..... iDlhe D<..J "\il ll'or\d......, I,..... '""<ly~ lot u...WOIid~ "" Eduarion '"AIL Thoilond. 5'il l>l..... 19'.lO.UNESCO, NowVo<\<.I9!lI

3l I'atkrr. va..I4. """Jttptl'ttIL £va.20110: MDtiiizi., 1/.."."",..gam. i. Itt ;!IlIlA, UNlt'D'SWI'Worldno' 1'. 0'''' No. 12.USlCU'.ScwVoct.. 191ll

35 World H,_ llrJtOl ' '. 1"/..--", /Jriolli"" If""" So/>Pl1... s..iIatioo 1J«oM,[oj"_Rni<w. lI'HO/ CWSI9'tl2. WHO.

"""'- ''''36 Ti'" (A//p.~,"" til37~ lor Economic eo.....- oodU.".lop.. .... __ . SG/I'lCES.<.(!M)-lIi, Pzio, 10

J.... I9!N. p. ~

311 Or"-'" Etooocnit eo.~ IIIId llt,., lo>wt ... rite<l illJ......~SI>o.th. lJSI)P

~.~Io

UNICEF~ llin.......29JW>.',~

39 C""", io t1ol1«1 S obon. Cbildr<cI'.f tlllll. n. _ "' Iforll'. g i/d>nI'llill, tI!'o1C£F. " V 1_P.9

«J Jolly. Richard The U sa...: II0." 1, ,,, ,, aI Aat:nda Iorlht ztllCmJury', 19!Nkbby l<rnIno.a..iWI. CMn'ori<'ot<'.•:..¢and. 10Morrh,~

"

~ l l1oit<d Nw-. ilu~oIlh.\\'orldSwnmiI b Social Dn ........,D1: lJr.dI.f-.ok>n and1>r.lI~ 01A<Iio<I'. NCO~r. 166II'C/1 _13._

bl'.....~tolh<:~C~IorIht World

SummIlbSocial !leo........, " lUnU<l 111>600... N...York. lJ""" 19!1l

'2 1I_.1'oal. 1Iot710"", _ .~ lIooIu..1.oDdon, 19!i2

Q~lb<_·.aT_·.

7101_.... 21 M.,. 191M. P. 864\ World~Worl</~R_

199f. Op..ell. l>bIo-", p. 22045 llniIod N_ D~..lopo..,..~.lfo"",.D< ,~_'O/

~ 191>4, Op.. dL. p. 6346 W_llak.W_~R_

199f . .... <it., P. 341 o.m..a..~ Couocil.

"G1VW\Il '""" Ilclor. II Ph'" OI",Dood!leo.louo '.....~.l~Pop<rNo. 16. OIlC.W~D.C_

/.l<=Dbcr1m41! GoIbmth, I""" K<-nnt!Ih, Tht:~ to tIIt!'.oolll: s...... IlasioI'r'_ ipk .'. iDr"""" $orCMIIt.op.:~ .. .uR_'II'" $<>Kltc.. 50uIlIenln'./Zcd lloob.I IIJ!'ll, p. -ar

49 UoiIfd:-;1Ibro.Op.. C'iI., para. 4150 Uait<d N"'" Dtv.lopnIt'tII"'-'-.Unlld '-'-.""""_ FUII<l ..... l1aIl<dN_~••FlO>(\. 1Iot¥II¥! /oilkli-.A,~""" IJ.i.m«/""""__SorioIs..m<,,/twS-....... II._DI,,~_, l1I'm p. NtwYork, 1994,Th< 2O/l!O lbo:m< ..aloo ............. lei_ ,-.oIlIIeUNDPIf_/J<rwIiIp _ R_

5Il1uik... NatioMr"""............ 'F'r'ognmm<. If._./~_,

/Up<m 199f,.. <iL, P. 15:.1 World Bank. lI 'orld~_R_

1993.' /0_. ;" 11_. W_l:lanA.W~D.C.l!i!13

1o3 _.JO<l.~ . M"",," w!do<t<'y.IhWI...... -jot IIN11it/HM. 0ld0nIU~ rr-. 19113

i'>\ World Bank. Worl</~~I~I , W_ llo::k.W~I).C.• 1991, P. 6IIl

:n Ullllod ~ atiou Childml ·. Fwxl and

WotI<llk""" O!pDiAlioa,.~Ih. Mio!<I«odo Goolo ..w_ s...,.qand_'.JCIIPSS/9II2.1l.l/NICEf"·wt!O JoiDtC_OIlIInIIIIl'uIky. >jl<tiol ......... '""""""Z'/·2lIJ.....,.19901

56 WotI<l Bank. Worl</~~

1993.0\>- dl51 Ibid.

58!'arl«r. flmd,and J.............. E.....~

59~kJr~<:t>

0lI<..... andD<....~'Dl.llI'nI

_ .O\>-dlID !(an. Shir\('yA.MjJiJDry ~~

.,~ot """"'"'" ~-..n,. ,lid1lJI;,,1#.<a._ ...C.......... b)'C •

libnty 01c--.W__ D.c..J N.......'o<r 19'.ll

61 Ibid.6:l IIcited Satioul)' 'd l

Po ......o,.,. Ho olJtMopMnIIhIon 199f. .. cil63 llDil<d S_D;.~.Iopo"",_,""-""'. U....... N>600..l'DpWorIott .UDd"OII1IDilt<I~ChiIdn.'D·a f\md, n.. 2lI/2IOla_..,op. <it., p. 8

64 W<IIi<l IlaDk, Worl</~~

199J. ... d1.6SllUI_ ........- iII .... W.,u~nlllIqorl l994

li6 World llaDk,w_~~

1993, O\>- C'iI., p. 12er Ibid.. p, 106l! W--. lmmanu<l, w.... bul SOl

TOU<:b. or iJ ~ C<irn<t. bul NO! \\-...r.lII flsdov"'~: R..-_'*'~ 'II'" s..tIl e:-.iDin,s...... C<DIr</Zed Boob. iJ>lldoMI.1993. p.1 17

ED M~~ no. Ridi. aa..McCitaw'llil. N"",York. 1939, II-50

10 -"".GoD<.Rnaisso<.1lomw.~oICaIdorDIo1_ Lo<IdOII.19l1'I, II- 139

71 Goob<rt. I'ltrre. 710< f'md,~. ....

j. "'" _ till e..to/)', CIomIltida"u~ rr-. <:arn!lrid#. £I\a-.19l12, II- 1!17

12 AItotaOIIor. C<dI f'-'«.AJ1 7\j""1JriPt .ot&>.tifoI,...".,.. ......

1J doCOfla. EtniIM \ "1Olli, irI1lt1bt1L1.<060...... &mi. f...,;.. ...~.lIlk1822·1930.~ II..........,.1'I'no,~. Eol<\OOId. 19l1'I. II-

'"74 Kocbari. I/>jDi. 1'oontdu \'llIilIof 01the SOInh·. ill ~'oti. $orC1ItJIJtqt:~ _ "'" Ht/'O'l"III. s..1IIe-oNuioo.SouIhc...~n.~d lloob,l.oodoa. 1M Po 84

n Worid llank. W_~1I<IO'I

1!I!l3.... ril..I1-2376 CiItd ill URiled N""""~ 01

Soda! AIbir$._ ..,.../)' 1I<lO'l .. .uw ~

/Ujw<>u'''_''' '11Im•. U_NIIiocIo. N"" Y...... I95Z

TI C'"lttd ill CbiIdrftI·. lld<Do< Fwxl.no.SIoU 'IIA.oInircli 0iUmc 1m,CbiIdrftI·.Dtf<DooFill>d.W~D.C. Igg,j

7l:l 'I'USo>_.11 ""-191M

79 CiI<dill t-:h. C'IvioIol>h«. 7l<TIw. u QM!JoIf......,,,,......ot ...Cri6<o, N..-Boob. N... york, 1991 .".\Ill 'lD Ib<1Io.oIk<I'. 7101 &-iJr, 8J......,. 191M. II- 6J

81 RolhmoD,DO'Id J. 'ThoCrimt.0Ip".,~·.N....I""~"_. 11 f PllNary 199,j. P. J4

82 'Tho F"""" of~N~'. ff: Nopa.. (Ill( tdilioo,l,Vol. J. N" 10. 0<I0b« 1994

6J 'Tho _ 01"'1.",.. iIIllud<IrJ'.-.«1.. no. W_ '11I1'i.... no.C..".III CiriliodMo, U..s"'U"lili.GIoOoIr.-, Europoao S<hoolba>ko""bLlllDa. Cbdl<Dhom. £ncbnd,Igg,j. p. 10

!II 71oI _i« _ 'llYilDI W.,Iol

S<olisli<>,~lloob/Il_l.OiIdooI, 1991l. pp.~~m

&'i _. Geo<Jro!J<nl>«l. "'......s.~•.~8oobI\~,~

Statistical tables

Eamomit Qnd socia/statistics all tht nalions at I~ world,with particular re!l.'1Vru to childml's wel/-b..'llg_

G_1l _ on Il'MI dl q, ...U CoIlll1ly lI'OUpoll9l ...-ExjlIl nl tioll or JVll\bob ...u nafiMions ..."IndlXIII co~mritl ...U Main lQur~.. ...-lIbln

8u II' llldiCiton ..." • Ecgnomic inIIicltorl ..."2 ,- ..." 1 W_ ...., Hllhll .... • LeuP"lI'.... countnn ... '"• Educ.bDII .... • The "q d.progreu ..."s DelMgrIjl/lot II'IdiuIon ..." "-- ...u

"

GENERAL NOTE ON THE OATA

The> dala pn:Mc\<!d in Ihe>oo IAbIcs ....,>mJII'ponied by Iltlinilionl<.~al>Il~ IlIsym..... Tablesderl-t /rum 10 maar~ - 12major l'O.II'I:tS W1' lisIed in till'c<plmMocy maIniIIl - wiD intoVilablyC<M"f' • wide IWI&" of data rtliabiIky.0fIi<iaI~l da1lIll'<'rivl.od bl'thto~ Unikd NIboMIlt'!fK.Y IIlM> bre>~~__"bit. II !No IIIlUll'~ wIII:re thm'1ft ""~ o/IidloI~ eslilIlOln ....... by1hc: reoqlOIIIII1lIc UnitnlNations tem<Y '-'" lwn .-d....."".., ouclI iwmaIionaIIy G:ldardi-.I <!Olima«s do f>QI ..ust. lhe LabIesdraw /lIl 0Ibtf !IOUI't"l$, ....,.....IarlydtII ..-MId from tho> ~c~1ctF' lldd o/Ilcl:.~ P<5l"ble<Mlly compn-bm1ive or ' ... ,,*,,'1aIN<'IIOliuaal dala """'" bttI>ud.

1)3llI for Iik o:qIl'<.'ta/IC), cnIIIo:'

EXPLANATIONOF SYMBOLS

Si<M:<: lbt aim ofw sunislia orCIion10 l<>~. broad pict= afthe oiI

u:uio<l III rIIiIdnoo :uld _nell ""'"'"wi<J<o. dotaiII'd dW. quaIifiall<lf>o al>IlIooUlocc't m oem .. IIIOre opproprilit for indu!lion ~l..... """,. Only 1Wl)

S)'IIIbloI:s ... """" in 1M Iabk!$

birth and Iltolh ral~ in6IrlI m<>rtaIilyratts. 1'\('.. 'iII'epari oI1M r\'l[I,lar1I'Ort

"" 0lIlhrW0:f:uld pocja:Iio". "r>dt.,..taknI by 11K' Unitt:d NatioM I\lpo.ala.lion~ 'lbr.¥ aod olherinlmwionally~ t\IllmIIei..., ~ pt'Oiodiedly, -mctlI.'X1>lain9 whyIllIneof IIIe daIawilldit·rrr Irum Ibooe /owId in ...w.rUNICEF publio::alO>nll. CIIanjmlI\a'o'lobRn ...,x, 10lhrt.t irIrIlalon. in lhls~11abb.TbI' indioIIor In lbt oduali<.oI~ "'" l.'(ln'qlIo:tio III primar)'

IltbooI ""'"b«tl~ -uh lhe """~. of .rn...ov~ I en_~ ,IlfiIIlt 50 I. lab"" 2 ill<' .....iIlI[ IIId ",UltUIlI' indi<atcn BOW .."..,.III all UJlder.Iiveo. n.-~mat<- Ihe indiaM"",~t with~..-lin~~

10wm tho< WOl1d Summit b Chi}.drePand~ph.

1( lndialcsdatalhaIll'Ier10YftrS or~ 0lhI-ru.... U-1p{'ciIied

In lbt """'mn ht::adInK. di/&or- from!be SWldard dcfinilioon. fIIl'f'fer 10(IfIlypari Ill. """""y.

"

l1li1d monaIity Ht1nw.., 'or itJdi>....ua1 "'lUntrileII...., primarily <leri>"\'dI'n>m daIlo~ by 1M t lniwd Nationto T'opulation rmi8lon. In.....,..,ClIIitII, lIwt!e "";11IIIt"'l JnllYdiffer from 1M 1a1<'>lt nationnl~ In l/l'fI 'eraI. dola ............... durin;;: uJlPO"OOOin",,,ely the \oOIll: yftU ...., DOl in<'orpo

nlled in theooe~.

INOEXTO COUNTRIES

nile-n...."'._ I i Ijo........_~iI... I" .....

..<II iao Iriooot

.Ibr" __~.cb; f "ltW..: 41M ' _....,

..----"_.---............'".......................-t ? '"

( --_.........."'"a-t 5 1 ,--~.""....""'......... ..........,.....em.0

"...........~...

'-'r.---...----s " ' •" ........" -., -tri b'

• 1taQ,-~"131 kill,~ .....1. biHl~ ...

1111 J .124 JOllA"~ ,-11 IWIl,hfltll· ....II KofM,o-p.., lItp.&:l KotM,IIIp. 01,......1( l~1'2 1.10 P.e 0- _

" ....· .-..,...-· .....U llIpaAtalo' ...

.. "If;;:'~11 ~ t So.".,. -41 Hi,.,...41 U ••,. I' _........, -11 t' Sf.......• ..... IiiB Mpl_

" .·-14 HMl ..Ie N Zullnd1211 110<1_·-

·"' ""-·.• -.-1 .... _&...

& "" •• "· ...11 r?...........-·-"".,._-,n .....· -.. -IZI 5MtfaL-.,. -111 SkMIluo10 S<m.olilotI $ouIhMil"n ....·""'"· .....on .-

111 S_..""od19 s.,.,..., AnllRIlI

" .-!II l--.UR.,.".......· ''''t r...... lIIIIll......·.-...-J] T.;';;:'_.·-'" -HI u..I",.&or-.._-

IIJI u.MSl.-.-13 II'?·,-·..-·,-• " ' •• "",-1

• On·!:lIl 7' N,.•, .-

....••..••••'""."••••,,.'""•,.,.n,.'."••••*•""••'"m'"'"••n•,."""

'..-------------•"."-.--••••---••--'.---'-•Table 1; Basic indicators

-- -- - - - '. - --- " ft,~.....

_• " " .. .. ,. .. • • •, .. • D .. '" .. ," ". " • ,, .. .. '" " .. " • .. • , •, '.... .. - .. ," '" .. .. • " • •• ...- .. .. ,,, .. c. - " - • • •• Gw.t • .. .. D ,. " • , " • • • • •, - " • .. '" .. .. n '" • , ,

• - • m .. '" .. .. '" " • • •• - .. " .. .. .. .. • - • • •• - .. " m .. ", ." '" " • • •" - " " '" .. .. .. "

,."

, "," - .. • .. " " • " .. • • •" - " • " .. .. .. • '" •" - " • '" .. ... ., "' ,,' " " • ,

"" - .. .. .. '" .. ." • .. • " • , •• - " • .. .. " '. C .. • • • " •, - " " .. .. " • " .. • • C,~~ .. _ ,. '" '''' - ,. .. " "

," • .. .. .. '" ,. • - " n •• - '" .. .. '" ~ .. .. .. • • • , •, - " .. .. .. " .. • - " •" - .. .. '" ,. " .. • " • • •• --. " .. ," ,. " .. • •• " • •, -- ". .. ,. • .. .. • .. • , •• - " .. .. '. ". .. ". .. , • n , •• I_U1loo _ .. .. '"

,.~ 00 .. ,. " .. • • •• .. .. - c• ,. '" • • .. • • •• ...r. .. .. .. ,. " • " .. " " • •• - .. .. '" • " • • - • "• - .. - .. • .. .. • ". • • •

C Uoo"'_" " - .. • .. " • .. " .. •• - " " '" " .. .. " .. • • n • •• - .. '" 'C • ,~ ". " • • • • C •0 - .. .. c• 0 ". .. • .. • • •• '- -.. .. • .. '" , • • ,'"• - m m • • .. ro • m , • •, .... • m '. " ". ". .. - , , •• - .. • .. • .. • '. .. , • • , •• ::::- '" • '" • 'm om .. m , • "

, •• m .. ,. , -. - - .. , • • c "" ~- • • .. • '" m " m " " • " •• ;...; , • ,. '" • " • " .. • • • , •• ~ ". '" • .. • • .. • , • " •• - - '" .. "

,,, •• • • • , '"• - m '" m , ,.. ". ~ ~ " • ,. ",

• - m '" .. • •• ,.. .. ~ • , ," .... • .. ," • " .. " '. " •• --- .. .. .. • " '" " ".. " "• '--- .. • ,. ,

",.

" • • • "• .... • • .. " .' ". ,. ,. • • • , ," ,- • c .. .. " ,m • ..• ,- ., • '" • •• '. m '. ,

" '", - • • .. • ,n ., 0 m • • ". • •, ,- • " " m " .. • •• - " • .. • " • • 1110 • '"• :.-.: .. • .. • u • • - • •,~ • .. , .. • • • • • • • "• - .. " .. " " .. , • , • ..• • '" • '" , '" m • ,~ • • '"• -- .. • • , •• ,m • - • •, :.. m • .. ,

"' • • ,m • , • ,"• • , .. • • • • ..• - .. • '" , ... - m ~ • • .. , •• M m • .. • ~ .. " • • • .. " "• .- m • ,. • .. .. , ". • • •• ::::.. .. • " • co ,.. .. • • • •• •• • '" • .. co • ~ • • • " •• - .. • , • .. ~ ," m • • '" " •• !••'- • • .. .. , - • •• .. , ," • '" m " ~ • • '"" - .. • '" • .. , , ~ ,

" .. " •, - • • '" • • • " - • , .. • •, ....-...- m • .. • co = .. m ", '"" :;.-; , • • " • • .. , "., • • ,,, " "

,. • ..

••• --•••~-- ".-- ..-.-- ..... •.w-

~..-- -----••.--------- - - - - - - -- • -• - .. ,. • '" • " " " - • • • " "" -- "' • w • •• - • .. " • ,.

• - - • ,. • ,., - ,m •• , • '0 " "• - '" " '" • " • , .. n .,• - • • • 0 " • , .- • • ,", --.. • • •• ,

'" • 0 ,. • " ..• -- .. • •• 0 ." • " ... • .. "• - • , .. • , •• • -" .- '" • • • " m , '" • • ", , •• - • • • • .. ,. • '. " • '.• - 0 • " • , ,. " -" - ,. 0 '" " ., ". , '. • • "

, •• ... ." • • ,~ .. , •• • • '" " "•

_0.,._ .. • • .. 0' • ",. " '"" -- , • ,., '.. • ... • -" - " • • n " • " ". • • "• - • • •• n " • , .. • ,.

• - • - " • , • • -• - '. n ,. , .. .. , ". • • • " •• - • • • - .. .. " .. " • ,.• - • " " • , ,.

" -• ... • , ., • " ~ • •• - • • " • .. .. " ." • • • " -• ,- • • " ", .. " ,.,. - 0 " ," •• , - " •

• - " • " " " • , .. • • '.,.~..:.~ ." 0 • " -, m , - " • •,. • " •• " " • , .. n - ",

'" 1_001'_ n " " " " • , - tt • •,. - ",

" " " ", .. n • .,,. - • " " • , ", " •OW - ." • • " " ", .. " • ,. , •

'" - • , • " " ." , ,." • " •

'" -- OW , • " 11.1 - • • " • '" ",

'" - .. " • u ., - ",. • • '" " "'" - ,

" ", , .. "'" - '" " • " '" - • ,,.

" • • " •'" - ,. " n " '" ., , .. , • • ",

". _..m " • " " • , '. • • OW " •'" - " " • " .. ., , ., n • • 0 •., - • ,

" u •• •• , .. • • • • •'" - • " • " " • , ,. • • ,. • •'" -- .. " • " " " , ". • " ",. i:....... '" " • ,

" ." , ,. " • m.. " • , , ., •• , ". • • •m -- • " "

, ~. - • .. • ~ • "'" ~- ", '.. •• , .. ,.. - • " ", '" ~

,~ • • •.. ;.::. • " "

, ., m , - • • ~ »

" " , • • ., G • ,- • " .. , •.. - • , , • "' m , .. " •• " "m -... '" , • • .. m • .m " • .. • ".. - • , , , .. '" • ,- " • • .. •.. ~ ", • • ., ~

, - " • • • "~ -- • , , • .. , • ,~ • .. " "", - • , • • '" - , ,.. " ~ " •.. - • • , • " ~, ." " ",. .. " •.. - "

, , • .. • • - • ,." "•• -- " • , , "' E , ,.. • ,. " ••• - "

, • , " • • .. • .... - • ," • ." '"

, - , • ,"'" - , ,

" • ", • - , '. .. m.. -. • , • , w "

, - • '. " •.. - • ," • "

, , ,m. " ..,. ...... • , • • .. ", ,... • m ,. " "

'" -. " ," • " - , - " - " •.. - • , , • ... '. , m_ • .. m »." ~u , • ," • u • , ,- • ~ .. " •,. • • • • " .. , rn" - .. " ",. - • • " • .. - , ".. • • " •

-_.........-......_--_....... .....

.._._----Table 2: Nutrition••---~-

....__._---- ..- -• -- -- -- •----...~ --

._---• -- - - .- - .- '- - - -0

ra" ....... • .. .. • • •• .. • • .. 0 •• .. • .. .. • • 0 .. • n• • , .. • ..• - • • n

• -- • .. .. ..0 - n .. "• - .. • • " • • • u • • •• - .. • • • .. n, • •• - .. • • • ", .. .., ~ • • .. •.. - .. 0 •" - " nU -" .- " " • • ,. • • • n • •" - .. .. • .. a • • • ." " • •.. - .. " • • .. , '... - • • • • '.,~.. .. 0 , • • " • • • • • ..

" .. • • • • •• - • .. • n • 0 • , •n - .. •, - • • • • ,. • • • •• --~ .. • •" -- n, • • • • .. • • •" - .. 0 , .. • • 0 " " • ..• '_UlIIoOl " • • s • , • .. • • • •" .. " .. • • • • • , .. • • •• -. " .. • • • • •• ... • '.• .. .. • " ",

~"'lWo-'" ", .. • • '"• - .. .. " • • • • • • a "• - • • • , • " • .. • • ,

".. - , .. .. • • .. • •• '- • " • • ", • • • , •• - " ", " • • • •" ... " " • • • .. • • • •• ... • • O' • • • • •• :r- • • ", ,. • .. • • •• • • m • • • ",

" -- ,. • , • .. • '" • .... - .. • " • .. • • ," • • ..

• - .. • " • .. .. " • , .. •• - , , , • " • • .. • • .. 0

• - " .. • • • • m • •• - • • • , ..." f:: ...._ " • • .. • • • • .. "• • •• ...-- • .. • '"• - " .. • • , • • "

, • • "" ,- •, '- • • ..' • •e - " " • • e, ..

".. .. • • •" 0- •• - " n • • .. • • .. •• - " " " • 0 •

" - " • ~ •" • • ,. • "• - " .. , 0 , • •• • .. " 0 • , , ,.

• -- 0 '" •.. ,~... • • • " • ..• "• ' w " • , u 0 , 0 " .. 0.. • •.. • " • • • .. 0 0 " • • • •• .- " .. • • • '. • u

• .. " • • • • • " • .. • "" - • • • " • • 0 • • '" • u• - .. • " " • • • " .. .. " "• :'1',. •• ",

" • " • , • • .. •, - • • • , • • • • " u, - • , • , • • • •" .... _lIIo Ol • • '" • "" -- •• - •

,_.-"

u_,_...... .._---- ~ -- ... -- --- - -- • ~ - - -- -- --- '- ."- -.,.- ... - - - .. --..- ..-."- .- - .- .- - - ... -" - ... , ,

",

", , , ,.

",, -- , , , , • • '., - • '" • , .. • '" •, - , " '"• - , " '"

"__II..-

", ..

" -- , '", -• '- • ", • '" • • .. • ," "

,• - • ,

" • , , • " " ," " •• - "• - n • • • .. • • .. " " • ," - " " " "

, • " " '" "• _(Ioo.'*> "'" '"• --, - , , .., - "" - •• - ," " u • , ,

" '" •• - • • '" • •• -, ... "• - • • , • " • ,• ,-'. - •'" - • " " " .. " ,," [,,;..,...:.=.. • .. , •'. • ,," T_..H_ , " • " "

, ," ". , ,'. - • , , , .. , ,

'" -.. - , , • ," "

, ,,. =. • ,'",. • ,

" " .. , ,"

,'" c ,,. - "

," " • , , .. ,

",

'" ...'" ~

, • " .. • ", ,... - • • .. ,

'" -- • • e • • '" ",

'" - ,'"

, •.. - • '" • •'" - .. , , , • '" ",,. - , • • ..

'" - • " '" • •'. - • ," '"

'" -- , '" • ,'" -...'" - • • .. • ," - • , ,.

",

'" - • • '" ",.. - • • .. " ,

'"_.... • '. • ,.. •• , '. ,,. ... • • .. "

,.. -- • '" .. ,'" - • ," u ,," - • '" .. ,'" - • '" "'. -- , .. u ,,. - • '" "

,,. - , ... , ,," ... , '. " ,'. - • "

,,. - • '" , •'. -- • '" ",

'" - • • .. , ,'" - • ," .. ,,. 1'.;- , ,. ,

'" '" ",. • '" ",

'" - • ," " •__....._ot_,._..........__ 11

Table 3: Health

..--.--••..-_.--••

....--,-- - »---- - - - - - - - -• • - - - ••, \,,:, • • • , , • • • • • • • • • ,• " , • , , , » • • ,

" " •, -- • • , • • • • • • , • , , • •• , , ," , , " • » • • • • ,

" •, ....- , • ," • • " • • • • , ,, -- " • • , , , • • • , • • •, - • • • , , , • ,. • • • • ,

" •, - » •• e • • • • • • • • • •, - • • , , • • • • • • • • ,, ~ " • • " • , , • • " • ," - , • , , • , ~ » '" '" '" '" » • ," - • • , • " • "

,"" -- , • • , •, - , ,

", , • • • • • , , •, - , • • , ,

" - '. • • , , • , •, - , , • ,"

, • , , , • • ,, - • • • " • • • • , • , • •u .... • • • • • • • • • • , • • • •, - • • , , • ", • " "

, , , , •• - , • • • • • » » '" • , , , , •, - • • • , • , • • • • • • • , ,, - , • • • , • • ,. • , , • , • •, --. , , • • • • • • • • • • ," -- • "

, , • " » '" • n • .. • • "• - • • • • , • • • • , • .. • , ,• ,__ ~ "-01 • • • • " • » » • • • , ,

" •.. - , • , • .. , , • • • • • , , ,, - • • • , , , • • • , , • •, - • • • » • • • , • ,• - " • • • • , • • , , , , ,, ..1'10.0-. ..... • • • , • • , • , • • " •, - • , • • , • • • • • • • ..• - • • • • • " • • • • ,

", • •• '- • .. • • • • • , , , • • • " •• '- • , • • • , .. , • • • , •• • • • • , • • • • • • • tr •• - • • • , • • • • • ,

" " • , ..• =- • • • , • , , • , • , •• • • • , • • e • " "

, • •• - , , , , • , , '. • • • • • , ," -- , , , • • • » '" '" , • • • "

,• y' • • • • , • • • • , • • •• • • , • • , • , • • , • , • •" - • • • , ,. ,

", • " • • • • •• - " • • • • • • • • • • • •• =-- • • • • • • • "

," • "" • • , • • " • • • • " •• • .. • • ,. • " " " • " •• ...-- • • • • • , • • • • • ,

"" - • " • • • • , • • • • ", •

" ,- • • • •• - • • n • • " ", •• - • • • • • , • • • " • • " • •• ,- • • " •" - • • • ,

" " • • • • • ", • "• !j"'...., • n • , » " • • • " • •• • • • • , • • • " • "

, ,"

," - " "

, , , • .. • • " • • " •• .. , • " • • • • • • • , , ,• -- • " " • •" ~ » • • " • • , • » • • • " • • ,• • " " "• - • "

, , • • • " • • , •• - • " " " • " - • • • " • ,• ,- • • " • • • • • " " " • • " "• :c.. • • • • • " • .. • • • • • • •• , • , • • • " .. • " • • • • "• -- • • " • " • " " " • • • • • •• - • • • •" - " • • • • • • " • • " " • , ", - • .. , • " " » •• • • " " • • •, - • • " • • , • • • • • • • "

,• ....- .... • - " " ,. • • , , • • • • "

," - • ,

" •" - • " • "

..-_.--- ..--'--- ..-_.--•• ~ ...-- - .----- - - - - - - - • .. -- - _.• - .. • • • , • • • , 0 , • , 0, -- , • , " , u • .. • , , , • , 0, - • • • " "

, • .. • • • • , , 0• - • • • •• - • • • ~ .. • • • • , ," • •, _....... , • • • , , • • , • • • • • •, -- • ,. , • .. • , .. • • • , • , •• - • , , •, ,- • .. • • • , .. '.. .. , • • • • 0• - • • , 0 , , , • • • • , • • •• - • • , •, - , , , , • n • • • • • , • • •• - , , , • • " • • • • , • • • "• _ Dooo ... "'" • • • • 0 •• -- • • • •, -- • • • "0 - , , , , , • • .. , • ", • • ,

0 - • • • •• - • .. • '. .. .. , • • • • • • 0• ... , , • • , • , • , • • • • •• - , • • •• - • • • •• - • • • • • • , • • , , •• - • • • ,.. - • • , •'" - • • • • • • .. .. .. , • • • ,,.~l I

, , , ,• , , • • • • • • • ,'. 1_..11_ 0 • , , • • .. .. • , , , ,'. - • • , , • • , • • • • " •'. - • , • •• - , ,. • • .. • .. .. .. , , • , , •,. =. • , • ,,. • • , • • • .. • , , • , •.. - • , , , ,

" • • • • • • •'" - , • • •'" - • • , • , , , 0 • • 0 •'" - , • • • • • • • , ,,. -- • .. • • .. • • ,. • , • , , • •.. - , • • •". ' ,.... F • .. .. ..'" .. .. .. • .. • • • , • , • ,,. - .. .. .. , • • • • ,". ~.... , • • •.. • .. " • .. • • • • 0 • • • • •'" -- • , •.. -.. • • • •on - • • , •," ..... • .. ,.. - • • •.. - • • 0 •'"_... • .. • .. .. .. .. .. .. • • • •.. - • , •.. - • • • •

" -- • .. • • , • •'" -- • , •.. - .. .. • .... - • • ,.. -- • • • •.. - • • • •.. - • • •.. - • • • •.. -- • • • ,.. - • , ,.. _... .. .. • • • • .. , ,

" •'" -- • • ,,. - , .. • • • , • •.. !:"'I- .. .. • • .. .. • • 0 •.. " • • •.. - • • .. •__ ~__" _ lm _ "'___11

- ..Table 4: Education

--- • ••.-.. ------ -"- --,.---_. ------- - .. --- - - .. - - - -. - -• .. • , • " • • • , , • .. " • • •, - "

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" • • • • • ",

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, .. •" - • • ,

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", - " " •• • ",

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, • • " ", ,

" - • " • • on • , , , , , • "" .. , ," .. , • • , ,

" • .. , ..• - " • , , .. .. , " ," • .. • •, - , ,

" '" •" - • .. " e " • ," " " " • , , •a --. • • "

, • • " " • " • • • " •.. -- .. , , • , • " • , , , , • , s, - e " • .. .. .. • ," • • , ,

• ,.... u .... " • " • •• , , • " • , • • , • •, - , • , , .. • " " • ," • ,

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, • '. • • " • .. •• - • , • " .. ", • '" ." ,. , • • "• - • " • , • , • " • '. , •, f::.....-... " "

, " '" • ,• • " " • m •• --- , , • 0 , , .. " • • , • • " .." - " .. • 0 • " • • " • .. .. • , "• '- .. "• ,- • " • • ., .. • • ". ". , • ", ,- • ,

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,"• t\"''"'" " • .. • • • 0 ~ " •

" ", • • • " • ,

",

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.. ..n

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" • • • • • • , • • • " "• - 0 -• .- • " • • .. " • • •• •• .. • • " •• - • - • • '" • .. • '" .. - • • • ,• - • 0• ,- • n • , .. ". • • • • • • ,• - 0 • • • • .. • " ." '" • • •• _0... _ ." " .. ..• -- '. • -" - • " • e, .. .. '" • • • • • •• - "' .. • • • 0 • " •• - 0 •• - • • • • .. • • • • • • • •• - • • • • .. .. • .' '. '" • "• - ,. • ~

" C. 0 •• ,m ..• - • " • • •• '. • • • ,. • • • • •• - -,. ••,. - • .. -- •'" - n • • • .. "' • • • ,. • • • - •.. -,- • 0 • • ~ '0 • • • - • •,. --- "

, • 0 • .. ". '" .. .. • • •,. ~nJ.., • • • • .. ~ '" .. • • • • • • •'. - • • • • "' .. m ". .. .. • • • ". "'.. - • • .... - " " • • .. '. • • .. .. " • • " •.. ::t:. • • .. .. • • • • • • " 0 •.. • • • • ," • • • .. .. • ",.. - • 0 • • .. .. " " ". m • " •." _.

ru ~ • • • • .. .. • • • • • • • " •'" - " • • " .. '. ,. • • • • " •". -- • • • • .. ,. • • .. '. • • • • •.. - • • • • .. .. ". .. • • • • • • •.. I:'';: • • • 0 -'" .. .. • • • • • " •m • • • • .. '" • • .. .. • .. • • •". - • • n • ~ m .. • • • • • " "'" :;:..... • • • • .. .. •• .. .. ,. • • • •.. • • • • .. .. .. ". .. .. • • " " •" -- • • Ill. •• ,. .. • • • •m --.. - • 0 • • •• .. • .. • • • • • • •'" == • • .. .. m .. • •• • • '. .... • • • • .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. • • '".. ,- • • .. • '" ,. .. .. .. q • • ,.'" -_. • • • • ,. .. '. • .. •• q ,. ,. • •.. - • • • • ~ ~ • • • • ,. • •.. ~ • • • • .. • '"

,. • • q • 0,. -- • ~ .. .. .. q .. • • • •," - .~ * ,. ,. m .. • • • " •.. - m b ,. .. .. .. • • • '. '.,. - * b .. ". '. • • • ,." •,. -- ". b • • .. .. • • • •.. - '" .. .. .. .. .. • • ,. ,. ,... - • * .. .. ,. '. • • • •'" - .. .. " q .. ,. • • .. ,. ,... - .. ~ '. ,. • • • •.. - b ,. .. m .. ,. • • • • '.'..... • ~ .. m • " .. '. b b , ,." - ,. .. .. .. • • • • • " ..•• - • • " ... .. ,. .. '. ,. ,. • •.. - • • "' ,. ~ .. .. '" ... '. " ,. .. 0 "•• - W * • • .. '. ,. .. .. • •.. - " • " • • • ,. m ..

__• __.... *1____ '1

----••--- ..- -- -•-------'="-----•- -Table 5: Demographic indicators

• , -- • • • • • • - • •• -, ... " ", , • " • " • " " • " ",

=~ " " " " ", • " • " " " " ..,

" .. " " • n • • • • " • " ",'~

,

" " ", • • , • " " .. • .. ,, - " " " "

, • • • , , u , .. .., • ." u ,

", , , , , , .. , .. ", - " " " ", , • • , • .. • " ", - .. "

," • , , , • ,

" " " .., ,- " .. " " • , • ," " .. • " ..

" - .. .. " ",

" • • • • " • .. .." - " " " " • " • • • " " • " "" ... " " " " • " • , • • .. • " ,.u - " .. • " " .." - .. ". "

, • " " " • " " " .. ", - .."

.. ",

" • • , ," " " ..

" - .. .. ," • " • • • • " " .' "" - " .. " " • "

, e , • ",

" "" to!.. .. ., u u ," " • " • .. • " ..

" .. ", " • "

," " " " a " .., - u " " .. • • • "

, ," " .. "• - .. " .. .. " " • • ,

" " u .. .., - " " " .. • " • • " • " ," ", --- " .. "

, • " " • • " " • .. .." -,. .. " " " • " • " • • .. " " ..• - .. " " .. "

, • , • " .. • " "• '_I,L""" .. ". " " " • " " • " " .. , " .., ," ,. " " " " • " " • .. • " ..• ,- .. .. " " • " , • ,

" ",

" ..• - .. .. " .. ,

" " " " • " • " .., ... " " " ",

" " " • • " " " ..• lIO"_'" " .. .. .. • .. • • ,

" .. " " ", -. .. " " " • ", , , • .. , .. ", - •• .. " .. • " • "

, • ",

" ", - " " " " • , • • • , " , .. ", '- .. " " .. • .. • , • • ",

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," n " " • "

," " " U

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~- " " .. " " • , • • .. .. ," ", :::r " .. " " • • • " n " .. " " U

" U " " " n • • ," .. .. • U U

" - " ",

" " " • .. • • " .. .. "" - ., ., .. " • • " • " " " " " ..• r::._ '" .. " " " " " "

, ," • .. "" " .. " " • , • " , .. .. " " "• " .. " " • • • ,

" .. " " ". "• ...-- U .. .. " n ",

" .. " U " .. ..• - '" " " " • " • " " • " • " "" 'd' " .. • • • "• ,- m " " " "

, • • • " .. • .. .." - " .. " "

," .. " " " " " U ..

" ,- .. " • .. • " "• - " .. ", • " " " " • .. " .. "

" ~. ' 'l.. .. , U • • " " .. " .. " " "" " " "

, • • • • • " " " " U

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• ,- " .. " " ", • " " " .. • " U

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, • .. • .. "• '- U .. , , • .. •" - .. " " " " , • • .. ,

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" " • " .. • U "" ..- " .. • • ,

" •• - .. .. • " • " ""

-- - -- - -.. _. - - c· - .. .-N - . -- - - - -- - - -" • - - .. .. .. .. • • • .. --" - .. .. .. " .. • • 0 ," • .. • .. ..

" ..- ., .. .. " • • ", " • .. , .. .., - • • e., " .. "

, • " " " ", .. .., - " oo " " " • " n " n .. , .. ..• - " oo " oo "

," " • • " • " U

• --.. .. .. .. .. , • " • 0 ,"

, .. ..• -- " " .. " n • • • • • .. ," "" - " oo " " • " "• ,- .. .. .. " .. • " " • • .. 0 .. ..• - .. " .. .. , • • , • • .. " .. ..

• - " oo , n , .. •• .... " .. .. .. .. • • • , • " " " u• - .. In .. .. .. • ",

", .. " " "• -_ ...- ,. .. .. .. u • " " • " .. .. .. ..• -- •• ,,,

" " • .. .." - " " .. .. • n , • • • .. " .. "• - .. .. " .. , , .. • 0 " " .. .. .." - " oo • " ,

" •" - .. oo .. .. • , • • " • .. • .. .." - '" .. .. " • • " • 0 " .. • .. "• ,. oo " " oo " " " • • " .. " .. oo" - .., " .. " " .. •• - .. " .. .. "

," • • " " • " ..• - oo " oo .. .. " • .. 0 n .. , .. ..,. - .. .. .. u .. .. •'. - .. " " .. • , • • " • .. " .. "'0 IJ..._~

.. " .. .. • • .. .. • " .. " .. ..• " .. ". .. • • " ",

" .. • '.. ..'0 ,_ ...,,""" .. " " " • • • a • , .. " " u,. - .. .. .. .. • 0 • .. • " .. • .. "'. - .. .. .. " • 0 .. .. • , .. , .. ",. .... .. " .. .. 0 • "

, .. , .. • .. ..' 0 .... " .. .. "

, .. • .. • " u ",. "'. .- .. " .. .. • • • ,

" " " " " ",. - '" " ,.• .. .. • • " , 0 " n " "'" - " oo 0 .. , ..." - .. " " .. " • • , , , .. • .. ..'" - " .. " " "

, • • • " .. • .. ..,. _.." .. u .. " • • • • , .. • .. ..,. - o. .. U U • " • • " , .. " " "'" - .. u oo .. 0 • , " 0 • " • " "'" - .. .. " " • • • " • " .. 0 .. ..,.- .. .. " " "

, .. , • .. .. • .. "'. ::::' .. " " .. .. " .. " • .. " • " "co " " " " • , .. .. • ," .. .. ".. -- .. .., " u , • n .. .. , .. .. " "'" -.. " .. .. .. .. ".. - .. " .. .. • .. .. .. • ," • .. "'" .... " " .. .. .. .. .. "

, .. " " " ..'.- " " " .. • • .. .. • • " • " "" - '" " " " " • " " " " " n " ..", _...'" .. " " .. • • , .. " " .. " "., - " .. .. " • , .. .. • " " • " "'n ~ '.. " .. " .. • .. .. • .. " • " .... -- .. .. " " • • .. .. .. ,

" • " ..'.. - .. " " " • • " .. " " " • " ".. - " " " .. • • , .. .. " " .. " ",. - " " .. .. .. 0 " .. .. ,

" • " "'. -- ,,' n " " .. .. .. .. " .. " • oo "'.- " " " .. .. .. " " • .. " • .. .... - .. " .. .. • • .. .. , " " • " ..'. ~..., .. " .. oo • .. .. " " " " • .. "•• ... " " " .. .. " .. • ," • .. ".. - .. " .. " .. • .. .. , ," • .. ..'. .... " oo .. "

, , • " • .. " • n "'" - " .. " " • " " .. , .. " • " .... - n' n " .. • • , .. • .. "

," ..

~ ?'&F .. .. " " • , • " • .. ",.

" ",. " .. " .. " .. .. .. .. ," • " "'. - " .. .. " • 0 .. " • .. " • " "

__..__.. _ ,._ ____'1

Table 6: Economic indicators

_.~ -.------ _.....-----,- ._--_.- ~.-.. -..._.---.. - •• - - .. - - - - - • .., - .. " "

, b - ,. • ,, - ". ,.. • '.. .. se •, -,- ,." "

, • " " ",.

" ",

• '''' • .. • ", , .. .. ,. .. ,

• - ~ .."

b '", ...... m " .. • , , • " • •, - ." " ,.. b • ,.", - " " .. ,. • • , • • '" "

,", - & .. .. b • ,. • ". ,, .. ,,, ,.. " • ~ • , • , .. • , ,

,. - ,. .. ." " .. .. .. , b '" r ,." ~ m " "

, .. .. , • .. • • ,u ,- '"" - ". " .. , • • , ,. ,m " " ",. - .. " .. • • , , "" • ,

"" - m .. .. , , .. " ,. ,

"" - ,."

, • " • " •• ;:;- - " •• ", • , .. , • •" ~ " ... ,. .. , • .. • • •• - ,. ." .. ... , " " '" "

, ," - ~ ,., - ,,,

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" • - " • ,• .. .. •• U • .. u , • ,. " • ,• .. - " " , • , • "• - '" .. " , , ". '" • "

, •" ""...-... m ,. .. • •, - - " .. • • .. ,

" ~ .. , ..• - - .. ", - b , ,

" ". , • "• - .. • " " .. • "• '- • " ." • .. • • " .. ", •

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, .. ", n• ::- m .. "

, • • " '" '. ,m ,"• ." " "

, • , , ," ~ , ,

"" -- .. " ., , • • , • , ,

"u :-:' m .. " • '" n , ,U • " ." m ,

" U .. , " •• - .. " ·' .1 • " .. ,"

, m , , ,• - " " ., ,

" .. , , , - , , •• - & ",. .. .. , • , m " '"U - ,. " .. , ,,' ,

",

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, m .. , • " .. , ,"

" ,- ,m '"• ,- - " " • ," " m • , •, - .. " .. "

, ". m ",

"• T_ - .", - ... ." " .. , , ,. ,• - - .. • "• - • " ." " " " .. • " m , , ,• - ~ .. .. H ". • '" • .. m " "

,• ~ ,~ ,.• -- .. " .. "" ~:. .. 'R " •• " • '"

, , •• • ..• ... ,m " .. ~, • , , • ·m • " .., ~ • .. u '" • • , ,

" '",

" "• "- "" " .. ", • ,

", • , • "• =. R " " " • • ,

" " .. " • "• ,. " .. , • ~ ," " • • , •• - m " .. " • , , ,

" ,. , , •• ,- • ,,," - ,~ " ., • • • " .. " m , • ,, - ~ .. "

, • , • ," '" , , ,, - • " .. ,

" ", H "

, ," ..-.... - " ." • , , • • , ," - • .." - •• .."

w.~ w._-_.- w.--••---_w•• . ~--_.-

w_.., h-'---'. -.- - - --- - .. .. • •• - .. ,.

" " • .. .. • • , • , • •• ..- .. •• - •• " .. ," " .. , ,

• - .. .. ,• - ". • ,• --.. ,. " '" • 0 , • ,. ,

" ..• SooOi_ ." ." ." 0 • ,• - ,. ," ," ,- ,~ " .. , • "

," • ~

, • "• - '. " .. • " • • " " • 0 " •• - .. ••• - 'W .. .. • • • 0 • " .. , , •• - •• " .. • , • 0 "

, • •• _DIIo "'" "'" .. "• -- .. .., - ". .. ",

" " 0• - - .. " , , " • • , '.• - • .." - ". ." _I.' • .. " • " " " • • ", - - .. .. • • " • .. • • "• - .. .. •• O. .. U •• - m. .. •• • • • " • • "• - .. -l,l • ,.. - .. .." - .. .. "

, .. .. ," 0 " 0 • 0,. -- - .. .,. ," • ". " "'. --- - .. , 0 " " •,. 1__.11_ .. .. ... • .. • • • ".. - .. .. ... • , • 0 , • , ,

".. - ,m .. ,'. - .. " ... 0 •• • .. " , '" • • •,s - ,." " • • • •.. 0- • .. .. .. • • , • 0 " ".. - ,. .. .. • • • o• ,

" •'" - '.m .. .. .. .. ,

" • • " • " • .. ..". - o. .. .. 0 " • ,

" " '" , • •.. _.. .. " " • , • , .. 0 .. 0 " •'" - '., .. • •.. - - .. .. " " 0 ,"'" - '. .. .. , • , ". • 'S • • •" - 111!6 ." " ~ 0 • , •,,' ~ OW .. .. "

, , •.. ". " '. •" -- W" .. " • • • ,.. -.. oW'.- .. .. .. • • • •.. u. - .. .. • .. , •,. '.. " .. • • , •.. - - .. u • "

, ,.. _... .. .. " • ,,, m , • • • • • ,.. ". - .. .. • • • • .. , •'" ::':- - .. .. • '" ",.. '.. " .. • " " •

'" - ,.. .. .. • " 0 ,.. - D' .. .. • • , 0.. - - " .. • .. • " " •.. -- ,~ .. .. • " • ".. - - .. .. • " , ,.. - - .. '0 0 " ",.. - - .. .. • .. • ,.. - - .. .. • '" " ".. - .." " " • " " •.. -- ,- .. " • "

, ,'.. - - .. " • " " •,. - ... .. " 0

'" - ,.. .. .. 0 • • • • , ,'" - ~. " " 0 , , •.. - ". .. • • " "

,_____"_______'1

n

Table 1: Women

-_....- --_....- --- ••----- ...--- ---- • -- -- .. .. •• .., - m • • • , • " ~, - ,. .. • " " .., -- • • ," • " .. m,

" " .. .. , • .. a m• ..- .. " " " .. • ,

"• -- ~ • • ~ " • .. -, - ,. .. • " " " .. "• - ,.~ " • u • • a

• :: .. • ~ ~ • • •• " • • • , • • .." - .. • ~ • , • , "." - ,. • • • ,. • " ".. - •" - .. ~ .. .. ,

" " -" - .. • " • .. • .. .." - .. • , • • , •" .. ,. • "

, , e , Ij10

" :::. .. • • .. • " .. "" ,. .. " " " .. ", - .. • m • , • " •zt - .. • .. " m.. .. ,. • " • • " .... c.-_.... .. • " " " • "..-~

,. .. • ~ • " e .".. .. .. .. • " .. • " '." I_~""''' .. ~ • " " .. .. -n ,. .. .. • • " • " ~, .... .. ,. .. e .. •a .. .. • • • ,.• .. .. , , • • .. • .." .... "'.- .. .. • .. • .. m.. - .. • "

, , • ",,,

" - .. • " e " • .. m.. - ,. e .. .. ," ".. '. .. • • .. " • • m, - .. • • • " " • "" .. .. .. n • • • • "• - • .. • • .. " • "• :::.- .. " • • • • , "• '. • .. • " • .. •

" -- .. • .. • ," •

" ti~.. • .. , , • • "• '. " " " • • • "" - ,. • • • , • " "• - ,,' • • " • • • •

• - .. • • • .. • .. .." =--... ". " " "• .. • • , •• --- ,. • • • • • • "• .. ,. .. • • • .. • ,." '- •• ,- ,. .. • " • .. " .... ,- .. • • .. • • •" ,- •" - ,. m '" a • • -" !b~

.. ,. ", • m

" .. .. • • .. " " ..• - .. m .. ,. • " ..• • .. • • ,

" • • m• -- ,. • .. • .." r, .. • • • " • .. ,., •, ~ .. • • ". • " • ~

" - .. " • ". " • " m• .- ,. • .. .. .. • •• .. " • • ,

",

" m

" - ,." • ,

" • .. ..• - ,. • • .. e • • ..• ,- •• - .. • • .. "

, • '... - ,.. n .. ,. • • , •, - ,. • .. " " " m

" ....- .... .. " • " • • , '.• - ~, - m

-_..,.- --_....- -_ ...u_

•• --• ,.----- ,..--- ---• - -- -- - - - ••• -- Q • " ~ • , •, -- .. , - .. , n • ", - .. , • • • • , •• - ,." • •• - ,. • • " - •

• --- o. • • , • • • ..• -- " • • • • • "• - •• ,- .. • • • • • • •• - .. • • ," • • • D

• - •• - " • • • • • , •• - 0" • • • , • , 0"• r-.a. .... .-" .. • • 0" "• -- .., - .. • ," • • .. ,• - .. • • • • •• t:.: ..• .. , .. • • • • ..• - '" "

,m .. " • ,.• - '" ..• -- ..• - " "

.. .. .. • •• - '" -.. - •0" -- '" • .. .. , , • •.. -- .. , ,. • • • ,.. ........'- .. .. • '" •om 1__1_

'" ~ ,. ", • O... ... ". • • - .. • •om ,- ". .... - " • • .. • , • •.. .... .. • .. .. ,. •om -- Q • • .. • .. - •o. - .. • .. .. • • • ..

0" - •'" ~ .. • • ,. e, • •... - .. • .. .. • • • •'" -- .. .. • .. , • • •'" - '" - • .. • .. "". - '" • .. .. , • "," - .. " .. '" • • • .." - .. • • o. • • • •,. - .. • • '" • • •" - .. • • o. • • • •'" -- .. .. .. , • •" -- ," - .. • " • • 0

'" ..- .. .. " • .. •,. - ,. • • Q • • •'. - tn • o. • • •" -_. .. • .. " • • •.. •• ,- .. .. om • 0.. - .. • .. .. .. •'.-- .. • " .. • ," - .. ,. .. • • •.. - .. • .. , • •.. - ..

" • , • •," -- .. " .. n 0' •.. - .. • • , •.. - " ", • .. ,.. - .. .. " • •.. - .. .. , , • 0.. - ,w .. ,m •'. ..... .. ,,- " - , .. 0

'" - .. .. .. • .. •.. - .. .. m .. "" - .. • • " " .. •,. - .."

o. • .. •.. - '" " " • .. "__..__.......____,1

Table 8: Basic indicators on less populouscountries_.-- ---_. --- -••-- ••_.--..••- ---- "_.--- "----- • • • • • • • • •• - N', .... m • •• ,. m ~ u •• • • • .., -- •• ,. ,.

'" m ". " • " • '. ..• .- - .. ,.

00 m "',. 11'" " " • ..

• - • '. '. • .' •• " ... , • ",

• - m .. ~ • ". •• n ,. , .. '" •• -- .. .. .. '. .. .

" • •,~,- • " '" .. .. • " • ..• - " " ," .. .. '. • " .. •• .... • 0 " n .,

", .. , ,

0 - - , .. , - u .. " ", , •

n~- '" " .. • - ". " • • , '" •,t= .. .. '0 .. " o . " • , • '" •

", , .. .. " • • 0 " "" '- 0 • " - • '" •

" - " • " • • " " = • • • •" --- , • • " .. .. " • •" - • ,

" •• .. ~ • '. .." - • , .. " .. = " .. .. •, - • • , • - '" .. - , • '" ", -- " • '. " m ". .. .. " .. '. "• --- n , , •• .. - .. •" ,-- • • " .. .. - .. 0

" - ""-- • • '" .. .. " " '. •.. - • , .. .. .. .. " ,.. " • •,~-

, • " .. .. ,~ • • ", • • ," • ,. ,n " m. n • .. •

" '- " • • .. " ,. • • • •, ~ - " .. • .. ... " ,- , , • •• • ......... .. , • .. .. .. .. • '. •, -- .. , .. " .. '. " .. .. •" -- ,

" ,. " .. = , e, • •• .... • ," " .. ". " ". ,

" • •• - ," n " .. .. " •• •• - ," n .. .. .. , • ,. •, - .. " .. .. .. - "

., ,. •• .. ,"

," .. .. .. - , • '" •,

'"" • • • • m '" .. .. , • ,. ..• - ,

", • " .. .. .. • • .. •• =.' , ! " ", • • " .. .,,, , , •• ,

" • • ,. .. .. - .. • '" •" - , • " • .. " .. - • .. •

'--

MEASURING HUMAN DEVELOPMENTAn introduction totable 9

If dt.d<;pi,.. nl ill the 1!l9Os Is !Q

.......,. • toor1' 1IuoIad fotO' lMn lJ>rn,

lri!le':l a ....,.....,1''''',"..,. ......"t lor •IIll':'IIII of _rinJI: hUlIAIlllS 'O'eII1I

""""'-"'II IIJUIII'tSI. ~'rom UNICEF.poinl '" ¥i<-w, in parUcuIar, 1hm! il l.-d ilr ... 'Cf"'d mI.'Ibod oIl11O'2OU1'inl{ the Iewl of chllcI~Md itsnil' ofcb2o#.~ Wlder~ mortaIil)' ~

(U5MIt} is U!led in l8hlo ~ (rIo;<tpagt')

IS thoo principal indicalor of IUdI

pl""' ....The USMIl Iwo ......".j .......~

~lr$I. ~~ .. rod 1'\'$UIl Qt lI!t'deYeklpIllCIll proceliS I'IIllel' !han an-..put'tud> IS lIChool"""""",\eVd.po< <:apb C7Jorie .......uability. or 1Mnurnbtl' of doctorI~ lMusand llOl»laUoa - aD of ..iU<h """ mtaIIS 10 an

"'"SNood. the USMR iI kJIo,om l<l _

the rHUll III • wide ......,. of inputS:lho: ntllritional htahh and 1M health~ of flIOIl>on: the ~ ofirtImmizllion and ORr I*: 1M ....obiIiIy of mtlM>II and ddld I\eallh ,...vn. tuo<ludin,Ir ,-.1.-.): iI><omeand food lMiWIIlity bl lilt family; 1MlMIilobiIityotck.... _orand ale AlIilalion; oncl Ihe I>'t'mI1I aftqr of II..,child'.mvironmI:nL

Thinl fhto U5MRIs 1ea ...!ftPlibIolhan. lIllY. per <'tIliUI GNP to the I:oIbt'roftheIlI'efIlll'.Thisb becau!ll: the Da\.uro JcllIe dots notallowthe c!IiIdnn of1M ricll to bt' '* lhaJlIaIII! Iimrt ..til<tly 10 SllI\ivl:. cvm if the 1II1IHnade

.we~ JleftJIlI lhmI 10 have """IhousIu>d IimeI os m""" ino:Ime. Inolber...... ~ is much roo", ditlicuhtor • "",aIIhy minority to atrecI •!IA6on'. U5.\lR. and it I!Ic'rdon:! l)I'l"

IItflIS •~ O<C1lDle. If br from pel'~ pl<tun:, of the htahh _us of Ib<o

m.oiorilY olcIIikI= (and ol-":ty os'..hole).

r«lbeoo ............. lhe US.MR itcho11m by Uf'lJCE~' .. ill ~ IIIOILirnpQrtafJl indicau:Ir of the iI2lI' <J •

lII!ion'. rhiIdrm. ThIt is -..hr u.... ....tiollcaI ........ lim tht rtaliom of the""""d DOl in ~ndlnQ ordfr of thtirll"" capita GNP but ill~otdcr of lhdr un(\er.r,"", hIQIU6ly-n...~ 01 fIflIIIn!OS in~the US.\IRnn bo, .....-,rt"d by ..Jcu.Wioa: M~ annual1Nu<tioa I'Sle

lAAIOO. Unlike (he l~ of1lb$<JIul<; cban.lles. the MRR~the ,.,.. \hal the~ IimiI5 10 U5.\lJl~ lIppmadll'd only with~ditlkull)'. A..1owft"~nf~

n>ortIIIilJ ....~Ior~,lhe

Am!' absoohtle f'!'Iluctioa oIlvicImly i't'P"~lli • rrn'ct~ of I't'dutIioa. Tho MllR therefore~ •hieMr ral~ of~Ior.~,. 10painl mIucIion if llllll n:dU<tlon ....,."",,".01 .Iowctbd of~mor·la!ity. (.0\ &II in USMR of l(l poinlS froonlOOto 9(1,,,,,,_,,1.1_~ of l{l\wlk'fNOl tilt AIDC 1().poiDlllll &1>m 20I/t 10~11_ I'I'durtionof SO'II.)

weee ustd 1lI fOII}.mcIion ..ilbGNP~ .-... lhl' USMR and it<mIuction ndl' canlI~re iM: _pic.III'" of 1Mpo URi !'lSbciIllIlIIMlc by Inycwall'y or r<tPoa. and OV'I:r ...y pniDdof lime, lOWaI'd. the ..u.fxtJon 01_ of lhe _ ~ilIl of IIuman....

AI W>lo: 9 tb<lwa,~ 10 IHI fl:«!d",1atIon5hlp betwemlbe unualll'(\w.lion nl\t' of tho USMIl lIl>d lhe ........w1'lIl~ of R"QWlh In PI'" ap;laGNP 5u<h~1IOftf hdp to throw the l'fIIJlha." on to the policlH. prioritie&. MIlOlhcrfac\Qra -.oblcll deIumiuetilt"';"bttwemtcIl1><lllIkUId!IllCi;d Pl'oe"'fo$.

FiMlIy, 1M bible~ tht lOW "'"liIIl)' fUl' ror -" COUllV)' and its ___

lI0' >nntWme of redurIion. It ..m bt..... lhal IIWlY of w nation. orhi<hhav<: aclDeved~I n:du<tloI!lI inlhrir U5.\fR~ also ld1Iutd !'JlInjfi.canll'l.'duclioolo in krtilily.

II

Table 9: The rate of progress--------- -~.----- -- _.-

• - •• - •• -- - -. - - • -, "- m m m • • " " " " " " • .., =.... - ., .. " .. ., ... .. .. " .. .., E ~ .. " .. ., " " " " .. " •, " ~ .. .. " .. ". " " .. .. " .., - • .. - " .. ,. • .. " " .. ..• Goo. ' - .. - " " '" " " .. .. .. .. .., - .. m m " " ". " " " " .. ..• - ~ .. .. " " 11,1 " .. .. " " " ", ,- .. .. m " .. '" " ,. .. .. .. .. ..• ... - ,. 0' " " .. ,,,

" " " " " •" - .. .. zu .. " .. .. ,. " " " .. .." - .. .. .. " " ". " " • .. .. .. .." ,... .. .. .. .. .. '" .." ,- .. .. .. • " '" .. .. " " " " .." - .. .. ~ " ... '" " .. .. " " .. .." - .. .. - " " '" " .. " " " " "" - .. .. ,.

" .. '" " .. .. .. .. .." - .. '. .. " .. '" .. .. " .. " " .." ... .. .. .. u .. '.. ." .. .. " "

., ..• - '" .. ,. " .. ". ·u ,. .. " "

.,"0 - m - .. " .. '" .. .. .. " ..• - .. .. ," " • " .. " .. .. " .. ..

"__a .. .. m " " '" .. ." " .. " .. .,

" _'a " ,. ,,," " '" " " .. .. .. .. ..

0 - "' ,. '. " •• '" .. .. .. .. .. .. .." ,_~!loo " .. .. ., " " '" .. .. .. .. .. .. .." .' .. " ,,,

" .. '" .. " • .. .. .. •" ..... " '" .. .. .. '" .. " .. " " .. "• - .. .. '" " " '" .. .. " .. .. .. "• - ",. .. .. " '" .. .. .. .. " .' •• .....-.... .. .. '" .. .. ". .. " " .. .. ..

• - .. .. ,,, .. " ". " .. " " .. .. "• - m '" '" " " .. " " .. " " .. "• - m '" m .. " " " " .. ., ..• '- " '" .. " " " " ." .. .. " .. ..• ... .. ~ .. " " .. .. ,. n .. .. .. ..• ... .. .. '" " " " .. .. " .. .. " "• ... .. m '" .. .. .. " .. .. ,. .. "• :::- .. ,,, ,. .. " .. " " " " " " "• - m ,.

" " .. " " .. " " " "" -- .. ,. .. " " " " ., " " " " •• :,. .. "' .. " " " .. .. ,. .. .. .. "" ~ ,. '" .. " " " ." " .. .. " ,." - ~ '" m " " .. .. " .. .. .. ~ .." - - '. '" " " .. " .. .. .. " " "• - .. .. '" " " .. " .. " " .. ""

f::__ m .. * " " .. " .. .. " " ~ "• .. ,,, .. " " .. 00 " " " .. .. "• --- .. , • .. .. .. .. " " .. " ", - .. '" • .. " .. " .. .. " " " "" ,- • ." ..• ,- '" '" • " .. " .. " " " " " "" - ,. ,. • " " .. " •• " .. " .. "• ,- • ... "• - * '" • .. " " " .. .. .. .. ..• - .. m " " " " .. " .. " "" - *

,. • .. .. " " " .. .. .. " "• -- * ,. • " .. " .. .. " " .. .. "• ~ '" " " " .. 'I.l " " " .. "• -- .. " • " " .. .. " " .. .. " "" .... .. ,. • " .. " " " " .. .. .. "" ...- • •• "" - ," " • " " .. .. .. " .. " " .." ~ .. .. " .. .. " .. ." .. .. .. " "• ,,- m ,. • " .. .. " • .. .. .. " "• :::.. - .. • .. .. " " " ,: " .. " "" .. ,. • " " .. " " " " " " "• - ,. • • " .. .. .. ." .. .. .. " "• ~'" • I." ..• ,. • " " .. " " .. .. .. .. " "" - ,. • • .. .. .. .. " .. .. .. .. "" - .. '. • " .. " .. .. " .. .. " ", ....-""'" m ,,, • " " " .. ... " " .. .. .." - " .. ", - • •• "

------~_.

--- -••-- .. ------ .. - --• - .. .. • • " .. .. " ., " .. " .. "" -- .. .. • " " " " " " " n

• - .. • • " n " n " " " u " ..• - .. • • .. " " " " n u ..• - • • • " " " u " n u "• --.. .. • • " " .. " '" n .. " .. ..• -- .. • • n " " •• .. " .. u .. "• - • .. ..• - .. • • " " .. " .. " n .. .. ..• - • 0 • " " " " .. " .. " .. "• - 0 '" "• - .. 0 • .. " " " " " " " .. "• - ., 0 • .. .. " " .. " u " .. "• --,.... .. • • " " ., " " " " "• -- 0 .. "0 - • • • " .. n ." u " " .. "• - .. • • .. " " " " " " " " "• t.:. • .. "• .. • n " " " .. .. " " " .. "• - • " " .. .. " " .. " n " .. "• - • " " " " •• "• - • .. "• - • • • " " .. u ., " " " " "• - " n " " " " ".. - • .. "• - • • • .. " " " " " " " n "• -- '" • • " " .. " G. " .. " " "---- - • • " .. .. .. .. .. .. " ".. --- " • " " .. .. " •• " n " n ".. - • • " " " .. n " n " n " ".. - • " " n " " "• - • • • " .. .. " " .. " " " n.. =. • • • " " .. " u n " u ".. .. • • " " " u " " " " n ".. - .. • • " " .. n " u " " " u

'" - • ".. - .. • • " " •• " " " " n " u.. - .. • " .. " " .. " " " " .. ",. -- '" • • " .. " " .. " " " " ".. - • • • " " .. " " n .. " ".. •• • • • .. " " " u " " " " "'" • • • .. " n " .. .. " u " ..,. - .. • • u " .. .. .,."

,. " " .." ::..... '" • " " " " .. " .. " " " n.. • • • .. " " " " " " "'" -- • , • .. " " " " .. " " .. "'" -.. • "'" - • " • " " " .. " " " " " ..'" ;.:;. • " • " .. " " " " " " .. ".. • • " " " " " " " " " .... - • " .. u " .. " " " " " "'"_...

'" • " " " n .. " " " " ".. - • , " " " " " .. " " " ".. .. • " " " " " " .. " " " .... -- • • n " " " " " " u " "'" - • • " " " " " .. " " .. ".. - • • .. " " " " " " " " .... - • " .. " .. " " .. " " " ".. -- • • " " .. " " " " " " ".. - • " .. " u .. u u " u u .... - • " .. " " u " .. " " " .... - • " u " " " u " " .. u .... - • • " " " .. " " " " " ".. - • • ," " " u " " " .. " ".. -- • • , .. .. " " .. " " " .. "'" - • • , .. " " " " " " " " .... - • " • .. " " " " " " " u .... ; $ • " • " " u u " " " " .. u.. • , • " u .. " " u " .. " .... - • , ," " " .. " u " " u ..

""::t.----.-.---..- .....- liIo - . ol - - ....--......- .__._-_.._-

----~

Table 10: Regional summaries

...:;:, ~ - -- • - - - -- - -- - - - - -'_t___ 4 ___

• • • • - • • •---- ,. • • • • • • • ..---- - • • • • • • ..---- • • • • • • • • ..--- • • ~ ~ • • - .. •_...._- - ... ..' - ". .. ... .- --..._~-- - • - ~ • • • ... ..---- • M m • - .. - • •..._--- • • • • • • • • •_ _ _ _I'll• • • • • • • • •.._--- • • • '" • • • •.._.._--- • • • •.._.._--~ " • • "

T.... t IltIIIIoiN

...........,."""" • • • n ", " "...._ .....__w_ •...._....._--"- •...._....... ' e iU 1_...._-~_&- , , • • " » "....____ e _ • • • ,...._----&- • , , • , •...._------ • • » , • •___I'lol

• » • " • • •~_..... • .. • .. '" .. • •"-"- • .- • • • • • • •.._..- - • • • • •1_"_'-----.- • " " • • • •.._---_.- • » • • • • •.._-_.-.- • • • • • • •.._----- • • • • • • •.._----- • • • • • • •.._----- • • • • • • ».._----- • • • • • • •.._-----.._-----.... '_...-_11 • • • • • • • • •.. .. ,_..__lII'I • • • • • • • • •....,_.._-- • • • • • , » • •....,_.._-- • • • • • " • • •.. <11_---- • • • • • • "(JlI...."" • • • • • • •1....., ____I ...._1"l • • • • • • • •___1JIII._N

" " • • • • • •___' __N

• • • • • • • •_____N

• • • • • • » »..._---- .. • • • • ,~ • •...._-..-- • •• • • • • • •____l'lI _ __

• • • • • • • •____I'll_C_• • • • • • • •----""- -- • • • • - • - •____I'lol_...._• • • .. • • • »____1'01 _ __

• • • • • •____1'01____

• • • • • •.._---~-- • • • • • • • •-.----.... » • • • • • • •-----.... • • • • • • • •

-~- . - -- -...... ... - ---- -- ~ - - - - - -T_". e $"_"'-'-_.- • • 0 • • • • - ..---- • • • .. • • • SO •_____N

" " " n " .. .. "_____1"1

" " u tr " .. n n---- • " " • " • • "---- e • ", ,

" • • •---- • " • • " • " •___t.-

• • • • • • " • •..._-- • " • • • • • •..._-- • • • • • • • • •--- .. .. .. " " " " " ",,,-- • • • " " • • • "______111

" " " .. " " " "______N

" " " .. " u " ..,_._--._- • ~ .. • - - - • .."".._____111

" .. " " .. " .. .....______1'\1 .. .. .. u " .. n " u-_.._"" " ", , .. .. " •.._---- • " " •,,---_.... • • " • • •....__.- , , , , ,

" • •....__.- , • , • , .. " ""'.__.- • " • " • " " "CI04_IS_ - M - - - - -00.0._. to ,,_"'" , , , , , ,"tloM_"oI_,__ ,m • " "

, ,tloM_.""_,__,, • " " • " " •t_,,_"'~""ol_ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ,._ ....., ...<1- • • • , • • " •-_......_-- , • • • • • • •-_....._-- • • • • • .. " •. -- " • • • • " • •___...::_1'1 • • • • • • "..._- .. -- • • • " • • • "--- .. • • .. • • SO •~Ik,,"_._-........- .. .. .. • .. • .. •---- • .. .. • • " .. ..--_.. .. " m • • • • • ..------... " " " " .. .. " n----._'" .. .. " " .. .. u ..-------_.... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......_----~ .. .. .. .. .. " " ..-.._---- .. .. .. " u .. U " ..---- .. " " " .. " .. "-.....-- .. .. .. " .. .. .. u---- .. u .. " " " .. " U1oW______'" .. .. .. .. " " .. ..------.... .. .. " .. " " " ..

_..._.._._-

COUNTRY GROUPINGS

SUB-SAHARAN AflIICA - "'"' - --- - - -- .- n ............. 0- - r-U,.ol.... - I' , ....... • • - -...-.. ... ... ...... - - -"" ~. ... ............ t7 , • -

SOlJlll ASIA ' \.... '

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AfRICA ........__"-II..---.......-

-------It 14.

- ...-- "-----,. ,...,.....- ,-.... ,-..

-..........-EAST ASIA A.ND PACIFIC

LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAH - ... -- ....... - .. - ,_.... ,....- .- - -... .- - -- . ...-~ - --. '-- -k 2.r,•- ---''''-'-

-n t t_

•

INlIUSTIIlAUZED COUHTRlES - - - ..- .... ", -... - -- ,

~- - - --- - - --- - - '---.. ... -- - -DEVElOPING COONTRlES " ... ..... -- .... -- • ... s.I_- <- ., • -- - - --1IIi: ... - -- ... .. -e- • " - .......... ... -- .....

"- -- ..... .-... ... - --.._... - - '_U"-'lIl.... ...... ~, ,• ""'"'.... ... - '"-- - - ,--'.....--.. -'_""'01 - '-... .. - '.... - .... -... - - ---.- - - -... ~o.,. ... - -.... -... - --...- ... _...- -.. tao........ - ..

• .. - .. -- - ,. , $ ,

I.!AST DEVROPED COUfrfTRlES • J .. - -• • $ $ - .. -•.. - 'b ,-U.."- • • .. , . '.- ... - -....... tao .... 0..'" - -..... .- .... ...... ..... - ---.. Ii ' • --

DEFINITIONS

Undlt,·!ive mortality rBll

NI.frD< II 1BI1hs III I:!Ildnrl <nler 1M,.., oJ 1lJO' ~ llXll 1M _ """"~ liu II lbo jIIlbDIil'/ of~__ llIl'iIllJ'lll~"'..d.Infaot mortality ratetlIIfCe 1lI.-tlI 01 ru.t. ....In,.."'''ll''l*l.l1111o-t.1hI McHlIIlIda/llt1hI:l1ll!ll prdIItiIIly olltlftJ -.- tnllJ'Ill..-:d¥ ...._d..

GNP6Mt IIIIlllIMl upr.- .. ......,c~ SlI\a..,. GNPllII' I:JIllI\IgIllwIh1_ 111'8~ ",...." /MeS1ll!Il!1M. _ ~~ fOllrill_ lines 10IhIlcg8olf'"'' .... of GNP .. (.IIIlIIlI 01__lIioeIhr Btl _ d lilt

-~..Life e~llect8ney 8t birthTt.,..,."'.......-._.....".".."" ,..q.:r.1II1!-. nutBlq rtSb~"" IN u__• d IqIlIouI:rI ~ IhI_lll hit'*'"

Adult li\llracy rete

~ ot I*XJnItgId15._~an_lJ'Ill ....""

Prima!V and secondaryenrolment ratios1lIIlPI'l" ••oIi 1I1/l11 ............01~ emlIlfIl ~ IMI +

.......... IllIt hi' tJtItIn; .. lbo ......

.. IlJO\4I "" N 1M! _.. 1 ••

..... d ol~ II

ll'J8 ""'" lorlho1 .... lhI ......,.K IIl1C1 is lhIl!IlIl JIII'IIt.- at chi..... .....-..lIll.xhllcIbng lMI_lIIloIlII.. 1Iw ...... f'lll-"..... .... ••PII'8IUllI aI #II'" _ .. IllIl •...Income share

~dll_"""'''''''lJrlbo...,. 2D'ro n "-' om. III llWSill......

towbirth weillhll.eIIlI8\ 2.500 IJlI"llW.

•

Underweight~ iIJ1 - bIIoJw IIIn<S Moo_1lIolMiln k .....".. ....d ~_ -...!lnI-.l ....!lin ll!rI ~ b' l1li of•.--Wasting~ II1II _- bIIaw,.... _0IInI;IatlI~ lnlIIl_...,;;a llr!lIigtIlol.....~

StI,InlingM>dInIJ .-.J _ - bIkM> .... """_~ -.-.s Iro:I'lIlllDlrlIeljl; kr.d'--~

Total goitre rate_ .. d l!IilI)el ...., 8·11 WlIh~ lJ oiIClIll'IIN- n.s is.. ordiaIltIrIII .... dI/'LoCj. v.lliCIl ..- lnII...ond......u_

Access ll) health services"* olllll~ \l1lian INC!l,", iN IocaIlUlh BW::eIlIt lllIllOCll_al~"'TIO""""_l1u

ORT use"-"'I9f 01 ... __ !II~ IIIdliI......... rMye;nd .tr8IIII!~~mI~ _ Of III ilIJPi...... loMe......Ch~dlen reaching grade5 ofprimary sclloolIW "-9' 01 "" dilIhII_nJ Ihe fQI,.. al _ IdlIlIII ..au .......,-...'Crude deaill rateAttdI_al __ le um~~

Crude birth rateAmuII _ d Whi per IJIXI~~

Tml fertllity raten. ...... al doOMn "'" _ III bam... -.:l ~ ........ KlIiI'IID Iho rd d

"'" IftlIl.b!Ilrq l8!II3 inlllllil'~ II1IItl\.. 1n mdalu "'III~ ....lpd"r.Iorlirv!3*'

Urban population

IW.... 01 pPPo........ ~ in """'"_ .. dor...~ 10 Iht r-.t<IIIIOIkIo _11'1 d1t__llIlIII8Ioan-Absolute poverty level"'" _ 1M! tIIIow \Ol'oCh I _~"""diMpU _r<Il-bId '......,. rtt ..... albdilblo.

ooA

Debt serviceThe DO It ......~ .., 'IIfIIrII81IS 01 I'(IqlIII OIl -... lllbIlt .-ojPIi*<tI'__ a.o-n_

Contr.celltive prevalence

~""""'_ogal\~lW&IIilrwlnglDill..........

Births attended,.= ; oIbintw.-mI~~......~ II<lI*l IQIIIrf helIlIbc:In -un QI _ tadilJOilll IwIII......MelemalmortIIlity rate~d""ol_&GIn~rwIIIad__ pel 1OOJIII 1M! bintw.

MAIN SOURCES

DOAllI...aullCft IIlr EalraIlIt CoiJiwID, R0. t: al «laIl

Expend ilUlI on health, edun tionanddefenu""8IOiIl Mi:rlIWI hnllMl

Crude dt.ltIl/ld bw1h ratesli8l_" ' 0.-.

""""u..,.....-e.-."""--".'- .._...InflabOn 1Maluolutl powrty-,_...

Bfll5tlHding

~Il~""'::~~,

fQlf ... Iv •• 00,. III IIIIhIIll HIlmllf,IQ

Household lJql8fldrturt on food_...Acu u to dnnklng Wllir Indsln~.tion 'lenitiesWInI ...."~ IYM.ll tftl

"""

......-.............WlrlII _ 0 p M!Q, ...

DE' .......s..-._.m'Mnl~Oo..._*,'i'MQ

Undef-IMI and inllnt lIlOlUilyUIIIIlI"-P , ~ IN:Ef.- _ Sil!o..-. WIIIlI.....US.....c...

Under·liw. dtlths

"""GNP Pfll' capita.......Ut'IJqllmnCVlblId IllI.ulI~ llMa;n

Aduk liter .tVlhIId '- H bUill. sc.u", InIICIAnlllo.._,1lMSClll

....~_'$' mo-,.'--$ '~"'War4dW.

Scllool enrolmem Ind reactunggrldt 5~ ........ f .. , ... Sc.-i!it ""QAQlI); ,U6lII

..........~_......_-'IIIIII'WI-.. 0 • I'MQ

Acct1110 hlilltl services

"""IllVIlUllQlbO/IWII'III IllIliMl 00...__

"""ORTUM

--,"...--......Radio , Ad IaIfMsa1u.._r, 5~_

CIliIorII D• ueaJt

Debt s8fVice-...ConlJlceplJ't'tl pt.....lenc.IhIIll .... , S t , u.-.. IIIrIl:lIJ-:::.="' .. t • $ ...

Births ItI8I'I6tcIWMl....0 i No'Q

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THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN 1995 - unicef.org State of the World's... · CONTENTS TheState...

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