THE SPECTRAL THEORY OF QUANTUM CURVES AND …art/data/StringMath/S20/... · 2020. 6. 22. · Marcos...
Transcript of THE SPECTRAL THEORY OF QUANTUM CURVES AND …art/data/StringMath/S20/... · 2020. 6. 22. · Marcos...
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THE SPECTRAL THEORYOF QUANTUM CURVES
AND TOPOLOGICAL STRINGS
Marcos MariñoUniversity of Geneva
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What is a quantum curve?
Algebraic curves are ubiquitous in modern mathematical physics
1) Seiberg-Witten curves of supersymmetric gauge theories
2) Mirror manifolds to toric (non-compact) Calabi-Yaus
3) “Spectral curves” for large N matrix models
4) Spectral curves for integrable systems
5) A-polynomials of knots
0) WKB curve in one-dimensional quantum mechanics
⌃(x, p) = 0
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In all these problems, the “classical” theory is described by the periods of the Liouville one-form
p(x)dx
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along the one-cycles of the curve
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An important example for this talk is local mirror symmetry
toric Calabi-Yau manifold X
mirror curve
⌃(ex, ep) = 0
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Here, the periods of the Liouville form determine the “prepotential” of topological string theory on X.
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AA
BB
mirror map
genus zero GW invariants
t =
I
Ap(x)dx
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@F0
@t=
I
Bp(x)dx
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F0(t) =X
d�1
N0,de�dt
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ex + ep + e�p�x + u = 0
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This looks very much like a WKB approximation to a quantum mechanical problem underlying the curve
Therefore, it is tempting to think that the corrections to the “classical” theory can be obtained by “quantizing” the curve
in an appropriate way
In the case of local mirror symmetry, this leads to the idea that the higher genus free energies of the topological string
Fg(t) =X
d�1
Ng,de�dt
<latexit sha1_base64="Z7CvtSfvtjqQJHq7KkmFjYTdzik=">AAACFHicbVBNS8NAEN34bf2qevSyWARFLYkI6kEQBfEkClaFpobNZhoXd5OwOxFKyI/w4l/x4kERrx68+W/c1h78ejDweG+GmXlhJoVB1/1wBgaHhkdGx8YrE5NT0zPV2blzk+aaQ4OnMtWXITMgRQINFCjhMtPAVCjhIrw56PoXt6CNSJMz7GTQUixORFtwhlYKqquHQbyMK7vUN7kKisiPgXolPQ6KeC0qC18rCuVVsR5RLINqza27PdC/xOuTGunjJKi++1HKcwUJcsmMaXpuhq2CaRRcQlnxcwMZ4zcshqalCVNgWkXvqZIuWSWi7VTbSpD21O8TBVPGdFRoOxXDa/Pb64r/ec0c29utQiRZjpDwr0XtXFJMaTchGgkNHGXHEsa1sLdSfs0042hzrNgQvN8v/yXnG3Vvs75zulnb2+/HMUYWyCJZJh7ZInvkiJyQBuHkjjyQJ/Ls3DuPzovz+tU64PRn5skPOG+ftZKdZw==</latexit>
can be obtained by “quantizing” the mirror curve [ADKMV]
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Perturbative quantization schemes
There are two perturbative quantization schemes for curves which produce a series of quantum corrections to
the prepotential.
The first one is based on a direct quantization of the curve, by promoting the canonically conjugate x,p variables to
Heisenberg operators
[x, p] = i~
⌃(x, p = �i~@x) (x, ~) = 0
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This leads to a Schroedinger-type equation
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p(x, ~) ⇠ p(x) +X
n�1
pn(x)~2n
One can now use the all-orders WKB method to obtain “quantum” versions of the Liouville form and the periods
t(~) =I
Ap(x, ~)dx
<latexit sha1_base64="oiIAP+vcJgO/1FfBx2FlsDd3nKc=">AAACDnicbVDLSgNBEJz1GeMr6tHLYAhEkLArAfUgRL14jGAekF2W2ckkGTI7u8z0SsKSL/Dir3jxoIhXz978GyePgyYWNBRV3XR3BbHgGmz721paXlldW89sZDe3tnd2c3v7dR0lirIajUSkmgHRTHDJasBBsGasGAkDwRpB/2bsNx6Y0jyS9zCMmReSruQdTgkYyc8VoOj2AqKOL92IS/CvcFwcnOCphlNXhbg9Gvi5vF2yJ8CLxJmRPJqh6ue+3HZEk5BJoIJo3XLsGLyUKOBUsFHWTTSLCe2TLmsZKknItJdO3hnhglHauBMpUxLwRP09kZJQ62EYmM6QQE/Pe2PxP6+VQOfcS7mME2CSThd1EoEhwuNscJsrRkEMDSFUcXMrpj2iCAWTYNaE4My/vEjqpyWnXLq4K+cr17M4MugQHaEictAZqqBbVEU1RNEjekav6M16sl6sd+tj2rpkzWYO0B9Ynz/lVZrH</latexit>
@F (t, ~)@t
=
I
Bp(x, ~)dx
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This procedure was applied to SW/mirror curves by [Mironov-Morozov, ACDKV]
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However, the quantum prepotential obtained in this way
F (t, ~) =X
n�0
Fn(t)~2n
<latexit sha1_base64="4byIWGXAn/uH9UDJP+23BGDAzOg=">AAACFnicbVDLSgNBEJyNrxhfUY9eBoOQgIbdEFAPQlAIHiOYB2TjMjuZJENmZ5eZXiEs+Qov/ooXD4p4FW/+jZPHQaMFDUVVN91dfiS4Btv+slJLyyura+n1zMbm1vZOdnevocNYUVanoQhVyyeaCS5ZHTgI1ooUI4EvWNMfXk385j1TmofyFkYR6wSkL3mPUwJG8rIn1TwcY3fgE1W4wK6OAy+R2O0zbI9x1ZN5KMzcu6Qkx142ZxftKfBf4sxJDs1R87KfbjekccAkUEG0bjt2BJ2EKOBUsHHGjTWLCB2SPmsbKknAdCeZvjXGR0bp4l6oTEnAU/XnREICrUeBbzoDAgO96E3E/7x2DL2zTsJlFAOTdLaoFwsMIZ5khLtcMQpiZAihiptbMR0QRSiYJDMmBGfx5b+kUSo65eL5TTlXuZzHkUYH6BDlkYNOUQVdoxqqI4oe0BN6Qa/Wo/VsvVnvs9aUNZ/ZR79gfXwDpiudOw==</latexit>
does not describe the usual topological string free energy. Rather, it gives the so-called “Nekrasov-Shatashvili
free energy”
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A different “quantization” scheme is obtained by the topological recursion of Eynard-Orantin
⌃(x, p) ! {Fg(t)}g=0,1,2,···
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This does give the topological string free energies (BKMP conjecture, now a theorem) but there is no obvious
relation to conventional quantization
There has been recent progress in relating topological recursion to some sort of quantization of the curve [Bouchard-
Eynard, Iwaki, Eynard-Garcia Failde, Orantin-Marchal], but their resulting quantum curves have infinitely many quantum corrections and
I will not follow this route
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Another shortcoming is that these approaches are perturbative in nature.
We recall that the “total free energy” of topological string theory
F (t, gs) =X
g�0
Fg(t)g2g�2s
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does not define a function, since it is a factorially divergent series
Fg(t) ⇠ (2g)!
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Topological recursion does not give much insight on this problem.
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A full quantum realization of topological string theory should give a non-perturbative definition of the theory, in
which the series appears as the asymptotic expansion of a well-defined function.
It turns out that progress along this direction can be made if one looks at the quantum curve as an operator on the
natural Hilbert space L2(R)
This might seem unnatural from the point of view of complex geometry, since the spectral theory of operators is very sensitive to reality and positivity issues. However,
one can “complexify” afterwards, as we will see.
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Operators from curves
By quantizing interesting families of curves one obtains well-known operators on , as well as new ones:L2(R)
1) SW curves of Argyres-Douglas theories lead to Schroedinger operators with polynomial potentials
[e.g. Ito-Shu, Grassi-Gu]
p2 + VN (x)� E = 0
2) SW curves of SU(N) theories lead to deformed Schroedinger operators [Grassi-M.M.]
H = p2 + VN (x)
H = 2 cosh p+ VN (x)2 cosh(p) + VN (x)� E = 0
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3) Mirror curves of toric CYs lead to a new family of “Weyl” or exponentiated Heisenberg operators
OP2 = ex + ep + e�x�p
OF0 = ex + ⇠F0e�x + ep + e�p
(1, 0)(1, 0)(�1, 0)(�1, 0)
(0,�1)(0,�1)
(0, 1)(0, 1)
X ! OX
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For simplicity I will consider polytopes with a single inner point
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The spectral problem defined by quantum curves is therefore a fascinating generalization of the spectral theory of one-dimensional Schroedinger operators
The main question we want to address is:is there a relation between the spectral theory of these
operators, and the geometric, “quantum” objects associated to the underlying curves?
I will from now on focus on (local) mirror curves
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Spectral theory
The operator ⇢X = O�1X
is positive definite and of trace class
Theorem [Grassi-Hatsuda-
M.M., Kashaev-M.M., Laptev-Schimmer-
Takhtakjan]
on L2(R)
e�En , n = 0, 1, · · ·
and all its traces are finite
Tr ⇢`X =X
n�0
e�`En < 1, ` = 1, 2, · · ·
(assuming and some conditions on “mass parameters”)
~ > 0
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Discrete spectrum
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Since the operator is of trace class, we can define its Fredholm determinant
which is an entire function of
⌅X() = det (1 + ⇢X) =Y
n�0
�1 + eµ�En
�
= eµ
It can be shown that is identified with the modulus of the CY, therefore this is an entire function on the CY moduli
space
“fermionic” spectral traces
= 1 +1X
N=1
ZX(N, ~)N⌅X()
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-150 -100 -50
-0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
zeroes= spectrum �eEn
⌅P2(, 2⇡)
At weak coupling, when , these quantities are related to the NS topological string
~ ! 0
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Surprisingly, the strong coupling limit leads to the conventional topological string
~ ! 1
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The strong coupling result is conveniently formulated by using topological string theory in “conifold” coordinates. We recall that, in the moduli space of the CY, there is a conifold point where the
mirror curve becomes singular.
Re(t) ! 1Re(t) ! 1
conifold pointtc = 0
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large radius
We can parametrize the moduli space by a special vanishing coordinate at the conifold, tc
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A conjecture
Let us consider the following ’t Hooft limit of the fermionic spectral traces
N ! 1 ~ ! 1
Then,
N
~ = tc
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log ZX(N, ~) ⇠X
g�0
Fg(tc)~2�2g
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~ =1
gsnote that
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Corollary: a “volume conjecture”
Explicit calculations show that these spectral traces are very similar to state integrals for hyperbolic three-manifolds (or to
partition functions of 3d susy theories)
~ ! 1
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V :
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value of the Kahler parameter at the conifold
point
It turns out that the volume conjecture for state integrals [Kashaev, Andersen-Kashaev] has a counterpart in this context:
ZX(N, ~) ⇠ exp (�~V )
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N fixed
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In order to obtain the traditional Gromov-Witten free energies, one can instead consider the following limit of the
Fredholm determinant
~ ! 1,µ
~ = t fixed
One has, conjecturally, the asymptotic expansion
log⌅X() ⇠X
g�0
Fg(t)~2�2g
(this asymptotics has however oscillatory corrections)
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One striking consequence of this picture is the following. The topological string free energies have a branch cut
structure and are singular at the conifold point. However, in the non-perturbative version, the Fredholm determinant is an
entire function with no singularity!
Fg(t)
stringy moduli space
quantum moduli space
Therefore, branch cuts and singularities are artifacts of the asymptotic expansion (i.e. of perturbation theory)
[cf. Maldacena-Moore-Seiberg-Shih]
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Although I have emphasized asymptotic results, we have conjectured an exact expression for the Fredholm
determinant of quantum curves, in terms of (refined) BPS invariants of the toric CY. Roughly,
This provides in principle a complete solution of the spectral problem for these “Weyl-type” operators
⌅X() =X
n2Zexp
0
@X
g�0
Fg(t+ 2⇡i~n)~2g�2 +WKB
1
A
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Note that this spectral problem is different from the one addressed by Nekrasov and Shatashvili: we quantize curves, not integrable systems. The two problems are identical in
curves of genus one with a 5d susy gauge theory realization; for curves of genus g>1 they are different,
albeit not completely unrelated.
However, our solution of the spectral problem gives non-perturbative corrections to the quantization conditions of
NS
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Some applications and extensions
In an independent development, it has been found that tau functions of Painleve functions can be written in terms of 4d instanton partition functions by using the same type of Zak
transform [Gamayun-Iorgov-Lissovvy]
This fits in our framework, after taking a “geometric engineering”/4d limit of the appropriate Calabi-Yau. It leads to
a reinterpretation of the tau function as a spectral determinant [Bonelli-Grassi-Tanzini]
SW/4d limit
⌧ =X
n2Zexp
0
@X
g�0
Fg(a+ 2⇡i~n)~2g�2
1
A
<latexit sha1_base64="1/YS1UlM/vZU3lD/D66gRelm1Fc=">AAACUXicbVFNaxRBEO2d+BE3fqx69FK4CBvEZWYJqAchKIjHCG4S3F6Hnt6amSbdPUN3TcgyzF/MQU/+Dy8eFHs/DppYUPB47xXV9TqrtfIUx9970c6Nm7du797p7929d//B4OGjY181TuJUVrpyp5nwqJXFKSnSeFo7FCbTeJKdvVvpJ+fovKrsJ1rWODeisCpXUlCg0kHJSTRvgPvGpK0FrkIbQWWWtZ+7Djhe1FxjTqONowBeIMQdvE+LkXgOE+C1gpY7Ayq4y0w4sPsb8KWdFC8mHXeqKGk/HQzjcbwuuA6SLRiybR2lg698UcnGoCWphfezJK5p3gpHSmrs+rzxWAt5JgqcBWiFQT9v14l08CwwC8grF9oSrNm/J1phvF+aLDhX1/qr2or8nzZrKH81b5WtG0IrN4vyRgNVsIoXFsqhJL0MQEinwltBlsIJSeET+iGE5OrJ18HxZJwcjF9/PBgevt3GscuesKdsxBL2kh2yD+yITZlkl+wH+8V+9771fkYsijbWqLedecz+qWjvD+aesg4=</latexit>
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Complexification
So far we have required to be real and positive, but it is clearly interesting to complexify it.
~
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It turns out that the integral kernel of can be computedexplicitly in many cases [Kashaev-M.M.] . It involves Faddeev’s
quantum dilogarithm
⇢X
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�b(x)
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b2 / ~
<latexit sha1_base64="Aemvlx29VL2qxenK+nwmJkoUtzE=">AAACBHicbVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUZfdBIvgqsyUgrorunFZwT6gU0smzbShmSQkGaEMXbjxV9y4UMStH+HOvzGdzkJbDwQO59xL7jmhZFQbz/t2CmvrG5tbxe3Szu7e/oF7eNTWIlGYtLBgQnVDpAmjnLQMNYx0pSIoDhnphJPrud95IEpTwe/MVJJ+jEacRhQjY6WBWw5iZMY6SsPZfQ0GUglpBAzGIVJw4Fa8qpcBrhI/JxWQozlwv4KhwElMuMEMad3zPWn6KVKGYkZmpSDRRCI8QSPSs5SjmOh+moWYwVOrDGEklH3cwEz9vZGiWOtpHNrJ7ORlby7+5/USE130U8plYgjHi4+ihEGbc94IHFJFsGFTSxBW1N4K8RgphI3trWRL8Jcjr5J2rerXq5e39UrjKq+jCMrgBJwBH5yDBrgBTdACGDyCZ/AK3pwn58V5dz4WowUn3zkGf+B8/gBUx5fn</latexit>
which can be analytically continued to the complex plane. This makes it possible to reformulate topological string partition functions in the language of (double) q-series,
study their resurgent properties in the complex plane, and so on [in progress with Jie Gu].
~
<latexit sha1_base64="+kNMvlgaoM4uks8yWlfwXYhxEYk=">AAAB7XicbVBNSwMxEJ3Ur1q/qh69BIvgqexKQb0VvXisYD+gXUo2zbax2WRJskJZ+h+8eFDEq//Hm//GtN2Dtj4YeLw3w8y8MBHcWM/7RoW19Y3NreJ2aWd3b/+gfHjUMirVlDWpEkp3QmKY4JI1LbeCdRLNSBwK1g7HtzO//cS04Uo+2EnCgpgMJY84JdZJrd4oJBr3yxWv6s2BV4mfkwrkaPTLX72BomnMpKWCGNP1vcQGGdGWU8GmpV5qWELomAxZ11FJYmaCbH7tFJ85ZYAjpV1Ji+fq74mMxMZM4tB1xsSOzLI3E//zuqmNroKMyyS1TNLFoigV2Co8ex0PuGbUiokjhGrubsV0RDSh1gVUciH4yy+vktZF1a9Vr+9rlfpNHkcRTuAUzsGHS6jDHTSgCRQe4Rle4Q0p9ILe0ceitYDymWP4A/T5AyCnjts=</latexit>
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Open problems
I have presented a precise “duality” between (conventional) topological strings and the spectral theory of trace class operators. This provides a non-perturbative definition of
topological strings (in the spirit of AdS/CFT) and has many implications in both fields.
What is lacking is a more physical understanding of this duality. Formally, it suggests a deep relationship with a 3d
SUSY theory, or with one-dimensional fermions, but this has not been made more concrete
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Mathematically, most of our conjectures are unambiguous and well-defined, but probably very hard to prove (it also
seems to be difficult to find mathematicians who know well both sides of the conjectures, i.e. spectral theory and
Gromov-Witten theory!)
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Thank you for your attention!