The Saint Michael Trio presents

The SonataYesterday and Today

The “Chapter” Format

First movement:Broad, expansive. States basic character of piece.

Second movement:Slow. Introspective.

Third movement:Minuet. Later, scherzo. Provides comic relief.

Last movement:Energetic. Provides resolution.

The Sonata Form

The Sonata Form

First Theme

Second Theme

Development

Recapitulation

Coda

THE SONATA FORM

THE SONATA FORM

1. EXPOSITION First Theme in the home key (tonic)

Second Theme up a 5th (dominant)

Preliminary Coda still up a 5th

2. DEVELOPMENT 1st & 2nd themes in free association

3. RECAPITULATION First Theme back in the home key

Second Theme in the home key

Coda home key

Franz Joseph Haydn1732 - 1809

Trio in C Major, No. 43Hob. XV:27

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Exposition:

The first themeEstablished in the home key (Haydn has chosen C Major, a “happy” key)

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43First movement

The Exposition:The first theme continuesThis is an elaboration of the initial idea, and its treatment becomes more complex

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Exposition:Modulating to a new key

Haydn is moving into the “dominant,” which is 5 steps above the home key.

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Exposition:

The second themeNow we are playing in the Key of G, a 5th above the home key.

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Exposition:

Preliminary codaWe are reaching the end of the second theme.

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Exposition:Back to the beginning!After the exposition of the first and second themes, the tradition was to go back to the beginning and repeat it all over again.

Why repeat? To make sure both themes are completely engrained before you get into the development. Note: in the modern era many performers consider the repeat optional and omit it. But today Saint Mike is doing the repeat.

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Exposition:The first theme, again

We’re back in the home key

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Exposition:Modulating to the new key, again

Haydn is moving into the “dominant,” which is 5 steps above the home key.

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Exposition:The second theme, again

Now we are playing in the Key of G, a 5th above the home key.

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Exposition:

Preliminary coda

We are reaching the end of the second theme.

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

END OF THE EXPOSITION!Now we begin the “Development”

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Development:

Free associations

The composer gets to do anything here, and it is completely unstructured.

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Development:

“The Fugue”In most of his music Haydn inserts a reflective fugue-like passage into the development. It sounds like something Bach would write for church music, with notes of equal length (16ths) in an uninterrupted stream. It signals the moment of reconciliation and the return to the first theme (and the home key).

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Development:

Returning home!

Haydn is really pouring it on here! For dramatic effect, he is staying in this transition key for a very long time, and our anticipation for the home key and the recapitulation just builds and builds.

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Recapitulation:

We have landed!At long last we are back in the home key and we are listening to the first theme again.

The treatment of this first theme has extra flourishes this time, and a triumphant feeling.

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Recapitulation:

Second Theme!

But this time the second theme stays in the home key.

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Recapitulation:Second theme, continues

You’ve heard all of this before, but now you’re hearing it in the home key.

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Recapitulation:

The Coda“Coda” means “ending” and you can tell the piece is coming to a close. And in this case Haydn is choosing to wrap with a gradual fade-away, rather than a big flourish. But he will tack on some final chords that signal a clear end.

Haydn Trio in C Major, No. 43

The Recapitulation:

Finished!

Franz Joseph Haydn1732 - 1809

Trio in C Major, No. 43Hob. XV:27

The Saint Michael Trio presents

The SonataYesterday and Today

Paul Schoenfieldb. 1947

Café Music

The Saint Michael Trio presents

The SonataYesterday and Today

Schoenfield Café Music

The Exposition:

First Theme

The theme is a honky-tonk melody, and Schoenfield is establishing it in C minor for the home key.

Schoenfield Café Music

The Exposition:First theme continues

Schoenfield is elongating the first theme with this secondary idea.

Schoenfield Café Music

The Exposition:

Second Theme

Schoenfield introduces the second theme in a higher key, just like Haydn did. It invokes ragtime, to contrast to the honky tonk in the first theme.

Schoenfield Café Music

The Exposition:Second theme continues

Schoenfield gives the theme an elaborate development. The main motif is played alternately, using four fast notes, or two slow notes. It is also played in the major key and the minor key.

Schoenfield Café Music

The Exposition:Second theme hijacked by the piano!

Now Schoenfield has the piano run away with the second theme and vamp for awhile before the strings reign it back in.

Schoenfield Café Music

The Exposition:Preliminary Coda

Now the exposition is completed. Schoenfield takes a dramatic pause before beginning the development.

Schoenfield Café Music

The Development:Total chaos

Schoenfield goes completely crazy! The two themes are layered on top of each other but the meters change, the rhythms are irregular, the intervals are strange, and general chaos breaks out.

Schoenfield Café Music

The Development:Free associations continue

As developments go, Schoenfield’s is getting extremely long and drawn out! The piano has escaped again. Ragtime is layered on top of honky-tonk, and the keys are helter-skelter.

Schoenfield Café Music

The Development:

Returning home!You can tell Schoenberg is transitioning back to the home key for a big recapitulation, and just like Haydn he is drawing it out for a long time to heighten the drama! When the recap finally comes it will be an enormous release of tension.

Schoenfield Café Music

The Recapitulation:

We have landed!At long last we are back in the home key and we are listening to the first theme again.

Just like in the Haydn, the treatment of this first theme has extra flourishes this time, and it is meant to be enormous and triumphant.

Schoenfield Café Music

The Recapitulation:

The second theme!You have heard this before. It is identical to the first time, but now it is in the home key instead of a secondary key, identical to Haydn.

Schoenfield Café Music

The Recapitulation:The second theme continues

The piano escapes again, and gets reigned in again, and all is as before but in the home key.

Schoenfield Café Music

The Recapitulation:

The CodaThis too is identical to Haydn. We are reaching the end, but Schoenfield is winding it down gradually and peacefully, before tacking on some final chords.

Schoenfield Café Music

The Recapitulation:

FINISHED!

Paul Schoenfieldb. 1947

Café Music