The Solid State Lighting Revolution

IEEE Student Meeting

April 8, 2010

2

The History of Lighting

THE CASE FOR A NATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM ON SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHTINGRoland Haitz and Fred Kish, Hewlett-Packard Company, Palo Alto, CA 94304

Jeff Tsao and Jeff Nelson, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185-0601

3

Outline

• What’s an LED

• Lighting Class LEDs?

• The Future of Solid State Lighting

Semiconductors for High Brightness LEDs

Empty band

Forbidden

Full valance band

Ec

Ev

Engineered, multilayered crystal structure to efficiently convert current to light. Materials used, layer design and crystal quality determine color and efficiency

Semiconductor

Ev - valence band edge

Ec - conduction band edge

Eg

0.01

0.1

1

10

400 450 500 550 600 650 700Wavelength (nm)

InGaN AlInGaP

AlGaAs

GaAsP GaAsP GaP:N

SiC

Ultra-violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red Infra-Red

Better

Worse

Luminous

Intensity

Low brightness LEDs

Very high brightness LEDs cover the entire visible spectrum

using 2 different III-V compound semiconductor

material systems

What is an LED

• Mixing colors can make white LED

- Red, Green, Blue LEDs used together - Blue LED plus Yellow Phosphor - UV LED plus various Phosphors

• Phosphor - a material that absorbs light at one wavelength and emits it at

another wavelength 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

350 400 450 500 550 600

wavelength (nm)

rela

tive

inte

nsity

excitation

emission

How to Make a White LED

6

White LED Efficiency Increasing Rapidly

~ 200 Lm/WCree, 2010

7

Early LED UseArchitainment (Architecture and Entertainment)

Courtesy of SolarOne

Off Grid LED Street LightingMasdar City

• Many street lighting programs

• 100% SSL buildings are starting to appear (mostly in Asia)

• Many hundreds of start-up companies in Solid State Lighting

• Generally still not ready for prime time• Lack of good standards• Very high prices• Lots of “junk LED bulbs”

Solid State Lighting – Coming fast

9

The Total Lighting Market is Huge

Global Lighting Market Size

(in billions)

2006 2011

Lamps (Front-end)

$20.9

$25.4

Fixtures (Back-end)

$81.1

$106.6

Total $102 $132

North America approximately 29% of the worldwide market

Total Lighting Equipment Market

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

1996 2001 2006 2011

Sale

s in

Bill

ions

$

North America Western Europe Japan China Other Asia/Pacific ROW

Source: Fredonia Group, Inc.

So there is a tremendous revenue opportunity for LEDs

This is where research is published, not peer reviewed literature

CONFIDENTIAL © 2007 Luminus Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.

11

Some Examples of MR-16 LED Products

12

DOE Testing – Many product claims are misleading

Energy Efficient Lighting Systems

Lighting Systems interfaced to externalgrid & building systems

HealthComfort

InformationProductivity

Therapeutic LightingThe Right Light

where you want it

Lighting and Data at the same time

Adaptive Lighting Systems

Create a Top Down Vision with Input from All Stake Holders