The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun...

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The Solar System

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Transcript of The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun...

Page 1: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

The Solar System

Page 2: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Terms• Ecliptic

– Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun

– Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth

PSCI 131: The Solar System

Page 3: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Terms: EclipticPSCI 131: The Solar System

From: Wikipedia.org

Page 4: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

The Solar System• The Early Solar System• Overview• The Terrestrial Planets• The Jovian Planets• Dwarf Planets• Asteroids• Comets• Meteoroids

PSCI 131: The Solar System

Page 5: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

The Early Solar System

Page 6: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

The Early Solar SystemPSCI 131: The Solar System – The Early Solar System

From: jcconwell.wordpress.com

The Nebular Theory

https://jcconwell.wordpress.com/2008/10/
Page 7: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

The Early Solar SystemPSCI 131: The Solar System – The Early Solar System

Planets formed from collisions of smaller objects

The Nebular Theory

Page 8: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Solar System Overview

Page 9: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Overview of the Solar System• Sun: >99% of solar system’s mass

• Major planets– 4 terrestrial– 4 Jovian

• Dwarf planets– 5 recognized so far by IAU

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Overview

Page 10: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Overview of the Solar System• Asteroids, comets, meteoroids

– Leftover material from solar system formation– Fragments from collisions

• Dust, gas, radiation

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Overview

Page 11: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

The 8 Major Planets

Page 12: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

What Is A Major Planet?

• Spherical

• Orbits Sun

• Not a moon

• Has cleared its orbital path of other objects

PSCI 131: The Solar System

Page 13: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Major Planets and SunPSCI 131: The Solar System – The 8 Major Planets

The major planets, shown to scale

Page 14: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

The Four Terrestrial Planets• “Terrestrial”: Earth-like• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Terrestrial Planets

The terrestrial planets, shown to scale

From: wikipedia.org

Page 15: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

The Four Terrestrial Planets

• Small• Rocky• Dense• Thin atmospheres• Short years• Long days• Main heat source: Sun

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Terrestrial Planets

EARTH VENUS

MARS MERCURY

From: wikipedia.org

Page 16: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

MercuryPSCI 131: The Solar System – Terrestrial Planets

From: wwu.edu

From: wikipedia.org From: wikipedia.org

• Orbital period: 88 days

• Rotation period: 59 days

• Temp range: -270° F – 870° F

• Atmosphere: None

Page 17: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Venus

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Terrestrial Planets

Cloud cover of Venus.

From: ircamera.as.arizona.edu

Surface of Venus, photographed with cloud-penetrating radar. From: annesastronomynews.com

• Orbital period: 225 days

• Rotation period: 243 days

• Temperature: 900° F

• Atmosphere: 97% CO2

Page 18: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Earth

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Terrestrial Planets

Earth from low-altitude orbit.

From: astexhibits.com

Earth as seen from the Moon.

From: science1.nasa.gov

• Orbital period: 365.25 days

• Rotation period: 23 hr 56 min

• Temperature: 58° F (2012 average)

• Atmosphere: Nitrogen, oxygen, argon, water, CO2

Page 19: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Mars

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Terrestrial Planets

Mars from low-altitude orbit, showing atmosphere.

From: wikipedia.org

• Orbital period: 687 days

• Rotation period: 24 hr 37 min

• Temperature: -80° F (average)

• Atmosphere: Thin, CO2

Page 20: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

MarsPSCI 131: The Solar System – Terrestrial Planets

Volcanoes and water ice clouds on Mars.From: jpl.nasa.gov

Olympus Mons volcano

Olympus Mons. Cliff at base is 5 miles high. Inset shows height compared to Earth mountains.From: wikipedia.org

Page 21: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

The Four Jovian Planets• “Jovian”: Jupiter-like• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets

The Jovian planets, shown to scale

From: cseligman.com

Page 22: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

The Four Jovian Planets

• Large• Gas & ice• Low density• Long years• Short days• Main heat source: internal (from gravitational

compression)

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets

Jovian planets compared to the Sun and Earth (far right) Modified from: wikipedia.org

Page 23: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

JupiterPSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets

Jupiter as it would look if it were the same distance from Earth as the Moon.

From: tholtz.com

• Orbital period: 12 years

• Rotation period: 9 hr 56 min

• Temperature: -234° F (cloud tops)

• Atmosphere: Hydrogen, helium

From: photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov

Page 24: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Jupiter’s Atmosphere

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets

Cross-section of Jupiter compared with Earth. 125°K is about -234°F; 2000°K is about 3100°F.

• Mostly H and He

• Would have become a sun if it had been bigger

• Pressure within atmosphere is high enough to make liquid and metallic hydrogen

Page 25: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Jupiter: The Great Red SpotPSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets

High-res photo of the Great Red Spot, an ancient storm the size of three Earths.

Page 26: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

SaturnPSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets

Saturn imaged by the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft, 2008. From: nasa.gov

• Orbital period: 30 years

• Rotation period: 10 hr 30 min

• Temperature: -288° F (cloud tops)

• Atmosphere: Hydrogen, helium

Saturn’s rings and Earth, taken by Cassini-Huygens spacecraft, 2008. From: nasa.gov

Earth as seen from Saturn

Page 27: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Saturn’s Moon TitanPSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets

Comparison of Titan with Earth and Earth’s moon.

• Atmosphere: Nitrogen, methane

•Only moon known to have an atmosphere

• Bodies of stable liquid on surface

•Methane, ethaneTitan’s surface. From: nasa.gov

Page 28: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

• Orbital period: 84 years

• Rotation period: 17 hr 14 min

• Temperature: -357° F (cloud tops)

• Atmosphere: Hydrogen, helium, frozen ammonia and methane

•Rotates on its side:

UranusPSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets

Uranus showing rings and cloud

bands. From: nasa.gov

Axis

Page 29: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

• Orbital period: 165 years

• Rotation period: 16 hr 7 min

• Temperature: -392° F (cloud tops)

• Atmosphere: Hydrogen, helium, frozen ammonia and methane

NeptunePSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets

Neptune with cloud bands, cirrus clouds (white) and storm systems (dark spots). From: nasa.gov

Page 30: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

The Dwarf Planets

PSCI 131: The Solar System

Page 31: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

What Is A Dwarf Planet?

• Spherical

• Orbits Sun

• Not a moon

• Has NOT cleared its orbital path of other objects

PSCI 131: The Solar System

Page 32: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Five Recognized Dwarf Planets(Listed in order of decreasing size)

• Eris• Pluto• Makemake• Haumea• Ceres

• All are located in “debris belts”

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Dwarf Planets

Page 33: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Debris Belt LocationsOrbit of Earth

Orbit of MarsASTEROID

BELT

SUN

KUIPER BELT

Orbit of Uranus

Orbit of Neptune

Page 34: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Debris Belt Locations

ASTEROID BELT

KUIPER BELT

Orbit of Uranus

Orbit of Neptune OORT CLOUD

Page 35: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Five Recognized Dwarf Planets

• Eris: Kuiper Belt• Pluto: Kuiper Belt• Makemake: Kuiper Belt• Haumea: Kuiper Belt• Ceres: Asteroid Belt

• Oort Cloud: No recognized dwarf planets; trillions of comets

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Dwarf Planets

Page 36: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

The Smaller Objects: Asteroids, Comets, &

Meteoroids

PSCI 131: The Solar System

Page 37: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Asteroids• Size: 10s to 100s of miles

• Shape: Irregular

• Composition: Rock, metal

• Atmosphere: None

• Location: Mostly in Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects

Page 38: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

(doesn’t look like this)

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects

The Asteroid Belt

Page 39: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

What Does the Asteroid Belt Look Like?

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects

It’s mostly empty space

Page 40: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Asteroids: Earth CrossersPSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects

Page 41: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Comets• Size: average diameter about 5 miles

• Shape: Irregular

• Composition: Ice, rock & metal fragments

• Atmosphere: None

• Location: Kuiper Belt & Oort Cloud

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects

Halley’s Comet, 1986

From: dailygalaxy.com

Page 42: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

CometsPSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects

Structure of a comet

Page 43: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

CometsPSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects

A comet’s coma and tail only form near the Sun. The tail always points away from the Sun.

Page 44: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

CometsPSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects

Comet Shoemaker-Levy struck Jupiter in 1994.

Page 45: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Meteors• Size: sand grain

(average)

• Composition: Rock, metal

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects

Page 46: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

Meteors• Meteor: within a planet’s atmosphere

• Meteorite: has struck the ground

• Meteoroid: still in space

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects

Page 47: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.

The Chelyabinsk “Meteor”, February 15, 2013

• Approx. mass: 11K tons • Approx. size: 60 ft• Velocity: 41K mph• Altitude of airburst: 76K feet• Energy: 500K tons of TNT• Injuries: 1,491• Damage: 7,200 buildings

PSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects

VIDEO: Chelyabinsk meteor airburst and building damage

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpp1nFMgjAo

115week3S17 - SFSU Physics & Astronomyjfielder/115week3slides.pdf · • Sun follows path called ecliptic going around Earth once in one year ->accounts for most observations!! 2/3/17

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A. The Ecliptic A. The Ecliptic - clifford.org · 1 Osher Topic 01 Feb 26, 2007 Ecliptic and Annual Motion Dr. Bill Pezzaglia II. Ecliptic and Annual Motion A. The Ecliptic, (Path

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Another Complication: Axis Tilt! The Earth’s rotation axis is tilted 23½ degrees with respect to the plane of its orbit around the sun (the ecliptic) It.

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Long-term predictability of regions and dates of strong ...earthquakes occur under the location of vector “Sun-Solar System barycenter” in the ecliptic plane. Also there is time

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The Reason for the Seasons. The Sun in the Sky Ecliptic is the Sun’s apparent path through the celestial sphere.

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© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The sky varies as Earth orbits the Sun As the Earth orbits the Sun, the Sun appears to move eastward along the ecliptic.

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Wadhurst Astronomical Society Newsletter JULY 2016 · JULY 2016. The next line to be superimposed was the Ecliptic, which Brian explained was the Earth’s plane around the Sun although

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Imaginary Teleprompter...About Imaginary Teleprompter Teleprompter by Imaginary Films, currently known as Teleprompter by Imaginary Sense, and from next release till the end of time

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Constellations & Stars...B. Ecliptic •–the plane of the Earth’s orbit around the sun •The apparent path that the sun (and planets) appear to move along against the star background.

Constellations & Stars...B. Ecliptic •–the plane of the Earth’s orbit around the sun •The apparent path that the sun (and planets) appear to move along against the star background.

Dynamical Evolution of Ecliptic Comets - Lunar and Planetary Institute

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The ecliptic - Earth’s orbital plane - Rice Universityfew/Moon positions/Moon's Positions.pdf · The ecliptic - Earth’s orbital ... (Owing to rounding of values before and/or

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Zodiac Constellations. The Zodiac A group of 12 (13) constellations found on either side of the ecliptic Appear as background of the sun, moon and planets.

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Ch 28 Tools of Astronomy. Ecliptic is the plane in which Earth orbits about the Sun. is the plane in which Earth orbits about the Sun.

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January, 2005 Copyright © Ecliptic Enterprises Corp., 2005. All Rights Reserved. Ecliptic Enterprises Corporation RocketCam TM Digital Video System (DVS)

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