THE SOIL FOOD WEB
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Transcript of THE SOIL FOOD WEB
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THE SOIL FOOD WEB
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Soil Biology and the Landscape
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The Soil Food Web
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Components of Soil Organic Matter
Decomposing organic matter(active fraction) 33% - 50%
Stabilized organic
matter (humus)
33% - 50%
Fresh residue <10%
Living organisms
<5%
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Rhizosphere
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Microbial Biomass with Depth
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Seasonal Microbial Activity
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FOOD WEB & SOIL HEALTH
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Biomass of Soil Organisms in Four Ecosystems
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Typical Numbers of Soil Organisms in Healthy Ecosystems
Ag Land Prairie Forest
Organisms per gram (teaspoon) of soil
Bacteria 100 mil. -1 bil. 100 mil. -1 bil. 100 mil. -1 bil.
Fungi Several yards 10s – 100’s of yds 1-40 miles (in conifers)
Protozoa 1000’s 1000’s 100,000’s
Nematodes 10-20 10’s – 100’s 100’s
Organisms per square footArthropods < 100 500-2000 10,000-25,000
Earthworms 5-30 10-50 10-50(0 in conifers)
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Methods for Measuring the Food Web
Counting •Direct counts of individuals
•Plate counts of colonies
Activity levels •Respiration (CO2 production)
•Nitrification rates
•Decomposition rates
Cellular constituents •Biomass C, N, or P
•Enzymes
•Phospholipids
•DNA and RNA
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Bacteria with fluorescent stain for counting
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A Complex Food Web
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Complexity of the Soil Food Web in Several Ecosystems
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BACTERIA
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Bacteria
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Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria•Nodules formed where Rhizobium bacteria infected soybean roots.
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Actinomycetes
Bacterial cells that grow like fungal hyphae
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Bacteria vs. fungi
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FUNGI
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Fungi and Soil Quality
– Decompose carbon compounds– Improve OM accumulation– Retain nutrients in the soil– Bind soil particles– Food for the rest of the food web– Mycorrhizal fungi– Compete with plant pathogens
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Mycorrhizae
Tree root
Mycorrhizal structure
Fungal hyphae
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Ectomycorrhizae
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM)
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Mushrooms:The fruiting body of some fungi
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Mycorrhizal Fungi
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PROTOZOACiliates • Largest of the three types
• Move by means of hair-like cilia• Eat the other protozoa and bacteria
Amoebae • Also large• Move by means of a temporary foot
(pseudopod)• Include testate amoebae (with shell-like
covering), and naked amoebae
Flagellates • Smallest of the three• Move by means of a few whip-like flagella.
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