The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one...

77
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 5 The Skeletal System Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 5.1 – 5.77 The Skeletal System Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Transcript of The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one...

Page 1: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition

Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 5The Skeletal System

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slides 5.1 – 5.77

The Skeletal System

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Page 2: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

Parts of the skeletal system

Bones (skeleton)

Joints

Cartilages

Slide 5.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cartilages

Ligaments

Divided into two divisions

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Page 3: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones

Support of the body

Protection of soft organs

Movement due to attached skeletal

Slide 5.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Movement due to attached skeletalmuscles

Storage of minerals (Ca and P) and fats

Blood cell formation - hematopoiesis

Page 4: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Bones of the Human BodyBones of the Human Body

The adult skeleton has 206 bones

Two basic types of osseous - bone tissue

Compact bone

Slide 5.4Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Dense and Homogeneous

Spongy bone

Small needle-likepieces of bone

Many open spacesFigure 5.2b

Page 5: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Classification of BonesClassification of Bones

Bones are classifies according to shapeinto four groups:

Long bones

Slide 5.5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Typically longer than wide

Have a shaft with heads at both ends

Contain mostly compact bone

• Examples: Femur, humerus

Page 6: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Classification of BonesClassification of Bones

Short bones

Generally cube-shape

Contain mostly spongy bone

Slide 5.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Contain mostly spongy bone

Examples: Carpals, tarsals

Sesamoid bones – form within tendons

Examples: patella or kneecap

Page 7: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Classification of Bones on the BasisClassification of Bones on the Basisof Shapeof Shape

Slide 5.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.1

Page 8: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Classification of BonesClassification of Bones

Flat bones

Thin and flattened

Usually curved

Slide 5.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Usually curved

Thin layers of compact bone around a layerof spongy bone

Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

Page 9: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Classification of BonesClassification of Bones

Irregular bones

Irregular shape

Slide 5.9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Do not fit into other bone classificationcategories

Example: Vertebrae and hip

Page 10: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Classification of Bones on the BasisClassification of Bones on the Basisof Shapeof Shape

Slide 5.10Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.1

Page 11: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Gross Anatomy of a Long BoneGross Anatomy of a Long Bone

Diaphysis

Shaft - length

Composed ofcompact bone

Slide 5.11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

compact bone

Epiphysis

Ends of the bone

Composed mostly ofspongy bone

Figure 5.2a

Page 12: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone

Periosteum

Outside covering ofthe diaphysis

Fibrous connectivetissue membrane

Slide 5.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sharpey’s fibers

Secure periosteum tounderlying bone

Arteries

Supply bone cellswith nutrients

Figure 5.2c

Page 13: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone

Articular cartilage

Covers theexternal surface ofthe epiphyses

Slide 5.13Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

the epiphyses

Made of hyalinecartilage

Decreases frictionat joint surfaces

Figure 5.2a

Page 14: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone

Medullary cavity

Cavity of the shaft

Contains yellow

Slide 5.14Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Contains yellowmarrow (mostly fat)in adults

Contains red marrow(for blood cellformation) in infants

Figure 5.2a

Page 15: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Bone MarkingsBone Markings

Surface features of bones

Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons,and ligaments

Passages for nerves and blood vessels

Slide 5.15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Passages for nerves and blood vessels

Categories of bone markings

Projections or processes – grow out from thebone surface

Depressions or cavities – indentations

Page 16: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone

Osteon (Haversian System)

A unit of bone

Central (Haversian) canal

Opening in the center of an osteon

Slide 5.16Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Opening in the center of an osteon

Carries blood vessels and nerves

Perforating (Volkman’s) canal

Canal perpendicular to the central canal

Carries blood vessels and nerves

Page 17: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone

Slide 5.17Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.3

Page 18: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone

Lacunae

Cavities containingbone cells(osteocytes)

Arranged in

Slide 5.18Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Arranged inconcentric rings

Lamellae

Rings around thecentral canal

Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3

Page 19: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone

Canaliculi

Tiny canals

Radiate from the

Slide 5.19Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Radiate from thecentral canal tolacunae

Form a transportsystem

Figure 5.3

Page 20: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Changes in the Human SkeletonChanges in the Human Skeleton

In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyalinecartilage

During development, much of this cartilageis replaced by bone

Slide 5.20Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

is replaced by bone

Cartilage remains in isolated areas

Bridge of the nose

Parts of ribs

Joints

Page 21: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Bone GrowthBone Growth

Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of longbone during childhood

New cartilage is continuously formed

Older cartilage becomes ossified

Slide 5.21Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Older cartilage becomes ossified

Cartilage is broken down

Bone replaces cartilage

Process of bone formation – ossification doneby bone-forming cells called osteoblasts

Page 22: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Bone GrowthBone Growth

Bones are remodeled and lengthened untilgrowth stops

Bones change shape somewhat

Bones grow in width – appositional growth

Slide 5.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bones grow in width – appositional growth

Growth due to growth hormones and sexhormones

Bones are remodeled continually in response to:

Calcium levels in blood and pull of gravity andmuscles on the bones

Page 23: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Long Bone Formation and GrowthLong Bone Formation and Growth

Slide 5.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.4a

Page 24: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Long Bone Formation and GrowthLong Bone Formation and Growth

Slide 5.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.4b

Page 25: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Types of Bone CellsTypes of Bone Cells

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells

Slide 5.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

Break down bone matrix for remodeling andrelease of calcium

Bone remodeling is a process by bothosteoblasts and osteoclasts

Page 26: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Bone FracturesBone Fractures

A break in a bone

Types of bone fractures

Closed (simple) fracture – break that does notpenetrate the skin

Slide 5.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Open (compound) fracture – broken bonepenetrates through the skin

Bone fractures are treated by reduction andimmobilization

Realignment of the bone – either by physician’shands or surgery

Page 27: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Common Types of FracturesCommon Types of Fractures

Slide 5.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Table 5.2

Page 28: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Repair of Bone FracturesRepair of Bone Fractures

Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formeddue to broken blood vessels

Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form acallus – cartilage matrix, bony matrix,

Slide 5.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

callus – cartilage matrix, bony matrix,collagen fibers – capillaries also form again

Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bonycallus made of spongy bone

Bony callus is remodeled to form apermanent patch

Page 29: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Stages in the Healing of a BoneStages in the Healing of a BoneFractureFracture

Slide 5.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.5

Page 30: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton

Forms the longitudinal part of the body

Divided into three parts

Slide 5.30Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Skull

Vertebral column

Bony thorax

Page 31: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton

Slide 5.31Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.6

Page 32: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The SkullThe Skull

Two sets of bones

Cranium

Facial bones

Slide 5.32Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Facial bones

Bones are joined by sutures –interlocking, immovable joints

Only the mandible is attached by afreely movable joint

Page 33: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The SkullThe Skull

Slide 5.33Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.7

Page 34: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull

Slide 5.34Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.11

Page 35: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Human Skull, Superior ViewHuman Skull, Superior View

Slide 5.35Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.8

Page 36: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Human Skull, Inferior ViewHuman Skull, Inferior View

Slide 5.36Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.9

Page 37: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses

Hollow portions of bones surroundingthe nasal cavity

Slide 5.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.10

Page 38: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses

Functions of paranasal sinuses

Lighten the skull

Give resonance and amplification to voice

Slide 5.38Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.10

Page 39: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone

The only bone that doesnot articulate with anotherbone

Serves as a moveable

Slide 5.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.12

Serves as a moveablebase for the tongue and asan attachment point forneck muscles that raiseand lower the larynx whenwe swallow and speak

Page 40: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull

The infant’s face isvery small comparedto the size of thecranium

The fetal skull is large

Slide 5.40Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The fetal skull is largecompared to theinfants total bodylength

Skull is unfinished atbirth Figure 5.13

Page 41: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull

Fontanelles – fibrousmembranes connectingthe cranial bones

Soft spots

Slide 5.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Soft spots

Allow the brain to growand for easier delivery

Convert to bone within24 months after birth

Figure 5.13

Page 42: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column –– SpineSpine

Vertebrae separated byintervertebral discs

The spine has a normalcurvature

Slide 5.42Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Each vertebrae is givena name according to itslocation

Before birth 33 : then 9fuse

Figure 5.14

Page 43: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Structure of a Typical VertebraeStructure of a Typical Vertebrae

Slide 5.43Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.16

Page 44: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Regional Characteristics of VertebraeRegional Characteristics of Vertebrae

Slide 5.44Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.17a, b

Page 45: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Regional Characteristics of VertebraeRegional Characteristics of Vertebrae

Slide 5.45Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.17c, d

Page 46: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax

Forms acage toprotect major

Slide 5.46Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

protect majororgans

Figure 5.19a

Page 47: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax

Made-up ofthree parts

Sternum

Slide 5.47Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Ribs

Thoracicvertebrae

Figure 5.19a

Page 48: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton

126 bones of the:

Limbs (appendages)

Slide 5.48Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pectoral girdle

Pelvic girdle

Page 49: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton

Slide 5.49Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.6c

Page 50: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdleThe Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two bones

Clavicle – collarbone and Scapula – shoulder blade

These bones allow the upper limb to have

exceptionally free movement due to:

Slide 5.50

Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeletonat only one point

Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slideback and forth against the thorax as muscles act

The glenoid cavity is shallow, and the shoulder jointis poorly reinforces by ligaments

Page 51: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle

Slide 5.51Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.20a, b

Page 52: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle

Slide 5.52Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.20c, d

Page 53: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb

The arm isformed by asingle bone

Slide 5.53Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

single bone

Humerus

Figure 5.21a, b

Page 54: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb

• The forearmhas two bones

Slide 5.54Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Ulna

• Radius

Figure 5.21c

Page 55: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb

The hand

Carpals – wrist

Slide 5.55Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Metacarpals –palm

Phalanges –fingers

Figure 5.22

Page 56: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Bones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the Pelvic Girdle

Hip bones

Composed of three pair of fused bones

Ilium

Ischium

Pubic bone

Slide 5.56Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pubic bone

The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis

Protects several organs

Reproductive organs

Urinary bladder

Part of the large intestine

Page 57: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The PelvisThe Pelvis

Slide 5.57Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.23a

Page 58: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The PelvisThe Pelvis

Slide 5.58Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.23b

Page 59: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis

Slide 5.59Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.23c

Page 60: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs

The thigh hasone bone

Femur – thigh

Slide 5.60Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Femur – thighbone

The heaviest andstrongest bone inthe body

Figure 5.35a, b

Page 61: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs

The leg has two bones

Tibia

Fibula

Slide 5.61Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fibula

Figure 5.35c

Page 62: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs

The foot

Tarsus – ankle

Metatarsals – sole

Slide 5.62Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Metatarsals – sole

Phalanges – toes

Figure 5.25

Page 63: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Arches of the FootArches of the Foot

Bones of the footare arranged toform three strongarches

Slide 5.63Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

arches

Two longitudinal

One transverse

Figure 5.26

Page 64: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

JointsJoints

Articulations of bones

Functions of joints

Hold bones together

Slide 5.64Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Allow for mobility

Ways joints are classified

Functionally

Structurally

Page 65: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Functional Classification of JointsFunctional Classification of Joints

Synarthroses – immovable joints

Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable

Slide 5.65Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Amphiarthroses – slightly moveablejoints

Diarthroses – freely moveable joints

Page 66: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Structural Classification of JointsStructural Classification of Joints

Fibrous joints

Generally immovable

Cartilaginous joints

Slide 5.66Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cartilaginous joints

Immovable or slightly moveable

Synovial joints

Freely moveable

Page 67: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints

Bones united by fibrous tissue

Examples

Sutures in skull

Syndesmoses

Slide 5.67Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Syndesmoses

Allows moremovement thansutures becausefibers are longer

Example: distalend of tibia andfibula Figure 5.27d, e

Page 68: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Cartilaginous JointsCartilaginous Joints

Bones connected by cartilage

Examples

Pubic

Slide 5.68Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.27b, c

Pubicsymphysis - pelvis

Intervertebraljoints – spinal column

Page 69: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Synovial JointsSynovial Joints

Articulatingbones areseparated by ajoint cavity

Slide 5.69Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

joint cavity

Synovial fluidis found in thejoint cavity

Figure 5.27f–h

Page 70: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Features of Synovial JointsFeatures of Synovial Joints

Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)covers the ends of bones

Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrousarticular capsule

Slide 5.70Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

articular capsule

Have a joint cavity filled with synovialfluid

Ligaments reinforce the joint

Page 71: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Structures Associated with the SynovialStructures Associated with the SynovialJointJoint

Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs

Lined with synovial membranes

Filled with synovial fluid

Slide 5.71Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Filled with synovial fluid

Not actually part of the joint and common whereligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rubtogether

Tendon sheath

Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Page 72: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

The Synovial JointThe Synovial Joint

Slide 5.72Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.28

Page 73: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Types of Synovial Joints Based onTypes of Synovial Joints Based onShapeShape

Slide 5.73Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.29a–c

Page 74: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Types of Synovial Joints Based onTypes of Synovial Joints Based onShapeShape

Slide 5.74Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.29d–f

Page 75: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Inflammatory Conditions AssociatedInflammatory Conditions Associatedwith Jointswith Joints

Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually causedby a blow or friction to the knee

Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths -sprain

Slide 5.75Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

sprain

Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseasesof joints

Over 100 different types

The most widespread crippling disease in theUnited States

Page 76: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical Forms of Arthritis

Osteoarthritis – wear-and-tear arthritis

Most common chronic arthritis

Probably related to normal aging processes

Rheumatoid arthritis

Slide 5.76Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Rheumatoid arthritis

An autoimmune disease – the immune systemattacks the joints

Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation ofcertain joints

Often leads to deformities

Page 77: The Skeletal System...Slide 5.50 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the

Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical Forms of Arthritis

Gouty Arthritis - Gout

Inflammation of joints is caused by an

Slide 5.77Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Inflammation of joints is caused by anaccumulation in blood and deposition ofurate crystals (uric acid) from the blood

Usually affects only one joint

Can usually be controlled with diet


Shoulder Girdle - MCCCbehrensb/documents/ShoulderGirdle.pdf · Clarification of Terms •Shoulder girdle = scapula and clavicle •Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) = scapula and

Shoulder Girdle - MCCCbehrensb/documents/ShoulderGirdle.pdf · Clarification of Terms •Shoulder girdle = scapula and clavicle •Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) = scapula and

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - unizg.hr · PDF fileSkeleton showing shoulder girdle 1 suprascapula, 2 scapula, 3 clavicle, 4 procoracoid 9 External links The common toad was

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - unizg.hr · PDF fileSkeleton showing shoulder girdle 1 suprascapula, 2 scapula, 3 clavicle, 4 procoracoid 9 External links The common toad was

The Effect of Eight-Week Shoulder Girdle, Pelvic Girdle ...

The Effect of Eight-Week Shoulder Girdle, Pelvic Girdle ...

The Skeletal System: Appendicular Division 218/07... · The appendicular skeleton is involved in ... between the axial skeleton and the pectoral girdle. The scapula is attached to

The Skeletal System: Appendicular Division 218/07... · The appendicular skeleton is involved in ... between the axial skeleton and the pectoral girdle. The scapula is attached to

Scapula Fracture

Scapula Fracture

Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Chapter 7 · APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 (See Figure 6.1) Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Hip Femur Pelvic girdle Lower limbs 60 2 2 2 2 14Tarsal

Fig. 6.22 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Upper limb Humerus Pectoral girdle Scapula Clavicle.

Fig. 6.22 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Upper limb Humerus Pectoral girdle Scapula Clavicle.

[PPT]Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle and Upper … · Web viewAPPENDICULAR SKELETON PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB PECTORAL GIRDLE scapula humerus clavicle CLAVICLE sternal

[PPT]Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle and Upper … · Web viewAPPENDICULAR SKELETON PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB PECTORAL GIRDLE scapula humerus clavicle CLAVICLE sternal

The Overhead Athlete - Allied Health Education · Shoulder Girdle • Term used to discuss activities of the scapula, clavicle, and sternum • The sternoclavicular (SC) and acromioclavicular

The Overhead Athlete - Allied Health Education · Shoulder Girdle • Term used to discuss activities of the scapula, clavicle, and sternum • The sternoclavicular (SC) and acromioclavicular

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.25a The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Acromio- clavicular joint Clavicle Scapula Articulated pectoral girdle.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.25a The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Acromio- clavicular joint Clavicle Scapula Articulated pectoral girdle.

Appendicular Skeleton. Pectoral girdle & arms Pelvic girdle & legs.

Appendicular Skeleton. Pectoral girdle & arms Pelvic girdle & legs.

Chapter 11 Injuries to the Shoulder Region. Anatomy Review Shoulder bones: Consist of shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula) and humerus. Shoulder joints:

Chapter 11 Injuries to the Shoulder Region. Anatomy Review Shoulder bones: Consist of shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula) and humerus. Shoulder joints:

Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton...Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Upper limbs Lower limbs Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Consists of scapula

Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton...Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Upper limbs Lower limbs Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Consists of scapula

Appendicular Skeleton – arms, legs, pectoral and pelvic girdles A.Pectoral Girdle 1.Clavicle – collarbone 2.Scapula – shoulder blades (triangular) This.

Appendicular Skeleton – arms, legs, pectoral and pelvic girdles A.Pectoral Girdle 1.Clavicle – collarbone 2.Scapula – shoulder blades (triangular) This.

Bone Limb Upper - 國立臺灣大學homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~anatomy/teacher/hsieh/ANOTOMY/Bone_Limb_Upper.pdf · Bone: Upper limb - 1 Shoulder Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) Scapula

Bone Limb Upper - 國立臺灣大學homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~anatomy/teacher/hsieh/ANOTOMY/Bone_Limb_Upper.pdf · Bone: Upper limb - 1 Shoulder Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) Scapula

Slideshow: Scapula

Slideshow: Scapula

Bones of The Upper Limb...Pectoral Girdle Formed of Two Bones: Clavicle (anteriorly). Scapula(posteriorly). It is very light and allows the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

Bones of The Upper Limb...Pectoral Girdle Formed of Two Bones: Clavicle (anteriorly). Scapula(posteriorly). It is very light and allows the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

Appendicular Skeleton. Bones of the upper and lower limbs Pectoral Girdle –Clavicle –Scapula –Upper limb Pelvic Girdle –Pelvic bone –Lower limb.

Appendicular Skeleton. Bones of the upper and lower limbs Pectoral Girdle –Clavicle –Scapula –Upper limb Pelvic Girdle –Pelvic bone –Lower limb.

The upper limb. Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle Originate on the axial skeleton and insert on the clavicle and scapula. Stabilize the scapula and.

The upper limb. Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle Originate on the axial skeleton and insert on the clavicle and scapula. Stabilize the scapula and.

The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton A. Pectoral girdle A. Pectoral girdle B. Upper extemity B. Upper extemity C. Pelvic girdle C. Pelvic girdle.

The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton A. Pectoral girdle A. Pectoral girdle B. Upper extemity B. Upper extemity C. Pelvic girdle C. Pelvic girdle.