The Skeletal System

Skeletal System Notes

• Standard SAP2b. Explain how the skeletal structures provide support and protection for tissues

EQ: How do bones and the skeletal system function to help the body maintain homeostasis?

The Skeletal System

• Parts of the skeletal system– Bones (skeleton)– Joints– Cartilages– Ligaments

• Divided into two divisions– Axial skeleton– Appendicular skeleton

Functions of Bones

• Support of the body• Protection of soft organs• Movement due to attached skeletal muscles• Storage of minerals and fats• Blood cell formation

Bones of the Human Body• The adult skeleton has 206 bones• Two basic types of bone tissue– Compact bone• Homogeneous

– Spongy bone• Small needle-like

pieces of bone• Many open spaces

Figure 5.2b

Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1

Classification of Bones

• Long bones– Typically longer than wide– Have a shaft with heads at both ends– Contain mostly compact bone• Examples: Femur, humerus

Classification of Bones

• Short bones– Generally cube-shape– Contain mostly spongy bone• Examples: Carpals, tarsals

Classification of Bones

• Flat bones– Thin and flattened– Usually curved– Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of

spongy bone• Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

Classification of Bones

• Irregular bones– Irregular shape– Do not fit into other bone classification categories• Example: Vertebrae and hip

Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

• Diaphysis– Shaft– Composed of compact

bone• Epiphysis – Ends of the bone– Composed mostly of

spongy bone

Figure 5.2a

Structures of a Long Bone• Periosteum– Outside covering of

the diaphysis– Fibrous connective

tissue membrane• Sharpey’s fibers– Secure periosteum to

underlying bone• Arteries– Supply bone cells

with nutrients

Figure 5.2c

Structures of a Long Bone• Articular cartilage– Covers the external

surface of the epiphyses

– Made of hyaline cartilage

– Decreases friction at joint surfaces

Figure 5.2a

Structures of a Long Bone

• Medullary cavity– Cavity of the shaft– Contains yellow marrow

(mostly fat) in adults– Contains red marrow (for

blood cell formation) in infants

Figure 5.2a

Bone Markings

• Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments• Categories of bone markings– Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface– Depressions or cavities – indentations

Summary

• 3-2-1• 3 facts that you learned• 2 things that you found interesting• 1 question that you have

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

• Standard SAP2b. Explain how the skeletal structures provide support and protection for tissues

• EQ: How does the microscopic structure of bones contribute to the functions of bones?

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone• Osteon (Haversian System)– A unit of bone

• Central (Haversian) canal– Opening in the center of an osteon– Carries blood vessels and nerves

• Perforating (Volkman’s) canal– Canal perpendicular to the central canal– Carries blood vessels and nerves

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone

Figure 5.3

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone• Lacunae– Cavities containing

bone cells (osteocytes)– Arranged in concentric

rings• Lamellae– Rings around the

central canal– Sites of lacunae

Detail of Figure 5.3

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone

• Canaliculi – Tiny canals– Radiate from the central

canal to lacunae– Form a transport system– Supply O2 and nutrients to

osteocytes.

Microscopic Anatomy of Spongy Bone

• Does not contain osteons• Consists of units called trabeculae– Irregular latticework of thin columns of bone

tissue• Spaces between trabeculae filled with red marrow– In hip bones, ribs, sternum, backbone, ends of

long bones.

Trabeculae structure

Summarizer

• Describe the difference between compact bone and spongy bone in terms of gross and microscopic anatomy.

Types of Bone Cells• Osteogenic Cells– Unspecialized stem cells– Only bone cells that undergo cell division

• Osteocytes– Mature bone cells

• Osteoblasts– Bone-forming cells

• Osteoclasts– Bone-destroying cells– Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of

calcium

Bone Formation

• Ossification – the process by which bones form

• Bone growth occurs in 4 situations:– Initial formation in an embryo/ fetus– Growth during infancy, childhood, and

adolescence until adulthood– Remodeling – replacing old tissue with new– Repair after a fracture

Initial Bone Formation

• Skeleton begins as mesenchyme – embryonic connnective tissue that forms all other tissues

• 2 methods of bone formation– Intramembranous ossification • Bone forms in mesenchyme in sheet like layers

– Endochondral ossification • Bone forms in hyaline cartilage made from

mesenchyme

Intramembranous ossification• Simpler method• Forms flat bones of skull and mandible• Steps:

1. Ossification center develops – site where bone will be made• Osteoblasts secrete extracellular matrix of bone

2. Calcification – calcium and other mineral salts are deposited to harden the extracellular matrix

3. Trabeculae form as the extracellular matrix hardens to form spongy bone

4. Periosteum develops from mesenchyme around the outside of bone - a layer of compact bone replaces surface layers of spongy bone

Endochondral Ossification

Bone Growth in Length

• Occurs at epiphyseal plate• New cartilage cells (chondrocytes) added to

epiphyseal side of the plate• Old chondrocytes on diaphyseal side turn into

bone tissue• Diaphyseal side increases in length

Bone Growth in Thickness

• Osteoblasts add bone tissue to the outside • Osteoclasts break down bone on the inside• Medullary cavity enlarges as bone thickness

increases

Bone Remodeling

• Ongoing process of replacing old bone tissue with new

• Bone resporption – removal of minerals and collagen fibers by osteoclasts

• Bone deposition - addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

Bone Fractures

Bone Fracture Repair

• 1. phagocytes remove dead bone tissue• 2. chonroblasts (cartilage forming cells) form

cartilage at the fracture site • 3. fibrocartilage converted to spongy bone• 4. bone remodeling occurs -> osteoclasts

absorb dead bone, spongy bone converted to compact bone

• Takes longer to heal because calcium is deposited gradually