Bell Work

Read and highlight the review worksheets given to

you paying attention to the functions of the

skeletal system, bone structure, and types of

bones.

The

Skeletal

System

Standards

Review the gross and cellular anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal, nervous, and cardiovascular systems.

13) Review the concepts of kinesiology and biomechanics from the Rehabilitation Careers course. Explain how joint and bone movement, body motion, and levers can have positive or negative effects on an athlete’s performance and development. In a presentation or speech intended for an audience of young athletes, describe the effects of overtraining on the musculoskeletal system, and relate the importance of adopting safe biomechanical practices when training.

Objectives

Review the gross anatomy and physiology of the axial skeleton

by labeling a diagram and completing a group research

activity.

The Axial Skeleton

The axial skeleton is blueand includes the:

skull

vertebral column

sternum

ribs

hyoid bone (or laryngeal)

ossicles (inner ear)

The Axial Skeleton

Are there any bones

that might be

confused as to being

part of the axial

skeleton, but are not?

The Skull

(Lateral view)

*Cranium

*Facial bones

What is the

difference?

The Cranium and Facial Bones

(separated)

Skull fractures

Facial fractures

The

Vertebral

Column

(The

Spinal

Column)

Cervical Spine OR C-Spine

C-1 and C-2

https://peperperspective.com/2014/11/20/cellphone-harm-cervical-spine-

stress-and-increase-risk-of-brain-cancer/

What problems are related to posture and smart phone use?

Thoracic Spine OR T-Spine http://omega-rehab.com/2017/04/25/shoulder-pain-thoracic-spine/

AP View

What do you notice about this

thoracic spine x-ray?

What organs do you see?

What organs or bones do you

think you should see but do not?

Can you figure out which

vertebral body is T-12?

This image is “collimated” in,

leaving the rest of the chest

unseen. Why would the image, which was correctly obtained

need to “collimate”?

Lumbar Spine OR L-Spine

Sacrum and Coccyx

Activity

(turn to page 316 in the new book)

Draw and describe the following conditions

related to the spine:

Kyphosis

Lordosis

Scoliosis

Problems with Alignment

Sternum and Rib Cage

12 sets of

Ribs

True,

False,

Floating

What body cavity do the ribs protect?

What do

you notice

about the

floating

ribs?

Why would

we name

the false

ribs such?

Sternum and ribs

Identify the parts of the axial

skeleton that are possibly fractured

or damaged!

Identify the parts of the axial

skeleton that are possibly fractured

or damaged!

Identify the parts of the axial

skeleton that are possibly fractured

or damaged!

Identify the parts of the axial

skeleton that are possibly fractured

or damaged!

Identify the parts of the axial

skeleton that are possibly fractured

or damaged!

Activities

Label and color the worksheets of the skull.

Use various colors to help you distinguish between the terminology.

Read the professional journal on Facial Fractures and answer the

questions.

Also, Write a three paragraph summary describing the:

Epidemiology of facial fractures

Different kinds of facial fractures

Treatment of facial fractures

Optional Activities

Create a PowerPoint of the Station 5 chart located under Skeletal System Lab Activities.

-OR-

Create a PowerPoint outlining the differences in the bone structure of ethnic groups, gender and pediatrics, and those with disabilities.

At least 10 slides.

Include at least 5 pictures.

Distinguish Caucasian, African-American, Asian, and Native American ethnic groups.

Distinguish between men, women, and children.

Address what healthcare professionals look for in ultrasound pre-natal assessments concerning bone anatomy.

Exit Ticket

Name the bones within the axial skeleton?

Name the three types of ribs.

How many thoracic spine are there?

Where is the hyoid bone located?

Bell Work

Continue working on your skull and

spine diagrams and extended

learning questions.

Standards

8) Review the gross and cellular anatomy and physiology of the

musculoskeletal, nervous, and cardiovascular systems.

13) Review the concepts of kinesiology and biomechanics from the

Rehabilitation Careers course. Explain how joint and bone movement,

body motion, and levers can have positive or negative effects on an

athlete’s performance and development. In a presentation or speech

intended for an audience of young athletes, describe the effects of

overtraining on the musculoskeletal system, and relate the importance

of adopting safe biomechanical practices when training.

Objectives

Identify the bones of the upper and lower extremities as well as their

attachments by examining a model and labeling a diagram.

Research the negative affects of body movement by comparing

normal and abnormal appendicular imaging.

The Appendicular Skeleton

The appendicular skeleton is beigeand includes

shoulder girdles

arms

wrists

hands and fingers

pelvic girdle

legs

ankles

feet and toes

The Shoulder Girdle

The Scapula and

Humerus

Humerus (upper arm)

Ulna and Radius

(lower arm)

The Humerus,

Radius, and

Ulna

What do we

call this area

where these

three bones

communicate?

The Hand and Fingers

The Hand and Fingers

The Pelvic Girdle

Why do you think the shape of the pelvis

Is different between males and females?

Which is the pediatric pelvis?

Femur, Tibia, and Fibula

Upper Leg Lower Leg

------Patella

The Femur, Tibia, Fibula, and Patella

(Knee joint)

Feet and toes

Feet and toes

r

What are the bumps on the sides of the feet near

the toes called?

With a partner! Create a PPT.

Exercise Science

Research types of fractures.

Describe them.

Insert pictures.

Explain treatment and

rehabilitation options.

Also explain the difference

between open, closed,

complete, and incomplete.

Transverse

Oblique

Spiral

Comminuted

Impacted

Avulsion

Fissure

Greenstick

With a partner!! (A & P only)

1st Create an acrostic

of the carpal (wrist)

bones to help you

memorize their names

and positions.

You may start with

anyone of them, as

long as you include all

EIGHT in your acrostic.

2nd Create an acrostic of the

SEVEN tarsal (ankle) bones the

same way.

What is an acrostic? Here is an

example they may be familiar to

you:

Order of solving mathematical

equations -

Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

– Parenthesis, Exponents,

Multiplication, Division,

Addition, Subtraction

Individual extended learning…

Continue working on your skull and spine diagrams.

Color and add labels to the hands and feet diagrams

as well.

Complete the exploration activity given on a link from

the class website.

Bell Work

Synarthroses-immoveable joint connected by tough

fibrous connective tissue.

Amphiarthroses-partially moveable joints with cartilage

between their articular surfaces.

Diarthroses-moveable joints consisting of articular

cartilage, a bursa , and a synovial cavity.

Objectives

Distinguish the three classifications of joints and examples

of each.

Identify joint structures and explore their functions

through a Range of Motion activity.

Explore possible problems and treatments related to the

joints.

Immoveable Joints

A fixed joint

between bones

connected by

fibrous tissue (for

example, the

sutures of the skull). At what time did these bones

need to be able to move?

Cartilaginous Joint: the joint space is covered in dense connective tissue

In males this may

shift slightly at

times.

In females this joint

is vital to provide

room during

vaginal childbirth.

Moveable JointsJoint structures

Tendons:

Cords of fibrous connective tissue, like bungee cords, connecting muscle to bone.

Ligaments:

tough, whitish bands that connect from bone to boneand can withstand heavy stress.

Cartilage:

Acts as cushion between bones; articular cartilage

located on ends of bones and acts as shock

absorber, preventing ends from grinding together

when you move.

Joint structures Bursae-thin, lubricated cushions

located at points of friction between a bone and the surrounding soft tissue, such as skin, muscles, ligaments and tendons; like a tiny water balloon with only a few drops of fluid in it, wedged between two surfaces.

Synovial cavity(synovial joints)-allow for movement. Where the bones meet to form a synovial joint, the bones' surfaces are covered with a thin layer of strong, smooth articular cartilage. A very thin layer of slippery, viscous joint fluid, called synovial fluid, separates and lubricates the two cartilage-covered bone surfaces.

Moveable

Bone Joints

-Saddle

-Ball and Socket

-Pivot

-Hinge

-Ellipsoidal

-Gliding

ARTHRITIS: ARTHR/O=JOINT ITIS=INFLAMMATION

Signs and symptoms may include: Pain, Stiffness, Swelling, Redness, and Decreased range of motion

Osteoarthritis OSTEO=BONE

The most common type, wear-and-tear damage to your joint's cartilage — the hard, slick coating on the ends of bones. Enough damage can result in bone grinding directly on bone, which causes pain and restricted movement.

Rheumatoid arthritis

The body's immune system attacks the lining of the joint capsule, a tough membrane that encloses all the joint parts. This lining, known as the synovial membrane, becomes inflamed and swollen. The disease process can eventually destroy cartilage and bone within the joint.

Compare

the types: Treatments

Analgesics (pain meds)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

Counterirritants (menthol type creams)

Corticosteroids (suppresses immune system)Physical Therapy

Surgery

The Vertebral Column/Spine

The joints in the spine are commonly called Facet Joints. anther

name for these joints are Apophyseal Joints.

Each vertebra has two sets of facet joints. One pair faces

upward (superior articular facet) and one downward (inferior

articular facet). There is one joint on each side (right and left).

Facet joints are hinge–like and link vertebrae together. They are

located at the back of the spine (posterior).

Vertebral Column/Spine

Facet joints are synovial joints. This means each

joint is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue and produces a fluid to nourish and

lubricate the joint. The joint surfaces are coated

with cartilage allowing joints to move or glide

smoothly (articulate) against each other.

These joints allow flexion (bend forward), extension

(bend backward), and twisting motion. Certain

types of movement are restricted. The spine is made more stable due to the interlocking nature

to adjacent vertebrae.

OSTEOPOROSIS Oste/o=bone por/ous= pores in the bone

osis=process/condition

…causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses like bending over or coughing can cause a fracture.

Your bones are in a constant state of renewal — new bone is made and old bone is broken down. When you're young, your body makes new bone faster than it breaks down old bone and your bone mass increases. Most people reach their peak bone mass by their early 20s. As people age, bone mass is lost faster than it's created.

OSTEOPOROSIS TREATMENT

Bisphosphonates (increases bone density)

Drugs that promote bone growth

Hormone-related therapy (estrogen especially in women after menopause)

Increase of vitamins, calcium

Vertebroplasty or Kyphoplasty(process of injected bone cement into the vertebral bodies to increase height, also this reduces pain from the bone grinding together. (This procedure can be done in surgery or better yet Interventional Radiology)!!!!

A FRACTURE IN THE SPINAL COLUNN IS CALLED A COMPRESSION FRACTURE

Group Activities

Complete Meet Me at the Joint Worksheet

Next continue working on your PPT project. After completing the

fracture research…

Research possible joint injuries: dislocations and hyperextension

(including torn ligaments.)

Include pictures and possible treatments for the various types of

joints we have discussed.

If completed…

Treatment of bone/joint injuries worksheet.

Activity with a partner…

Go to class website and choose the Range of Motion (ROM) Activity

Make sure to define ALL of the terms including:

The FOUR main types, and

The SIXTEEN movements

Then practice directing and assisting these movements with a partner.

Directed Reading Activity In your group of three choose one of the following

directed reading from the website:

Care Considerations with Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries

Total Knee Replacement and Imaging

Computed Tomography of Facial Fractures

Each person in your group will choose a different

directed reading. You may not do the same one.

After you answer the questions, then go to the Extended

Learning Assignments tab on the class website.

Complete the task for the corresponding professional

journal.