TheSKELETAL

System

BOnEs: aN oVeRvIeW

What is their function?

sUpPoRt

Form the internal framework

that supports the body and

cradles its soft organs

pRoTeCtIoN

Protect soft body organs

aLLoWmOvEmEnT

Skeletal muscles use the

bones as levers to move the body and its parts

sToRaGeFat is stored in the

marrow

Bone itself stores

minerals like

calcium and

phosphorous

BLooD cEllfOrMaTiOn

Hematopoiesis

occurs within themarrow

WrItE iT!Write a one page essay comparing the five

functions of the skeletal system to high school.

Ticket out the doorOsteoporosis is a disease that causes brittle

bones. What function of the skeletal system is

this a direct link to?

CLaSsIfIcAtIoNoF bOnEs

What are the different kinds of bones?

COMPACT BONEDense and looks smooth

tWo tYpEs

SPONGY BONESpiky, open appearance like a

sponge

tWo tYpEs

LONG BONESTypically longer than they are

wide

FOuR dIfFeReNtShApEs

FLAT BONESThin, flattened, and usually

curved

FOuR dIfFeReNtShApEs

SHORT BONESGenerally cube-shaped

FOuR dIfFeReNtShApEs

IRREGULAR BONESBones that do not fit into the

other categories

FOuR dIfFeReNtShApEs

DRAW A PICTURE OF EACH SHAPE OF BONE AND NAME TWO EXAMPLES OF EACH

DRaW iT

TiCkEt oUt ThE dOoRWHAT SHAPE OF BONE IS THE KNEECAP AND WHAT IS ITS

NAME?

sTrUcTuRe Of BoNe

Gross Anatomy & Microscopic Anatomy

DIAPHYSISShaft, makes up most of the bone's length and is composed of compact bone.

PROXIMALEPIPHYSISEnds of the long bones; consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone

DISTALEPIPHYSISEnds of the long bones; consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone

EPIPHYSEAL LINE

Only in adult bones; remnant of the epiphyseal plate

PERIOSTEUMFibrous connective tissue that covers and protects the diaphysis

YELLOW MARROW

Replaces red marrow; adipose tissue storage

OSTEOCYTEMATURE BONE CELLS THAT LIVE IN LACUNAE

LAMELLAEConcentric circles around central canals

CENTRAL CANALAlso called Haversian Canals; run lengthwise through the bone carrying blood vessels and nerves to all areas of the bone

CANALICULITiny canals that connect all the bone cells to the nutrient supply and waste removal systems

OSTEONAlso called Haversian System; entire ring; structural and functional unit of compact bone

DRAW A PICTURE OF THE HUMERUS AND INCLUDE EACH OF THE GROSS

ANATOMY STRUCTURES MENTIONED

DRaW iT

TiCkEt oUt ThE dOoRDO YOU THINK THE

OSTEOCYTES COULD LIVE WITHOUT CANALICULI? WHY?

aXiAlSkElEtOnName them bones!

tHe SkULLFormed by two sets of

bones: the cranium and the facial bones

tHe SkULLExcept the

mandible, the bones of the skull

are joined together by

sutures, which are interlocking

immovable joints

fRoNtAlBoNeForms the

forehead, bony projections under the eyebrows and the superior part

of each eye's orbit.

pArIeTaLBoNeS

Paired bones that form most of the

superior and lateral walls of

the cranium

tEmPoRaLBoNeS

Lie inferior to the parietal bones

oCcIpItAlBoNe

Most posterior bone of the

cranium; forms the base and back wall of the skull.

sPhEnOiDBoNe

Butterfly-shaped bone that spans the width of the skull and forms

part of the floor of the cranial cavity

eThMoIdBoNe

Irregular shaped bone that forms the roof of the

nasal cavity and part of the medial walls of the orbits

Color the bones of the cranium and label them

cOlOr iT

TiCkEt oUt ThE dOoRMake a mnemonic to remember the names of the bones in the

cranium

fAcIaL bOnEs

mAxIllArY

bOnE

Upper jaw bone

PaLaTiNe

BoNeS

Posterior part of the hard palate

ZyGoMaTiC

BoNeS

cheekbones

LaCrImAL

BoNeS

Fingernail-sized bones forming

part of the medial wall of each orbit; passageway for

tears. Sad!

NaSaL

BoNeS

Small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose

VoMeR

BoNe

Single bone in the median line of the

nasal cavity; interior part of

septum

InFeRiOrNaSaL

cOnChAeThin, curved

bones projecting medially from the

lateral walls of the nasal cavity

MaNdIbLe

BoNeLower jaw; largest and

strongest bone of the face

Color the facial bones and label them

cOlOr iT

TiCkEt oUt ThE dOoRMake a mnemonic to remember the names of the facial bones

vErTeBrALcOlUmN

Is this one long complicated bone

or is it many bones?

vErTeBrAL cOlUmN

26 separate irregular bones that protect the

delicate spinal cord

vErTeBrAL cOlUmN

Individual vertebrae are

separated by pads of flexible

fibrocartilage

CeRvIcAl CuRvAtUrE

C1 – Atlas

C2 – AxisC3-C7

"Breakfastat 7"

ThOrAcIc CuRvAtUrE

T1-T12"Lunch at 12"

LuMbAr CuRvAtUrE

L1-L5"Dinner at 5"

SaCrAL CuRvAtUrE

Sacrum:5 fused

vertebrae

CoCcYx CuRvAtUrE

Coccyx:4 fused

vertebrae

VErTeBrA aNaToMySpinous Process,

Single projection arising from the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch

VErTeBrA aNaToMy

Vertebral Foramen,

Canal through which the spinal cord passes

VErTeBrA aNaToMyBody,

Disclike, weight-bearing part of the vertebra facing anteriorly in the vertebral column

VErTeBrA aNaToMy

Transverse process

Color the vertebral column and label it

cOlOr iT

TiCkEt oUt ThE dOoRWhat is kyphosis?

THoRaCiC cAgE

sternum, ribs, and thoracic

vertebrae

THoRaCiC cAgE

Forms a protective cage of slender bones and cartilages around

the organs of the thoracic cavity

sTeRnUm

A typical flat bone and a result of the

fusion of the manubrium, body,

and ziphoid process

rIbS

Twelve pairs; form the walls of the bony

thorax

rIbS

all the ribs articulate with the vertebral column posteriorly

and then curve downward and

toward the anterior body surface

TrUe rIbS

First seven pairs of ribs; attach directly

to the sternum by costal cartilages

FaLsE rIbS

Next five pairs; attach indirectly to the sternum or are not attached to the sternum at all; last two pairs are called

floating ribs

aPpEnDiCuLaRSkElEtOn

Name them bones!

BOnEs Of ThEsHoULDeR gIrDLe

Also called the Pectoral Girdle;

consists of a clavicle and a

scapula

BOnEs Of ThEsHoULDeR gIrDLe

Clavicles(collar bones);

Slender, doubly curved

bones

cLaViCLe

Attaches to the manubrium of the sternum medially and to the scapula laterally, where it helps to form the

shoulder joint.

cLaViCLeActs as a brace to hold the arm away from the top of the thorax and helps

prevent shoulder dislocation.

sCaPuLaEPaired bones

that are called the shoulder

blades; attaches to the axial

skeleton at the sternoclavicular

joint

sCaPuLaELoose

attachment of the scapula

allows it to slide back and forth

against the thorax as

muscles act.

sCaPuLaEThe head of the

armbone is received by the glenoid cavity, a shallow socket.

The shoulder joint is poorly reinforced by

ligaments.

BoNeS oF tHeUpPeR LiMbS

Thirty separate bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb, including

the arm, forearm and hand.

HuMeRuS

Typical long bone; forms the arm.

Proximal end is a rounded head that

fits into the shallow glenoid

cavity of the scapula

FoReArMIncludes

the Radius and the Ulna

RaDiUs

When body is in anatomical position, the radius is in the

lateral position; on the thumb side of the forearm

uLnA

When body is in anatomical position, the ulna is in the

medial position

BOnEs Of ThE HaNdS

The skeleton of the hand consists of the

carpals, the metacarpals, and

the phalanges

CaRpAL BoNeSThe eight carpal bones,

arranged in two irregular rows of four bones each, form the part of the hand called the carpus, or the

wrist. The carpals are bound together by

ligaments that restrict movements between them.

CaRpAL BoNeS

CaRpAL BoNeS

Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate, Pisiform,

Triquetrum, Lunate, Scaphoid

MeTaCaRpALsThe palm of the hand. The metacarpals are numbered 1 to 5 from the thumb side

of the hand toward the little finger. When the fist is clenched the heads of the metacarpals become

obvious as the "knuckles".

PhALaNgEsThe bones of the fingers.

Each hand contains 14 phalanges. There are three in each finger (proximal,

middle, and distal), except in the thumb which has only two (Proximal and

distal)

Color the Skeleton of the Hand and answer the following question:

Where are the carpals found and what type of bone are they?

cOlOr iT

TiCkEt oUt ThE dOoRMake a Mnemonic to help you

remember the bones of the wrist

ThE pELvIc GiRdLe

Formed by two coxal bones,

commonly called hip bones and the sacrum. Together

with the coccyx, the pelvic girdle forms

the pelvis.

ThE pELvIc GiRdLe

The bones of the pelvic girdle are large and heavy, and they are attached securely to the axial

skeleton via the sacral attachment to the L5 lumbar vertebra.

ThE pELvIc GiRdLeThe sockets, which receive the thigh

bones, are deep and heavily reinforced by ligaments that attach

the limbs firmly to the girdle. Bearing weight is the most important function

of this girdle because the total weight of the upper body rests on the

pelvis.

ThE pELvIc GiRdLeThe reproductive organs, urinary

bladder, and part of the large intestine lie within and are protected

by the pelvis.

ThE pELvIc GiRdLeEach hip bone is formed by the fusion of three bones:

the ilium, ischium, and

pubis.

ThE pELvIc GiRdLe

The ilium is a large, flaring

bone that forms most of the hip bone.

ThE pELvIc GiRdLe

The ischium is the "sit-down

bone" socalledbecause it

forms the most inferior part of the coxal bone

ThE pELvIc GiRdLe

The ischium is the "sit-down

bone" socalledbecause it

forms the most inferior part of the coxal bone

ThE pELvIc GiRdLe

The pubis is the most anterior and inferior

part of a coxalbone.

ThE pELvIc GiRdLe

Differences between the male and female pelvis: The female inlet is larger and more circular. The female pelvis as a whole is shallower and the bones are lighter and thinner. The female ilia flare more laterally, giving women curvier hips.

Color the pelvic girdle

cOlOr iT

TiCkEt oUt ThE dOoRWhy is the female pelvis different

than the male pelvis?

ThE LoWeR LiMb

The lower limbs carry our total body weight when we are erect. Hence, it

is not surprising that the bones forming the three segments of the lower limbs are much thicker and

stronger than the comparable bones of the upper limb.

ThE FeMuR

The femur, or thigh bone, is the only

bone in the thigh. It is the heaviest, strongest, and

longest bone in the body.

ThE TiBiA

The tibia, or shin bone, is large and

more medial.

ThE FiBuLa

Lies alongside the tibia laterally,

forms joints with it both proximally and distally, and is thin and sticklike.

ThE FoOt

Composed of the tarsals,

metatarsals, and

phalanges.

ThE FoOt

It supports our body weight and serves as a lever that allows us to propel our bodies forward when we

walk and run

ThE TaRsUs

Forms the posterior half of

the foot, is composed of seven tarsal

bones.

ThE TaRsALs

Body weight is carried mostly

by the thecalcaneus and

the talus.

ThE TaRsALsMedial

cuneiform, Intermediate

cuneiform, Navicular,

Lateral cuneiform,

Cuboid

ThE MeTaTaRsALs

Five metatarsals

form the sole

ThE PhALaNgEs14 phalanges form the toes. Like the

fingers of the hand, each two

has three phalanges, except

the great toe, which has two.

Color the bones of the lower limb.

cOlOr iT

TiCkEt oUt ThE dOoRCreate a Mnemonic that will help you remember the names of the

tarsals

ThE JoInTsWith exception of the hyoid bone of

the neck, every bone in the body forms a joint with at least one other

bone.

ThE JoInTsJoints, also called articulations, are the sites where two or more bones

meet. They have two functions:The hold the bones together securely

and they give the rigid skeleton mobility.

ThE JoInTsJoints are classified two ways:

FunctionallyStructurally

ThE JoInTsFunctional classification focuses on the amount of movement the joint

allows

ThE JoInTsSynarthroses:

Immovable joints

ThE JoInTsAmphiarthroses:

Slightly movable joints

ThE JoInTsDiarthroses:

freely movable joints

ThE JoInTsStructural classification are based on whether fibrous tissue, cartilage, or a

joint cavity separates the bony regions at the joint.

FiBrOuS JoInTsFibrous joints have fibrous tissue at the joints. As a general rule, fibrous

joints are immovable. The best examples of this type of joint are the

sutures of the skull.

FiBrOuS JoInTsGomphoses are "peg-in-socket"

fibrous joints that are found where the teeth meet the facial bones.

FiBrOuS JoInTsSyndesmoses – the connecting fibers are longer than those of sutures; thus

the joint has more give. The joint connecting the distal ends of the tibia

and fibula is a syndesmosis.

CaRtILaGiNoUsJoInTs

Cartilaginous joints have cartilage at the joint. Although cartilaginous joints

have both immovable and slightly movable examples, most are

amphiarthrotic.

CaRtILaGiNoUsJoInTs

Come in two varieties which differ in the type of cartilage involved

CaRtILaGiNoUsJoInTs

Synchondroses are immoveable (synarthrotic) joints

linked by hyaline cartilage. Examples include the epiphyseal plates of

growing long bones and the joints between ribs 1-7 and the sternum.

CaRtILaGiNoUsJoInTs

Symphyses are amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable) joints linked by

discs of fibrocartilage. Examples include the intervertebral discs of the

spinal column and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis.

SyNoViAL JoInTsSynovial joints have a joint cavity that

separates the bony regions that is filled with synovial fluid. All joints of

the limbs are synovial joints. As a general rule, synovial joints are freely

movable.

SyNoViAL JoInTsAll synovial joints have four

distinguishing features:Articular cartilageArticular capsule

Joint cavityReinforcing ligaments

SyNoViAL JoInTsTypes of Synovial Joints based on

Shape

PLaNe JoInTThe articular surfaces are

essentially flat, and only short

slipping or gliding

movements are allowed.

HiNgE JoInTThe cylindrical end

of one bone fits into a trough-shaped

surface on another bone. Angular movement is

allowed in just one plane, like a door

hinge.

PiVoT JoInT

The rounded end of one bone fits into a

sleeve or ring of bone (and possibly

ligaments).

CoNdYLaR JoInT

The egg-shaped

articular surface of one bone fits into

an oval concavity in

another.

SaDDLe JoInT

Each articular surface has both convex and concave areas, like a saddle for a horse.

BaLL & SoCkEt JoInT

The spherical

head of one bone fits into the round

socket in another

BONE FORMATION, GROWTH &

REMODELING

The skeleton is formed from two of the strongest and most supportive tissues of

the body – cartilage and bone.

BONE FORMATION, GROWTH &

REMODELING

In embryos, the skeleton is primarily made of hyaline cartilage.