The Skeletal The Skeletal SystemSystem

Allison Carter, Bartley Collerd, Kara Hollins, Liz Allison Carter, Bartley Collerd, Kara Hollins, Liz LongLong

Chapter 15: Section 2, Skeletal System Chapter 15: Section 2, Skeletal System Audience: 6th grade (11-12 yr olds)Audience: 6th grade (11-12 yr olds)

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

Part 1: What is the skeletal system?Part 1: What is the skeletal system?

Part 2: Proper bone care and Part 2: Proper bone care and fractures. fractures.

Part 1: What is the skeletal Part 1: What is the skeletal system?system?

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

FunctionsFunctions Structure - 2 main parts: Structure - 2 main parts:

Axial & AppendicularAxial & Appendicular Basic Types - 4 kindsBasic Types - 4 kinds CartilageCartilage JointsJoints

Ligaments & TendonsLigaments & Tendons

Functions of the Skeletal Functions of the Skeletal SystemSystem

Provides a strong, steady frame for Provides a strong, steady frame for the body’s muscle to move. the body’s muscle to move.

Supports and protects internal Supports and protects internal organs.organs.

Structure of the Skeletal Structure of the Skeletal SystemSystem

Axial Skeleton- the 80 bones that Axial Skeleton- the 80 bones that make up the skull, spine, ribs, or make up the skull, spine, ribs, or sternum (breastbone). sternum (breastbone). Functions include the vertebrae which Functions include the vertebrae which

protect the spinal cord. Also, the ribs protect the spinal cord. Also, the ribs which connect around to attach to the which connect around to attach to the sternum and protects the heart and sternum and protects the heart and lungs.lungs.

Examples of Axial BonesExamples of Axial Bones

Pictures of ribs and sternum Pictures of ribs and sternum

Structure of the Skeletal Structure of the Skeletal System System

Appendicular skeleton- the 126 bones Appendicular skeleton- the 126 bones of the shoulder, arms, hands, hips, of the shoulder, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. legs, and feet. Function allowing the body to perform a Function allowing the body to perform a

wide range of motions.wide range of motions.

Examples of Appendicular Examples of Appendicular BonesBones

X-Ray Pictures of the hip and hands X-Ray Pictures of the hip and hands bonesbones

Pelvis (hip) Carpals (wrist), Pelvis (hip) Carpals (wrist), metacarpals metacarpals (hand), phalanges (fingers)(hand), phalanges (fingers)

Basic Types of BonesBasic Types of Bones

Long- found in the arms and legs. Long- found in the arms and legs. These bones are very strong. For These bones are very strong. For example, the femur bone in the leg.example, the femur bone in the leg.

Short- Short bones are as broad as Short- Short bones are as broad as they are long. For example, carpal they are long. For example, carpal bones in the wrist. bones in the wrist.

Basic Types of BonesBasic Types of Bones

Flat- have a thin, flat shape. Flat Flat- have a thin, flat shape. Flat bones are generally used to protect bones are generally used to protect the body’s vital organs. For the body’s vital organs. For example, the ribs and skull. example, the ribs and skull.

Irregular- any bone shape that does Irregular- any bone shape that does not fall into the previous 3 not fall into the previous 3 categories. For example, the categories. For example, the vertebrae is a irregular bone. vertebrae is a irregular bone.

CartilageCartilage

Cartilage- A strong, flexible Cartilage- A strong, flexible connective tissue.connective tissue. Different types of cartilage line the Different types of cartilage line the

surface of bones at joints allowing surface of bones at joints allowing smooth movement.smooth movement.

Other functions include cushioning the Other functions include cushioning the vertebrae and supporting the ear and vertebrae and supporting the ear and nose.nose.

Fat into Cartilage?Fat into Cartilage?

Podcast: A Duke University StudyPodcast: A Duke University Study Might be possible to turn fat to cartilageMight be possible to turn fat to cartilage Very beneficial, as cartilage can’t repair Very beneficial, as cartilage can’t repair

itselfitself

CartilageCartilage

A baby’s skeletal system is mostly A baby’s skeletal system is mostly made up of cartilage.made up of cartilage.

As the baby grows, the cartilage is As the baby grows, the cartilage is replaced with bone minerals and replaced with bone minerals and cells through ossification.cells through ossification. Ossification- the process by which bone Ossification- the process by which bone

is formed, renewed, and repaired. is formed, renewed, and repaired.

JointsJoints

Joint- the point at while 2 bones Joint- the point at while 2 bones meet. meet. Some joints provide a small range of Some joints provide a small range of

motion and are considered immovable motion and are considered immovable (ex.-skull). Most are mobile and provide (ex.-skull). Most are mobile and provide a range of movement. a range of movement.

Types of Mobile JointsTypes of Mobile Joints

There are 4 types:There are 4 types: Ball and Socket- allows the widest Ball and Socket- allows the widest

range of motion; forward, backwards, range of motion; forward, backwards, sideways, circular. Examples- sideways, circular. Examples- shoulder and hip.shoulder and hip.Pivot Joint- allows rotation. Between the Pivot Joint- allows rotation. Between the

skull and the first two vertebrae is an skull and the first two vertebrae is an

example of a pivot joint.example of a pivot joint.

Types of JointsTypes of Joints Ellipsoidal Joint- oval shaped part in a Ellipsoidal Joint- oval shaped part in a

curved space like the wrist. Allows all curved space like the wrist. Allows all movements except pivot. movements except pivot.

Hinge Joint- allows bending and Hinge Joint- allows bending and straightening. Examples include, straightening. Examples include, fingers, knee, and elbow. fingers, knee, and elbow.

LigamentsLigaments

Ligaments-tough bands of fibrous, Ligaments-tough bands of fibrous, slightly elastic tissue that binds the slightly elastic tissue that binds the bone ends at the joint.bone ends at the joint. Also prevents excess movement of the Also prevents excess movement of the

joint.joint.

TendonsTendons

Tendons- Fibrous cords that join Tendons- Fibrous cords that join muscle to bone or to other muscles.muscle to bone or to other muscles. Example of tendons that are visible to Example of tendons that are visible to

the eye are when you use your fingers the eye are when you use your fingers you see the tendons moving on the back you see the tendons moving on the back of your hand. of your hand.

Part 2: Proper Bone Care and Part 2: Proper Bone Care and FracturesFractures

Part 2: Proper Bone Care and Part 2: Proper Bone Care and FracturesFractures

Importance of bone functionImportance of bone function Proper diet for good bone careProper diet for good bone care Physical ExercisePhysical Exercise FracturesFractures

Importance of Bone Importance of Bone FunctionFunction

Bones act as a storage center for the Bones act as a storage center for the body’s essential minerals like body’s essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus. calcium and phosphorus.

Bones also produce blood cells. This Bones also produce blood cells. This takes place in the red bone marrow.takes place in the red bone marrow.

Proper Diet for Good Bone Proper Diet for Good Bone CareCare

Calcium is an essential mineral in Calcium is an essential mineral in order to build up the strength of the order to build up the strength of the bones.bones. Food sources include milk, cheese, most Food sources include milk, cheese, most

dairy products.dairy products.

Race & OsteoporosisRace & Osteoporosis

Proper dietProper diet

Phosphorus combines with calcium to Phosphorus combines with calcium to give bones their rigidity. give bones their rigidity. Food sources include milk, peas, liver, Food sources include milk, peas, liver,

cottage cheese, broccoli, and whole cottage cheese, broccoli, and whole grains. grains.

Physical ExercisePhysical Exercise Regular activity is important for the Regular activity is important for the

health of bones. Exercise promotes health of bones. Exercise promotes better blood flow, increasing better blood flow, increasing nourishment to the bones. nourishment to the bones.

Physical ExercisePhysical Exercise

Also important is weight bearing Also important is weight bearing exercise which increases the bone exercise which increases the bone mass.mass. Weight bearing activities include Weight bearing activities include

walking, lifting weights, any exercise walking, lifting weights, any exercise with direct weight pressure to the with direct weight pressure to the ground. ground.

Not included are swimming, biking, etc.Not included are swimming, biking, etc.

FracturesFractures

Any type of break in a bone.Any type of break in a bone. Two main types:Two main types:

Simple (closed)- the bone does not stick Simple (closed)- the bone does not stick out of the skin.out of the skin.

Compound (open)-one or both ends of Compound (open)-one or both ends of the bone stick out or protrude through the bone stick out or protrude through the skin. the skin.

Skeletal JeopardySkeletal Jeopardy