The SHORT STORY Story - Luzerne County · PDF file... (the 2 brothers) ... MODERN SHORT STORY...
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Transcript of The SHORT STORY Story - Luzerne County · PDF file... (the 2 brothers) ... MODERN SHORT STORY...
The
SHORT STORY Story
DEFINITION
Short, brief
Fictional
Prose
Narrative, story
CHARACTERISTICS
Few characters
Single effect
O often moral
O theme
O didactic
O instructive
CHARACTERISTICS
Dictates of the FORM:
Setting =
O sparse, economical
Plot =
O concise
O simplistic (lack of complex plot)
Character =
O disclosed in action & encounter
O rarely fully developed
19th CENTURY
Short Storys short history
Relatively modern genre (19th
C.)
SKETCHES vs. TALES
O extremes
O from which modern SS grew
Poe, Hawthorne, Gogol, Hoffman, Kleist,
Merimee:
O Tale + Sketch = Short Story
O combined elements from both: less fantasy &
conventionality of Tale, less strict factuality of Sketch
HISTORY
Short prose fiction = as old as language
O Jests
O Anecdotes
O Purposeful digressions
O Allegorical romances
O Fairy tales
O Short myths
O Short legends
HISTORY
Short prose fiction = from Oral Tradition
O Early storytellers used memory aids =
Stock phrases, fixed rhythms, rhyme
O As a result
Most early stories = IN VERSE
Poetic Tales
HISTORY
EARLY SHORT TALES=
O Poetic
O Didactic, moralizing, good vs. bad behavior
ANCIENT WORLD The Short Story Story
MIDDLE EAST
Ancient BABYLONIA-
O poetic tales, in verse
O Epic of Gilgamesh
O The War of the Gods
O The Story of Adapa
CANAAN-
O The Heavenly Bow
O The King Who Forgot
c.2000BC
EGYPT
EGYPT-
O mostly in prose
O on papyrus
(verse = reserved for religious hymns & other songs)
O didactic, moralistic
O The Shipwrecked Sailor
O King Kofu & the Magicians
O Anpu & Bata (the 2 brothers)
c.2000-1000BC
INDIA
INDIA-
O instructional parables
O Buddhist ethical teachings
O secular behavior & practical wisdom
O The Brahmanas
O The Jatakas
O The Panchatantra
akin to Aesops animal fables
quite popular translated into several languages
c.900-100BC
HEBREW
BIBLE & APOCRYPHA-
O didactic
O Tobit, Judith, Susanna
O Ruth, Esther, Jonah
c.500-100BC
GREEKS
GREEKS-
O Fables = most common form (like India)
Moralizing
Didactic
O Myths = popular too
stories of GODS (love, war)
basis of later Hesiod, Homer, tragedians
c.300-100BC
GREEKS
GREEKS-
O Digressions
on-point
within larger works
narrative interpolations episodes w/in the whole
O Herodotus: History with logoi (tales, pointed digressions)
O Romances
invented by Greeks
love, catastrophe, reunion
erotic, bawdy less didactic
Parthenius of Nicaea, Aristides of Miletus
c.300-100BC
ROMANS
ROMANS-
O longer works
Rhetoric fuller, more comprehensive development
Tales = digressions
O Digressions
like the Greeks
on-point episodes within larger works
Ovids Metamorphoses
Lucius Apuleiuss The Golden Ass
Gaius Petronius Arbiters Satyricon
c.100BC
MIDDLE AGES The Short Story Story
MIDDLE AGES
Short Tale
O proliferation of the form
O a diversion, amusement
O imitation over development
SCANDINAVIA
SCANDINAVIA & ICELAND-
O invading Germanic barbarians
O myths & sagas
aggressive, violent
grim, bleak
CELTS
CELTS-
O Ireland, Wales, Brittany/Breton
O magic, myth, & splendor
O Longes mac n-Uislenn
influenced the later chivalric romances
O 3 major matters:
Matter of Britain (King Arthur & his knights)
Matter of France (Charlemagne cycle)
Matter of Rome (antiquity, Paris & Helen, Pyramus & Thisbe)
O c.800
CELTS
CELTS-
O *too LONG to be considered short stories
O shorter = c.1100s
Chretien de Troyes (French, Arthurian legend)
Marie de France
O Breton lays: short (600-800 lines) narrative poems @ love,
chivalry, supernatural, fairies
HIGH & LOW
MIDDLE AGES-
Exemplum: short , didactic tale
O lives of saints = role models
O Deeds of the Romans/Gesta Romanorum
O C.1000-1100
Popular Fiction:
O common people
O beast fables, jests, ribald fabliaux
O common sense, secular humor, sensuality
O Boccaccios & Chaucers fabliaux
O running counter to the exemplar
FRAMING
MIDDLE AGES-
FRAMING:
O frame collection of stories by a single circumstance
O unifying situation
O all stories = autonomous (added, removed)
O BUT also
O part of the whole
O The Seven Sages of Rome (link) 7 advocates tell stories to
postpone princes execution, until his innocence is proven
O Eastern & Western countries, BC to MA
O The Thousand and One Nights (700-1700) Scheherazade tells
stories to postpone her execution
http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/seven.html
MA: REFINEMENT The Short Story Story
MA: REFINEMENT
REFINEMENT-
O still Framing
O still same types of stories (beast fables, sermons
exemplar; fabliaux, romances, exempla)
O BUT
O experimentation with FORM
mix forms
tale = reflection o f the teller
relationships between tellers
= dramatic quality
MA: REFINEMENT
REFINEMENT-
O BOCCACCIO:
Decameron (10 days) c.1349/53
height of Black Death plague in Florence
10 people, 10 stories per
character = subordinate to story
O CHAUCER:
Canterbury Tales c.1387/1400
pilgrimage to Canterbury shrine
character through actions, assertions
ITALY
growing popularity
imitation (of Boccaccio)
c.1300-1600
short story = novelle
Franco Sacchetti, Giovanni Fiorentino,
Giovanni Sercambi, Masuccio Salernitano
Matteo Bandello, Agnolo Firenzuolo
O romances, surprise, deception, ribaldry, irony - realism
Giamattista Basile (1600s) folktales w/realism
O + amusing diversion + framing The Five Days (= Boccaccio)
FRANCE
c.1400-1600
Boccaccio:
O framed
O amusing
O diversions
SPAIN
c.1300-1600
Europes most influential/powerful country
short stories = part of novels
Miguel de Cervantes Exemplary Novels
O 1613
O experimental
O not didactic
O not diversionary
O but @ mans secular existence
MA: DECLINE The Short Story Story
DECLINE
c.1600-1700
birth of novel
imitations of Boccaccio & Chaucer
same forms
escapism, amusing diversions
rebirth of drama & poetry
O Neo-Classicism
birth of journalistic sketches
DECLINE
c.1600-1700
birth of journalistic sketches
O seriousness
O realism
O fascination w/foreign countries
O interest in social conditions
travel books, sermons, biographies, essays
MIDDLE AGES RENAISSANCE &
ENLIGHTENMENT
amusing
diversionary
escapist
framing
imitations
fantasy
seriousness
fact
realism
social issues
foreign lands
rebirth of old forms
birth of new forms
MODERN SHORT STORY: 19th C.
The Short Story Story
MODERN SHORT STORY
c.1800s
simultaneously
Germany
United States
France
Russia
MODERN SHORT STORY
c.1800s
Why then?
O rise in middle class
O rise in literacy
O rise in literate middle class
realism & at the same time fantasy
O stifled by Neo-Classicism (decorum)
O back to own past myths, fables, Old Days
O [what gave birth to Romanticism]
MODERN SHORT STORY
GERMANY-
Goethe, Christoph Wieland, Friedrich
Schleiermacher
*Heinrich von Kleist
O like Poe: psychological, confrontations w/fantastic
*ETA Hoffmann
O exotic places, supernatural phenomenon
Ludwig Tieck
O some = realistic, journalistic
O others = fantastic, intense, ironic, true to character
MODERN SHORT STORY
UNITED STATES-
Realism:
O regionalism (Bret Harte, SO Jewett)
O objectivity, real places & events & people
Impressionism:
O narrators consciousness & psychological attitudes
O subjective, narrators POV (unreliable, biased, insane)
O less realistic in the sense of an objective reality
19th CENTURY
SKETCH TALE
intercultural (from culture to culture)
culturally specific motifs, characters, symbols
best understood by that culture
tales = intracultural
culture speaking to itself about itself
perpet