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The Setting of Hellenistic TemplesAuthor(s): Phyllis Williams LehmannSource: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Dec., 1954), pp. 15-20Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the Society of Architectural Historians

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THE SETTING OF

HELLENISTIC TEMPLES

PHYLLIS WILLIAMS LEHMANN

IN THEHELLENISTICge the creativepowerof Greekarchi-tects found expression not so much on the mainland of

Greece, n the venerablesanctuariesof the past, as in AsiaMinor and certain of the neighboring islands. For in thecenturiesfollowing Alexanderthe Great,this was the most

productiveregionof the Greekworld,architecturally peak-ing. In such a newly founded city as Pergamon or a re-settled town like Priene, the new architecturalconcepts of

the day could more easily be put into practicewithoutthecrippling necessity of adjusting them to already existingcivic and religious centres.

To be sure,essential tastes andpracticesof previouscen-turiescontinued,especiallyin the last decades of the fourth

century and the beginning of the third. The archaic andclassical taste for heights,for placinga templeon an akrop-olis as at Athens or atop a steep promontory overlookingthe sea as at Sounion, persisted,if anythingintensified,inthe Hellenistic period. At Herakleia-on-the-Latmos Fig.1), an early Hellenistic temple perched high up on an out-

cropping of rock overlooking the lake reflects this same

tendency.So, too, does the Templeof Athena which crownsthe akropolis at Lindos (Fig. 2, A). In the later fourth

century,whenit was built, it was still possible to enjoy the

sight of a building standingin lonely isolation. But not for

long. In due time it became necessary to add a vast and

impressive approach o the templecomposedof a H-shapedcolonnade precededand followed by a monumentalflightof steps leading to a propylon from which one finally

gained access to the temple at the highest point of the

akropolis. Similarly,theearlyHellenisticTempleof Athenaat Pergamonwhichoriginallyhad occupieda commandingposition on one of the uppermostheights of the akropolis,

visible from afar, utterly devoid of setting, was providedin the secondcenturywith a greatarchitectural rameworkin the form of a two-storied stoa (Fig. 3).

And why? Not only because these colonnades and the

rooms behind them were in themselvesfunctional and de-

sirable but because in the previous century a new archi-

tecturalconcepthad become irresistible-the desire to pro-vide each significant architectural unit, like the temple,

with its own architecturalenvironment, ts own setting or

surrounding.No longer could such a building be left inisolation or loosely juxtaposed against its neighbors as ithad been in previouscenturies. Now even oldersanctuarieslike the temples of Athena at Pergamonor Lindos had to

be remodelled n accordancewith the new principles.These new principles are visible in the sanctuary of

Asklepiosat Kos (Fig. 4). There the major temple, built

in the mid-second century B.C., is the focal point of agrandiose composition. Placed on the highest of three

terraces, it is framed by a horseshoe colonnade and ap-proachedby three monumentalstairways leading from theouter propylon,across the lower terraces, to its facade. Afew standardarchitectural ngredients-a propylon,stoas.

monumental stairways, an altar, the temple itself-are

groupedinto a clearlydefined,immediatelygraspablecom-

position, a composition characterizedby simplicity, bold-ness and plasticity, by a sharp, firm juxtaposition of thefew standardelements.Contrastsof scale, an elevatedandcentralposition,anaxial approach,emphasison thefacade,

all make of the templethe focal point, the culmination ofthe composition.

Kos is a sanctuaryof particularcomplexity.But the es-sential ingredients of this architecturalcomposition maybe found in scores of Hellenisticsanctuaries,especially the

all-importantand new Hellenistic insistence upon provid-ing thetemplewith an architectural nvironmentor setting.The shape of this settingvaries considerably.Sometimes tis an openhorseshoeor GreekH, as at Kos; sometimesthe

H-shapedframe of stoas is elongatedand closed, as in the

sanctuaryof Artemis at Magnesia (Fig. 5), or the templeis set in the centre of a quadrangle,as at Lagina (Fig. 6).

Less frequently,the architectural rame forms a trapezoid,as at Teos or Assos (Fig. 7), and sometimes,whateverthe

shape of the enclosure, the temple is sucked back into a

dominating position at the rear of the field, a schemepar-ticularly convenient for temples presiding over markets,as at Assos, but by no means limited to them. As in the

sanctuaryof Zeus at Priene (Fig. 8), the temple may ac-

tually be engaged in the surrounding colonnades which,

incidentally,are often of a different and contrastingorder-a Doric framework or an Ionic temple,an Ionic setting

The Setting of Hellenistic Temples 15

PHYLLIS WILLIAMS LEHMANN combines archaeology in the field withclassroom teaching at Smith College.

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FIG. 1. Herakleia-on-the-Latmos. Temple of Athena. (Author)

IV::::

:ii~-i;:ii:~-?~-iiiii~i~,~~I -i-l:'~:i-:-:~iii-~i;-iii-_~;tS.i: j:?~4b-~

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i i .f--:iITT*: G"Moiv&Wi?Vwol~lf3ftworw:--:~:iiii-~::i:kiK*atiiiii:-i:i:-ii-ic;_iiiiii-:iiii~i~iiai:iii~::--iii. iii-t4*t iii

FIG.2. Lindos. Restored plan of the Akropolis.(C. Blinkenberg, Lindos . . ., I, P1. I)

- -.~.

.. .

FIG. 3. Pergamon. Reconstruction of the Sanctuary of Athena Polias

Nikephoros. (Altertiimer von Pergamon, II, P1. XLI)

for a Doric. At Miletos (Fig. 9), the NorthMarketTemplehas beenliterallyembedded n the surroundingcolonnade.

Nonetheless,by virtue of its greaterheight, its projecting

porch, and its axial position opposite the propylon, it re-

tains the customary ocal position.The overwhelmingpop-

ularity of these new principleswas reflectedon the main-

land of Greecewherethey underlie the contained,defined

forms of the precinctof Zeus at Megalopolis (Fig. 10).

Finally,on the precipitousslopesof the akropolisat Per-gamon,wemeettheelongatedrectangleorbar-shaped anc-

tuary.Here,in thetheatreprecinct, heTempleof Dionysos

Kathegemonis backed up to the hillside at the rear of a

long, narrow terrace (Fig. 11). On one side it is ap-

proached by an endless stoa, on the other by a combina-

tion of stoa and theatre.But,as usual, it dominates ts sur-

roundings,like a jewel in its setting, standingat the verybackof its precinctand, as we shall see, raisedto singulareffectivenessby its high position above a flight of steps

(Fig. 12).On the other side of the akropolisof Pergamonsimilar

elongated precinctswere built, amongthem the sanctuaryof Demeter. There the temple stands on a narrow ledge

high up over the city which, in antiquityas now, lay far

below in the valley. As we have come to expect, it was

framedon three sides by stoas and the stepsof a theatron,a bold terrace architecturethat required and received

strong buttressing.The use of such elongatedterracepre-cincts bearswitnessto anothersignificant eatureof Hellen-

istic sanctuaries o whichI shallreturn-the tastefor vista.

For the shapeof the sanctuariesof Demeterand Dionysoscannotbe explainedsolely by the necessitiesof the terrain.

Elsewhere in Pergamon, broad, square terraces were

created.An indispensableingredient in the dominatingrole of

the Temple of Dionysos, as I have mentioned,is its high

position at the very back of the sanctuary(Fig. 12). Had

it not been raisedup abovea flightof steps, it would have

been lost in spite of its axial position, given the excessive

lengthof theprecinctandits ownsmallsize. By virtueof its

greatpodiumof steps and the emphasisupon its facade, it

becomes of commanding importance,the dramatic,spot

lighted focal point of a rich composition.Dramaticcon-

trasts, both of scale and of level, are characteristic of

Hellenistic layouts. Hence the new importanceof monu-

mental stairways.We have seen them at Lindos and Kos(Figs. 2, 4) leadingup to the finalcrescendoof the temple.In the sanctuaryof Dionysos at Pergamon we are com-

pelled down the long, narrowprecinct and up to the im-

periousfagade.Conversely,n the sanctuaryof Demeterwe

are led downward,down from the heights of the Upper

Gymnasiumterrace below which it clings to the hillside,down into its funnel-shapedforecourt, down again into

the crampedprecinctwherethe mass of the templestands

bulkilybeforeus.

16 Journalof the Society of ArchitecturalHistorians,XIII, 4

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The greatestsingle building of the Hellenistic age, the

giganticTempleof Apolloat DidymanearMiletos,a build-

ing designed at the very beginning of the age and still in

progressat the end of antiquity, is animatedby all these

tendencies. The characteristic Hellenistic fluctuationbe-

tweenenormoustemples ike the Olympieionat Athensand

smallchapelssuch as we have repeatedlyseen is dramatic-

ally expressedwithinits very walls (Figs. 13-15). For this

vasttemple,so big that it is visible far awayat sea, containsin its interior a little chapel for the cult image. Indeed, itis so vast that what appearsto be a temple on the outside

actually serves as an unroofed precinct within which the

chapel stands. In a unique fashion the very temple itselfhas become a frame,a setting, an enclosurefor the chapelwithinit whichstandsin a rectangle ramednot, to be sure,

by stoas, but by a giant order of contrastingCorinthian

pilasters.Whatis more,the naiskos is visible only to thosewhoview it through hedoorsat thetop of thegreatinterior

stairway or have penetrated the courtyard via vaulted

ramps eadingdown from the porchto the seclusionof the

interior. Once again, a dramaticcontrast of levels, of as-cent of the mighty exterior stairs followed by descentintoa mysterious interior, is of prime importance. And al-

though many features of the Hellenisticbuilding had pro-totypes in its archaic predecessor, precisely this crucialdifference in levels, this primarysource of dramatic con-trast was lacking,as excavations in the interior of the cellahave revealed. In this remarkablebuildingall the essentialtendenciesof theage arereflected.

I have remarked that the taste for heights, for terrace

architecture, s coupledin manycases with an equallypro-nounced taste for vista, for the sight of a sanctuaryin the

distance and, conversely, for the view from it. Since thistastehas frequentlybeendenied, let us look at a few exam-

ples. Off the peninsula-townof Apollonia-on-LakeRhyn-dacus in Bithynia, there lies an artificial island enclosed

by a low wallto which boats can be moored.It is completelyoccupiedby a sanctuary (Fig. 16) consisting of a templeset in thecentreof a horseshoeframe of stoas andprecededby a monumentalstairway-this time curving in form-which providesan exedra-shapedascentto the worshipperarriving by boat and by its very shape attracts him into

the sanctuary.The very situation of both island and sanc-

tuary directly opposite the town, the very placing of the

entranceon the side facing the city is eloquent testimonyof the architect'sintention to create a dramaticapproachto the sacred island. And certainly one standing on the

island,looking backto Apolloniabehindwhich the snowyheights of Bithynian Olympos rise, finds it hard not to

predicate some interest in the magnificentsetting of the

oppositeshore!

So, too, one climbing up the slopesof the late Hellenistic

sanctuaryat Antioch-toward-Pisidia Fig. 17) was surelyintended to fasten his gaze on the crowning element, the

FIG. 4. Kos. Reconstruction of the Hellenistic Sanctuaryof Asklepios. (Kos, I, P1. XL)

.,...

........t C4w tA

/k

-4.. .....fm

..........????c--...- . • ...... . ........... ...... t

FIG.5. Magnesia. Reconstruction of thePrecinct of Artemis Leukophryene.(Magnesia am Maeander, Figs. 109-110)

M:"

-ZANI

~~T*LL IIIa LfC

FIc. 6. Lagina. Restored plan of the Sanctuary of Hekate.(G. Mendel, Catalogue des sculptures grecques,romaines et byzantines, Constantinople, I, 132)

The Setting of HellenisticTemples 17

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FIG.7. Assos. Reconstruction of the Agora.(Investigations at Assos, I, 27)

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FIG. 8. Priene. Reconstruction of the Temple of Zeus.

(Die Ruinen von Priene, Fig. 70)

F:~i -6fa~B~c~:;-?.1,~?sgt-":-n.:-: .,. .: i

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i:-::--:-::- ----i :: -----:------ ---;------:-:::::ii::i:-:I

FIG. 9. Miletos. Reconstruction of the North Market and

surroundings in the Hellenistic Period.

(Milet, I, 6, P1. XXVII)

templeset at the highest level againsta semicircularcolon-

nade, a wide hemicycle that provides a backdropfor the

temple.Here at Antioch natural and artificialsetting have

beenlinked,for the rockitself has beenshearedandshapedto receive both the templeand the curvingcolonnade.And

again, once one had ascended this terrace, certainly he

cannothave been expectedto ignore the wide panoramaof

mountain-ringedplain spread out before him.

Returningto Kos (Fig. 4), we find the same phenom-enon, the same outspokentaste for vista. Not only is the

triple-terraced anctuaryvisible from afar, not only is its

crowningelement,TempleA, a beacontowardwhichvisitor

and worshipperalike are drawn by the now familiar de-

vices of setting, frontality and access but, again, once we

have reached the summit, a scene of breathtakingbeauty,of unexpectedamplitude,of mountain,sea and plain con-

fronts us. Althoughmany factors, notably the sanctity of

a cult spot, were involved in the choice of such sites, their

architectural treatment attests a keen awarenessof land-

scape setting as a prime aesthetic ingredient in the total

effect.

Finally, let us return to Pergamon, to the Gymnasium

complex (Fig. 18), where the vast elongated terraces are

crownedby a sanctuaryto Hera Basileia, tutelarydivinityof the city. Here a smallmysterysanctuaryhas been added

to a group of largely secular buildings as the culmination

of an intricate architecturalscheme.The temple itself has

becomesimply a facade, approachedby steps and flanked

by lateralstructures, he dominantelementof a sanctuary

which, as a whole, marks the crescendo of a great, sym-

phoniccomposition.It is scarcelynecessaryto addthatthis

groupof buildingshas beencomposedto be seenfromafar.

But I shouldlike to emphasizethat in true Hellenisticfash-ion this compositionis designedto be takenin at a glance,to be apprehendedas a whole, for its single units onlyachievetheir fullest value as parts of the whole. In this re-

spect it differs radically from classical predecessorslike

the Akropolisat Athens,where we are conscious first and

foremost of individual buildings, however carefully con-

trastedand adjustedto each otherthey may be. If this es-

sentially baroquetendency seems to architects and archi-

tectural historians accustomedto the full exploitation of

baroqueprinciplesin later ages to be as yet embryonic in

form, let us not forget that this is its first appearancein

Europeanarchitecture.But, like many otheraspectsof thisrich age, it was destinedto exert an immenseinfluenceon

the laterdevelopmentof architecture.Transplantedo Italyvia suchlate Hellenisticsanctuariesas Sulla'sat Praeneste,

it wasto bloom again on anothersoil.SMITH COLLEGE

The primary evidence for the Hellenistic temples cited in the

previous pages as characteristic examples of significant types of

sanctuaries is to be found in the following references.

18 Journalof the Society of ArchitecturalHistorians,XIII, 4

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FIG. 10. Megalopolis. Restored plan of the Precinct of Zeus.(Excavations at Megalopolis, Fig. 55)

i: i

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FIG. 13. Didyma. Restored plan of the Temple of Apollo.(Didynia, Pt. I, P1. 76, #618)

f---3i-

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FIG. 11. Pergamon. Restored plan of theTheatre and Precinct of Dionysos Kathegemon.

(Altertiimer von Pergamon, IV, P1. XXXXV)

ri:

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FIG. 14. Didyma. Restoration of thenaiskos in the Temple of Apollo.(Abh. der preus. Akad. der Wiss., Phil.-hist.

Klasse, No. 1, 1924, P1. VII)

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FIG. 12. Pergamon. Restoration of the

Temple of Dionysos Kathegemon.(Altertiimer von Pergamon, IV, P1. XXXXIII)

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FIG. 15. Didyma. Restored transverse sectionof the Temple of Apollo.(Didyma, Pt. I, P1. 13, #151)

The Setting of Hellenistic Temples 19

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FIG. 16. Apollonia-on-Lake Rhyndacus. General planof the town and its island sanctuary (upper right).(S. Reinach, Voyage archeologique .. ., P1. 47)

PLAN OF -

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FIG. 17. Antioch-toward-Pisidia. Plan of the site (temple in

centre). (Art Bulletin, IX [19261, opp. p. 5)

FIc. 18. Pergamon. Reconstruction of the

Gymnasium and the Sanctuary of Hera Basileiaat its summit. (Altertiimer von Pergamon, VI, Pls. I-II)

Herakleia-on-the Latmos: Antiquities of lonia, London, II, 1797,27-28, Pls. XXXIII-XXXV (under the mistaken placename Myus or Baffi).

Lindos: K.-F. Kinch, "Exploration archeologique de Rhodes (Fon-dation Carlsberg) par Chr. Blinkenberg et K.F. Kinch,"Oversigt det Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs For-

handlinger, 1904, No. 3, pp. 62 ff.; 1905, No. 2, pp. 30 ff.Pergamon, Temple of Athena: Richard Bohn, Das Heiligtum der

Athena Polias Nikephoros (Altertiimer von Pergamon, II),Berlin, 1885.

Kos: Rudolf Herzog, Kos, Ergebnisse der deutschen Ausgrabungenund Forschungen (I, Asklepieion, by P. Schazmann),Berlin, 1932.

Magnesia, Temple of Artemis: Carl Humann, Julius Kohte, Carl

Watzinger, Magnesia am Maeander, Berlin, 1904, especiallypp. 34 ff., 39-106, 163 ff.

Lagina: Arnold Schober, Der Fries des Hekateions von Lagina (Is-tanbuler Forschungen, II), Baden bei Wien, 1933, pp. 9-26.

Teos: Y. Bequignon-A. Laumonier, "Fouilles de Teos (1924),"Bulletin de correspondance hellenique, XLIX (1925), 281-

321.Assos: Investigations at Assos, ed. F. H. Bacon, Cambridge, 1902,

I, 21, 23, 27, 33.Priene, Temple of Zeus: Martin Schede, Die Ruinen von Priene,

Berlin and Leipzig, 1934, pp. 59-62.

Miletos, North Market Temple: Armin von Gerkan, Der Nordmarkt

und derHafen

an der Lawenbucht(Milet, I, 6),

Berlin

and Leipzig, 1922, pp. 30-33, 91-94, Pls. XII, XVI, XXIV,XXVII.

Megalopolis: Excavations at Megalopolis, 1890-1891, London, 1892,

pp. 52-59.

Pergamon, Temple of Dionysos Kathegemon: Richard Bohn, Die

Theater-Terrasse (Altertiimer von Pergamon, IV), Berlin,

1896, pp. 41-77, Pls. I-III, XXV ff.

Pergamon, Temple of Demeter: W. D6rpfeld, "Die Arbeiten zu

Pergamon 1908-1909," Mitteilungen des deutschen ar-

chiiologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung, XXXV

(1910), 355-384, Pls. XV-XXI; idem, "Die Arbeiten zu

Pergamon 1910-1911," ibid., XXXVII (1912), 235-256,

P1.XVI.Didyma: Th. Wiegand, Didyma, Pt. I, Die Baubeschreibung, by

Hubert Knackfuss, Berlin, 1941.

Apollonia-on-LakeRhyndacus: S. Reinach, Voyage archbologique en

Grece et en Asie Mineure sous la direction de M. PhilippeLe Bas, Paris, 1888, pp. 38-40, Pls. 45-47, II, 1-2. The more

detailed plan of the sanctuary published here is both in-

accurate and fanciful.

Antioch-toward-Pisidia: David M. Robinson, "Roman Sculpturefrom Colonia Caesaria (Pisidian Antioch)," Art Bulletin,

IX (1926), pp. 5-18.

Pergamon, Temple of Hera Basileia: Paul Schazmann, Das Gymna-sion. Der Tempelbezirk der Hera Basileia (Altertiimer von

Pergamon, VI), Berlin and Leipzig, 1923, especially pp.

102 ff., Pls. I-XI, XXXII-XXXV. There is no evidence for

the columnar facades restored to the structures flankingthe Temple of Hera Basileia.

Wherever my dates or conclusions are at variance with thosecited in these primary references (for example, in regard to Antioch-

toward-Pisidia), they are largely the result of personal observations

made on the sites in the spring of 1953 in preparation for a com-

prehensive study on Hellenistic religious architecture.

The reader interested in the larger context of the present discus-

sion may consult Karl Lehmann-Hartleben, "Wesen und Gestalt

griechischer Heiligtiimer," Die Antike, VII (1931), 11-48, 161-180,

and R. E. Wycherley, How the Greeks Built Cities, London, 1949,

especially Chs. IV-V. For a different view of the relationship be-

tween Greek temples and their settings from mine see Robert Scran-

ton, "Group Design in Greek Architecture," Art Bulletin, XXXI

(1949), 249-268.

20 Journalof the Society of ArchitecturalHistorians, XIII, 4

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