The Second International Conference on Port, Coastal, and Offshore Engineering

(2nd ICPCO)

November 12-13, 2012 ITB Campus

Bandung, Indonesia

1. Ocean Environmental and Coastal Process Modeling

2. Material in Marine Environment 3. Offshore Engineering Technology 4. Subsea Pipeline 5. Marine Geotechnics 6. Port Engineering & Management

7. Coastal Engineering 8. Tsunami and Mitigation 9. Ocean Renewable Energy 10. Floating Structure 11. Sea Defense Technology 12. Coastal Management

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CONTENTS Simultaneous Coupling Method: A New Approach in Wave Modeling .............. 1 Recent Development of The Empirical Basis for Prediction of Vortex Induced Vibrations ............................................................................................................ 2 Learning from Yi Sun-Sin Suspension Bridge and Other Modern Great Bridges for the Construction of the Sunda Strait Bridge ................................................... 3 Near- and Far-Field Characteristics of The 2011 East Japan Tsunami and Their Impacts ................................................................................................................ 4 Theoretical Wave Spectrum in Indonesia ............................................................ 5 Application Study of Finite Volume Model for Tsunami .................................... 6 Simulation of Waves with Highly Inaccurate Input ............................................. 7 Tsunami Hazard Assessment and Mapping for the Southwest Coast of Sri Lanka ............................................................................................................................. 8 Mentawai Tsunami Wave Simulation Using Non-Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinate Technique .......................................................................................... 9 Design & Installation Requirements for an Ultra Deepwater High Pressure Gas Pipeline .............................................................................................................. 10 Concept Selection of Lampung Floating Storage and Regasification Unit ........ 11 Santos Maleo Producer MOPU, In Situ Substructure Modification .................. 12 Dented Member Modelling Using Finite Element Method for Push-Over Analysis of Offshore Platform ........................................................................... 13 Subsea Pipeline Stress Analysis In Operating Condition Using Strain Based Design: A Finite Element Analysis Application ................................................ 14 The Mapping Environmental Sensitivity Index to The Oil Spill in Coastal Areas of Cilacap........................................................................................................... 15 Cooling Water Recirculation Modeling of Cilacap Power Plant ....................... 16 Numerical Modeling of Cooling Water Recirculation ....................................... 17 Application of Two Iterative Methods for Solving System of Linear Equations In a Tidally Generated Flow Model ................................................................... 18 Oil Spill Modeling Study of Montara WHP Blowout using Software MoTuM 19 Application of Large Scale 3D Non-Orthogonal Boundary Fitted Sediment Transport Model and Small Scale Approach for Offshore Structure in Cimanuk Delta North Java Sea ......................................................................................... 20 Design Optimization and Performance Evaluation of a Floating Breakwater ... 21 Development of The BPPT-lock Breakwater Armour Unit ............................... 22 Physical Modelling of Tanjung Adikarta Fishery Port Breakwaters ................. 23 Assessment of Navigation Channel Reliability of Tanjung Adikarta Port using Hydraulics Modeling ......................................................................................... 24 Pipe Coating and Concrete Mattress for Weighting Offshore Gas Pipes Using Nickel Slag as Concrete Aggregate ................................................................... 25 Reliability Assessment of Offshore Pipeline Subjected Corrosion .................... 26 Retrofit of Corroded Offshore Platform by Grouting ........................................ 27 Chloride Induced Corrosion of Concrete Cracked in Flexure ............................ 28 The Study on Hydrodynamic Performances of IHL Mini-Submarine ............... 29

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Preliminary Study of the Flow Noise Measurement in the Cavitation Tunnel .. 30 The Sustainability of Wooden Ships in Indonesia ............................................. 31 Application of Pile Driving Analyzer on Offshore Piles ................................... 32 Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction Potential in Mersing, Johor ............................. 33 Field and Model Studies of the Dynamics of Mud Shoreline Changes ............. 34 Coastal Oceanographic Modelling Studies of Coastal Erosion Problem Along The Coast of Indramayu-Cirebon ...................................................................... 35 Keywords : erosion, current, wave, sediment transpor, monsoon. ..................... 35 Application of the Finite Volume Method to Cohesive Sediment Bed Fluidisation due to Water Waves ....................................................................... 36 Application of Finite Volume Cell Center Method with Wet and Dry Treatment in Hydrodynamic Flow Modeling ...................................................................... 37 Sedimentation Process Study at Entrance Channel Study Case: Pulau Baai Port ........................................................................................................................... 38 Oil & Gas Project Delivery Incorporating The EPCIC and PSC Procurement Approach: The Malaysian Experience ............................................................... 39 Coastal Management Modeling Based on Equilibrium Shoreline Method ........ 40 Videography Technology Utilization for Rip Current , Sandbar and Shoreline Position Identification to Safety Management of Coastal Tourism ................... 41 The Contribution of Oceanographic Numerical Model In Supporting Integrated Coastal Management Around Komodo Island, Indonesia ................................. 42 Sediment Classification for Geotechnics Using Sonar Technology .................. 43 Simulation of the Single Hydrophone Source Localization Using Chirp Signal 44 Application of Cascade Matrix Method on Reflection Coefficient Prediction of UnderwaterAcoustic for Inclined Seabed .......................................................... 45 Diver Detection Experiment Using Single Hydrophone .................................... 46 Coastal Ecosystem: Reducing or Amplifying The Tsunami Impact ~ A Lesson Learn from The Recent Events .......................................................................... 47 Bukit Terbuka Hijau (Green Open Hills) as Green Solution of Urban Spatial Engineering in Tsunami-Prone Coastal City (Case Study: Cilacap Selatan District) .............................................................................................................. 48 Building a Sustainable Local Community Preparedness Towards Tsunami ...... 49 Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Education for Kid’s With Animation In Gambar To’ong ............................................................................................................... 50 Investigation of Coastal Vegetation Characteristics and Field Experiment on Strength of Casuarina in Indonesia .................................................................... 51 Potential of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) in Indonesia Seas ..... 52

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Simultaneous Coupling Method: A New Approach in Wave Modeling

Hitoshi Tanaka1 & Mohammad Bagus Adityawan2,1 1Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aoba, Sendai Japan

2Water Resources Engineering Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10,Bandung, Indonesia

Email: bagus@kasen1.civil.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract. This study presents the simultaneous coupling method (SCM) that enhances the shallow water equation (SWE) by replacing the conventional Manning approach with a direct assessment of the bed stress from the boundary layer. The SCM couples the SWE model with the k-ω model. The SWE calculates the depth average velocity that is used to assess the bed stress from the boundary layer using the k-ω model. The developed method has the advantage from the simplicity and efficiency of the SWE while providing an accurate estimation of the bed stress. The k-ω model was verified with experimental cases and showed good performance in estimating the bed stress. The SCM was verified and used to simulate three cases of the solitary wave run up on a sloping beach. The SCM successfully assessed the boundary layer beneath the solitary wave run up. The SCM is able to provide a more accurate bed stress as compared to the conventional Manning approach. The SCM is able to explain the known bed stress behaviors under unsteady wave motion. The accurate bed stress estimation leads to a higher accuracy of the wave profile and run up height prediction. The SCM is a valuable tool for understanding the boundary layer characteristic under the wave motion in practical application. Keywords: wave modeling; bed stress; boundary layer; shallow water equation, k-ω.

2

Recent Development of The Empirical Basis for Prediction of Vortex Induced Vibrations

Carl M. Larsen1 , Elizabeth Passano2, Halvor Lie2

1 CeSOS, Dep. Of Marine Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway 2 MARINTEK, Trondheim, Norway

Email: carl.m.larsen@ntnu.no

Abstract. This paper describes the research activity related to VIV that has taken place at NTNU and MARINTEK in Trondheim during the last years. The overall aim of the work has been increased understanding of the VIV phenomena and to improve the empirical basis for prediction of VIV. The work has included experiments with flexible beams in sheared and uniform flow and forced motions of short, rigid cylinders. Key results in terms of hydrodynamic coefficients and analysis procedures have been implemented in the computer program VIVANA, which has resulted in new analysis options and improved hydrodynamic coefficients. Some examples of results are presented, but the main focus of the paper is to give an overview of the work and point out how the new results can be used in order to improve VIV analyses. Finally some ideas for further work and improvements of empirical methods for prediction of VIV are presented. Keywords:Marine technology; Risers; Pipelines; Vortex induced vibrations; Analysis; Experiments; Empirical models

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Learning from Yi Sun-Sin Suspension Bridge and Other Modern Great Bridges for the Construction of the Sunda Strait Bridge

Ben Usagani

PT. SWI Jetty Nusantara, KompleksPerkantoran Vila Delima No. 6, Jl. Karang Tengah Raya No. 9, LebakBulus, Jakarta 12440, Indonesia

Email: ben@swijetty.co.id

Abstract.Yi Sun-Sin is the 4th longest suspension bridge in terms of center span. Comparing its foundation along with other world’s longest suspension bridges can be used to conceptualize the possible foundation for the upcoming Sunda Strait Bridge. Keywords:suspension bridge foundation in the deep sea

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Near- and Far-Field Characteristics of The 2011 East Japan Tsunami and Their Impacts

Abdul MUHARI1, Fumihiko IMAMURA1 & Anawat SUPPASRI2 1Tsunami Engineering Laboratory, International Research Institute of Disaster

Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, JAPAN 2Endowed Research Division, International Research Institute of Disaster Science

(IRIDeS), Tohoku University, JAPAN Email: aam@tsunami2.civil.tohoku.ac.jp

Abstract. We present analyses of the 2011 East Japan tsunami in the near- and far-field cases. First, the tsunami source model is developed to reproduce observational data in the near-field case which consists of tsunami heights and arrival time from GPS buoys, tide gauges, run-up heights and flow depths, co-seismic subsidence and the inland arrival time from the stopped clocks found along the tsunami affected areas. Next, the well validated source model is then used to reveal the characteristic of the tsunami in the east coast of Japan, and to model the cross-ocean propagation to the south until it reaches Papua region, Indonesia. Finally, the resulting damages on human and infrastructures in the North-East Japan and in Papua region, Indonesia are visualized to extract lessons from the catastrophe.

Keywords: the 2011 Japan tsunami; tsunami source model; near- and far-field tsunami.

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Theoretical Wave Spectrum in Indonesia

Setiyawan1, Hang Tuah Salim2, Safwan Hadi3 & Iwan K Hadihardaja4

1,4 Department of Civil Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology 2 Department of Ocean Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology

3 Department of Oceanography Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

Email: setiyawanvip@yahoo.co.id Abstract. Approach to selecting the design wave environment considers the wave spectrum. In this case Indonesian coastal area (Sabang, Meulaboh, Pacitan, Jepara, Jeneponto and Muarawahau) a suitable wave spectrum model is chosen representing an appropriate density distribution of the sea waves at the site under consideration. The most suitable spectrum is a measured design wave spectrum at the site, although such a spectrum is seldom available. As an alternative, one chooses one of the theoretical spectrum models available based on the fetch, wind and other meteorological conditions of the site. The chosen wave spectrum, of course describes a short term wave condition. A combination of theoritical wave spectrum, short term wave measurement, and wave forecasting developed by Joing North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP) ware applied in order to determine the design wave height and period. Theoritical wave spectrum were calibrated with the observations wave spectrum using fast fourier transform developed by Cooley and Tukey. Keywords: Design wave environment, fast fourier transform, JONSWAP spectrum, theoritical wave spectrum, wave measurement.

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Application Study of Finite Volume Model for Tsunami

Aditia Rojali1, Muhammad Syahril Badri Kusuma2 & Dhemi Harlan3 1Institute Technology of Bandung

2,3 Water Resources Engineering Research Group, Institute Technology of Bandung Email: 1aditiarojali@yahoo.com, 2msbadrik@yahoo.com

3dhemi@si.itb.ac.id, Abstract. FVCOM model with unstructured triangle grid on barotropic mode has been used and has been adapted for the application of tsunami case. All cases were run without parallelization. The results of the FVCOM model verification with published laboratory test case and the canonical plane beach island which is are a standard benchmark tests for long wave run up model demonstrated the agreement between laboratory data and model in term of water profile and run up height; it means that the shallow-water wave phenomena can be simulated well by the FVCOM model.

Keywords: canonical island, Flores, run up, tsunami, unstructured grid

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Simulation of Waves with Highly Inaccurate Input

Andreas Parama Wijaya1,2, E. van Groesen1,2 1LabMath-Indonesia, Bandung

2Department of Applied Mathematics University of Twente, Netherlands

Email : a.parama@labmath-indonesia.org, E.W.C.vanGroesen@utwente.nl

Abstract. This paper deals with wave simulations for which the input data are highly inaccurate. Inaccuracies can consistent of high levels of noise or strongly mutilated wave forms. Such inaccuracies can occur in various applications, one of which is in coastal wave prediction using remotely observed waves upstream. Wave data from radar images obtained at a ship or at the coast is already used to determine statistical properties of the approaching wave field, properties such as significant wave height, period and wavelength. For various modern coastal engineering applications it is desired to obtain time accurate information of incoming waves. To predict the incoming waves, we propose new methods to improve the inaccurate input in a dynamic simulation model that calculates the evolution of the waves towards the vessel. For the dynamic evolution we use a linear spectral code with exact dispersion. This model calculates the elevation from input that consists of the elevation at one or more specified positions upstream. The input is processed in an embedded way, i.e. by a source in the governing dynamic equation. We will show effects of inaccuracies at the input positions and show that averaging of multiple inputs will increase the prediction at the position of the vessel. Using synthetic data, the improvement is shown for inaccuracies caused by noise and caused by mutilations that remove partly or completely the waveform below the still water level.

Keywords: wave prediction, fully dispersive linear evolution model, inaccurate input, averaged multiple input.

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Tsunami Hazard Assessment and Mapping for the Southwest Coast of Sri Lanka

Janaka J. Wijetunge

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka Email: janakaw@pdn.ac.lk

Abstract. This paper is concerned with a deterministic analysis carried out to evaluate the tsunami hazard for the southwest coast of Sri Lanka. The hazard assessment is based on numerical simulation of tsunami inundation caused by the seismogenic ‘worstcase’ scenario for the coastline concerned, i.e., an event similar to the mega-tsunami in December 2004. The computed extent of inundation on the whole shows good agreement with the points of maximum penetration of inundation from field measurements in the aftermath of the December 2004 tsunami. It can also be seen that the inundation distribution is strongly influenced by onshore topography. Furthermore, numerical simulations of tsunami propagation indicate that formation of edge waves trapped by the primary waves diffracting around the southwest of the country significantly influences the nearshore tsunami wave field and is largely responsible for relatively higher tsunami amplitudes in certain stretches of the southwest coast of Sri Lanka.

Keywords: coastal hazards, disaster mitigation, numerical modeling, tsunami inundation.

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Mentawai Tsunami Wave Simulation Using Non-Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinate Technique

1Muslim Muin, 1Hendra Achiari 1Ocean Engineering Research Group

Institut Teknologi Bandung Email: m_muin@ocean.itb.ac.id

Abstract. Non-Orthogonal curvilinear coordinate ocean hydrodynamics model (Muin, 1997) was applied to simulate tsunami wave in Mentawai, in which occurred in 25 October 2010, 21:42:22 (GMT +7). The model was integrated in Geographic Information System, named as MuTsunami. The time step of the model was not limited by gravity wave speed. The results of simulation were compared with observational data. The field data was collected by group of researcher from Institut Teknologi Bandung, Waseda University, and Yokohama National University (Hendra, 2010). The studies present the results of simulation using various fault models. It was found that the agreement between the model and observations are very good for selected fault model

Keywords: Tsunami, Modeling, Hydrodynamics

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Design & Installation Requirements for an Ultra Deepwater High Pressure Gas Pipeline

David Lawson

PT. Wood Group Indonesia Staco, 6th Floor, Jl. Casablanca Kav.18

Jakarta, 12870, Indonesia Email: david.lawson@jpkenny.com

Abstract. This paper presents a case study to illustrate key aspects in the design and installation of an ultra deepwater high pressure gas pipeline with reference to the Medgaz transmission system. An overview of technical considerations particular to water is provided covering route selection, risk assessment, hazard analysis, the environmental challenge, flow assurance, pipeline design, facilities requirements, construction and pre-commissioning. The paper also discusses requirements for implementation of the pipeline operations simulator.The Medgaz pipeline system was delivered to a world class standard and put in to commercial operation during May 2011. It has been an important strategic project to secure European natural gas supply providing a direct link with the Algerian gas fields. Construction entailed laying the first pipeline at a depth greater than 2,000 metres in the Mediterranean Sea and is considered to be one of the most challenging deepwater installations of its type

Keywords: Construction, Deepwater, Flow Assurance, Marine Survey, Pipeline, Subsea

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Concept Selection of Lampung Floating Storage and Regasification Unit

Djoko Saputro1., Jobi Triananda Hasjim1., Tatit Sri Jayendr 1, Rikrik Gantina 1, Herman Pals2.,Carlo Pellegrino3, Krisnaldi Idris4

1PT Perusahaan Gas Negara (Persero) Tbk 2PT Haskoning Indonesia a company of Royal Haskoning DHV

3 Registro Italiano Navale, RINA Service 4Institut Teknologi Bandung

Abstract. PT Perusahaan Gas Negara (Persero) Tbk (PGN) is supplying natural gas to several costumers such as power plants, chemical industries and other consumers in Indonesia. In order to enhance availability and reliability of natural gas supply in the region of South Sumatra and West Java, PGN plans to establish an LNG Floating Storage and Regasification Unit (FSRU) in Labuhan Maringgai, Lampung (Site). The FSRU is a floating unit, which is permanently present at the offshore berth, in which LNG can be stored. The FSRU consists of a modified LNG carrier, equipped with a regasification module. After regasification, the gas is transported via a pipeline to the shore into the gas grid. The FSRU is intended to be permanently moored at the offshore berth during service life period for about 20 (twenty) years. The operative scheme of the FSRU is required to be continuous and it includes the below services that can be operated simultaneously:Unloading LNG from a LNG Carrier via the mooring island LNG transfer system (loading arms and piping),Storing of 170.000 m3 of LNG,Regasification of LNG to high pressure NG,NG Send out capacity up to 500MMscfd,BOG handling and utilization for producing electric power to feed the FSRU and the mooring island.The project scope is a floating unit designed to be operated as an FSRU in the initial part of its operative life and to be subsequently operated as an LNG carrier requiring only minor modifications.As The FSRU shall be permanently berth via a safely designed Mooring System for a foreseen service life period of about 20 (twenty) years. The FSRU and the Mooring System shall be designed in an integrated manner in order to provide an overall 97% operating uptime (only about 3% of downtime is allowed).The selection of the FSRU and Mooring System was based on available data and assumption which considering various options that have been built worldwide for decades as well as several new concepts that has been recently developed, such as:FSRU (floating storage and regasification unit) with:moored at quays or jetty type structures,with STL (Submerged Turret Loading),permanently moored with turret;GBS (Gravity Based Structure) storage and regassification;Storage and Regasification pontoon;Storage and Regasification platform;Regasification shuttle vessel; andHiload module.One of the main objectives of the initial concept selection is to find the optimum mooring system in line with the selected size of the FSRU and the foreseen range of LNG Carriers. The concept selection under this discussion shall use a methodology for comparison which is based on Qualitative Analysis (QA) using the weighing factor of some primary parameters and the selected Mooring type will be assessed using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) as the initial assessment of the study. The three highest options from the AHP will be then further be analyzed in three steps: Assessment mooring layouts (dynamic mooring analyses);Combine above in multi criteria analysis (MCA); andSelect preferred option based on results of MCA.This paper presents the applicable and best solution to the FSRU – Mooring arrangement at Site in Lampung in accordance with the available data and assumption.

Keywords: Concept Selection, Floating Storage and Regasification Unit (FSRU), LNG carrier, Mooring arrangement, Availability, Downtime, Qualitative Analysis (QA)

12

Santos Maleo Producer MOPU, In Situ Substructure Modification

Tigor M. Hutabarat1, Steve Adrianto1, & Sekita Dasbi Sembiring2 1Santos -Madura Pty, Ltd. Ratu Plaza Office Tower 4th fl. Jl Jend. Sudirman Jakarta

2PT. Blue Ocean Services, Talavera Building 28th Fl. Jl RA Kartini no 26 Jakarta Email: tigor.hutabarat@santos.com; steve.adrianto@santos.com;

sekita@blueoceanservice.com

Abstract.Maleo Producer MOPU which originally owned by Global Process System Dubai was converted from jack up drilling to become Maleo Mobile Production Unit and rented by Santos (Madura) from PT Radiant Utama Interinsco (PT RUI). Since 2006 GPS and RUI have operated it in Maleo field to produce gas 110 MMscfd feed into Indonesia Power in Surabaya. While the class certification being approved by ABS for MOPU for service life 15 years after conversion in 2006 and minimum fatigue life 22 years at some locations of new gusset added, however subsea inspection in 2009 reveal crack indication in three location on gusset plate 2D & 2G top toe. In August 2010 a total of eleven crack indications were found on gusset and leg. GPS the previous asset owner strongly proposed repair strategy in Singapore dry dock as the robust technical solution however this would disrupt production and potential black out in Surabaya. This paper describe Santos proposal for in situ repair where no welding required for offshore installation instead by clamping and bolting, no production shutdown, and X bracing is considered as permanent solution to become a fixed platform. ABS Structural managing principal engineer agree to pursue X braces solution. Keyword: cracks; deterministic fatigue; maleo producer; natural period; x bracing

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Dented Member Modelling Using Finite Element Method for Push-Over Analysis of Offshore Platform

M. Suarjana1, M.F. Ezeddin2 & S. Margaretta2 1Associate Professor, Civil Eng. Dep., Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia

2Former Student, Civil Eng. Dep., Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Email : msuarjana@si.itb.ac.id; ezeddin.farid@gmail.com;

sylvia.margaretta@gmail.com

Abstract. Dropped objects or vessel collisions may cause damage in form of denting or bending of offshore platform member(s). Dent or bend damage may significantly reduce compression and bending capacity of member. Empirical and numerical method can be used to include dented effects for offshore platform structural analysis. In this study, nonlinear beam column finite element is used to model an offshore platform with a dented member. The dented segment of the dented member is locally discretized by shell element. The global discretization by beam-column elements and local discretization by shell elements are combined to capture the local and global responses of the structure. The detailed local shell element discretization enables to model the dent in the member, including the formation of the dent by accidental load and the effects of the dent to member strength and stiffness. Accidental load magnitude is estimated based on API RP 2A-LRFD. Non-linier analysis weas performed to generate structural response due to accidental load that caused dented member. After the removal of the accidental load, with all the residual stress and deformation captured in the model, the nonlinear analysis is continued to simulate the performance of the structure under extreme load (storm or seismic). Non-linier analyses were performed for offshore platform in Java Sea with water depth 37.95 meter for cases with and without dent damage. Effects of dented member to local and global structural performance were evaluated.

Keywords: accidental load, dent damage member, offshore platform, nonlinear analysis.

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Subsea Pipeline Stress Analysis In Operating Condition Using Strain Based Design: A Finite Element Analysis Application

Eko Charnius Ilman1 dan Ricky Lukman Tawekal 2

Ocean Engineering Program Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung,

Jl Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132 Email:1 ekoci_zn@students.itb.ac.id and 2ricky@ocean.itb.ac.id

Abstract. Sub-sea pipelines in extreme environmental conditions such as high pressure and high temperature (HP/TP), the pipeline across the uneven seabed, sliding or liquefaction, the strain-based design criteria could be taken as design consideration. In this theses, modelled the buried and partially buried sub-sea pipeline system and then analyzed the pipeline stress under operating conditions dominated by high temperature and undulated seabed using strain-based design criteria with general finite element analysis software. All welded joints are assumed strong during operation so neglected in the modelling. Material, geometry and contact nonlinearity are modelled in nonlinear static analysis and compared with the linear analysis. Pipe self-weight, soil backfill, gas pressure, thermal expansion, static current forces and pipeline anchor blocks boundary conditions at both ends considered in the analysis. Pipe is modelled with PIPE31 element, the pipeline-soil interaction with the PSI element for buried segments and pressure-over-closure relationship with the rigid element for exposed pipeline segment. From cases studies analysis results in this thesis, the accumulated plastic strain for 16-inch pipe API 5L X-60 on maximum load combination is 0.597% for buried pipes corroded condition and 1.519% for partially buried pipe corroded condition but it does not exceed the 2% allowable strain set by regulation. From linear and nonlinear analysis results for those cases, the maximum von mises stress values in the nonlinear analysis is relatively smaller than the maximum von mises stress values in the linear analysis, the comparison is about 1.5 - 2.5 times larger linear analysis results. So the sub-sea pipeline in uneven seabed with high temperature condition must consider the nonlinearity of material, geometry and pipe-soil contact.

Keywords Sub-sea Pipeline, Strain Based Design, Accumulated Plastic Strain, undulated seabed, nonlinear.

15

The Mapping Environmental Sensitivity Index to The Oil Spill in Coastal Areas of Cilacap

Mardi Wibowo, Tjahjono Prijambodo, Maulana Tri Wibowo

Coastal Dynamic Research Center The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPDP-BPPT).

Jl. Grafika 2 Sekip Yogyakarta - Indonesia. Tel: +62-274-586239, Fax: +62-274-542789

E-mail : mardi.wibowo@bppt.go.id, tjahjono.prijambodo@bppt.go.id, maulana.triwibowo@bppt.go.id

Abstract. Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) is basically a measure of the potential loss of economic, social , physical and biological value of the area (land or water) . The ESI be prepared to determine the level of sensitivity and vulnerability of natural resources in coastal areas. Now, coastal areas of Cilacap has very fast and dynamic development and have vary diversity such as geophysic condition, biology, shoreline type and landuse type. The coastal area of Cilacap also has very important environmental services (as a recreation, transportation, source of energy, means of education or research, residential , industry. Besides it has potentials for development, this area is also had great potential to pollution especially pollution of the oil. That is caused Cilacap has the rafinary oil plant and the great port of oil, furthermore it has crowded traffic of ship (both big ship or fishing ships). All of which have a tremendous potential pollute the sea and the surrounding areas. Therefore, for protection and management planning in coastal area of Cilacap is needed assessment and mapping of ESI. Generally, this assessment (mapping) of ESI is used weight and scored each input parameter. Data input, analysis, edit, and presentation of information use geographic infromation system technology (software). Based on this study, in general coastal areas of Cilacap has “sensitive” and “very sensitive” to the presence of oil spills (about 207 km2), and the area that has” less sensitive” and “insensitive” only in southern part of P. Nusakambangan. Therefore, it need the act of prevention as early as possible to minimize the negative effects which may arise due to the presence of pollution of oil

Keywords: Environmental Sensitivity Index, Oil Spill

16

Cooling Water Recirculation Modeling of Cilacap Power Plant

Dhanus Suryaman1, Velly Asvaliantina1, Sapto Nugroho1, Widjo Kongko1 1Coastal Dynamics Research Center - Agency for the Assessment and Application of

Technology (BPDP–BPPT), Jl. Grafika 2 Sekip Yogyakarta – Indonesia, Tel: +62-274-586239, fax: +62-274-

542789 dhanus.suryaman@bppt.go.id; widjo.kongko@bppt.go.id

Abstract. Cilacap Coal fired steam power plant of 2 x 300 MW has been built and operated since 2006 to fulfill electric power demand. The plant uses sea water of Indian Ocean for cooling water unit. After passing the cooling water unit, the water discharges back to the ocean through an outfall structure. Temperature of the discharge water is higher than those of the seawater. It is important to make sure there is no thermal recirculation from the outfall to the intake of the cooling water system. The modeling-simulation study is performed to assess and evaluate the possible discharged thermal water circulation pattern in the surrounding coastal waters. The tide and wind induced flow pattern and the advection-dispersion of discharged thermal water are established using hydrodynamic and advection-dispersion models of MIKE-21 Flow Model program, respectively. The simulation results show that the flow in near-shore zone is persistently in parallel to the coast, eastward or westward. The discharged thermal water primarily moves along the western coastal waters. There is no significant recirculation of discharged thermal waters to the cooling water intake. Critical evaluations of the intake-outfall location are suggested based on the simulation results

Keywords: Coastal Environment, CW Intake-Outfall, Discharge Water, MIKE-21, Thermal Dispersion

17

Numerical Modeling of Cooling Water Recirculation

Velly Asvaliantina1, M. Alfan Santoso1, Dhanus Suryaman1, Sapto Nugroho1 1Coastal Dynamics Research Center- Agency for Assessment & Application of

Technology (BPDP-BPPT), Jl. Grafika 2 Sekip Yogyakarta - Indonesia. Tel: +62-274-586239, Fax: +62-274-

542789 Email (first author): velly.asvaliantina@bppt.go.id

Abstract. This paper summarizes a two-dimensional, finite element coastal circulation numerical model, MIKE21 FM, adapted to examine the possible recirculation of cooling water in the Bengkayang coal-fired power plant, West Kalimantan. In general, most of the coal-fired power plants are built near the beach, with the main reason due to the ease in obtaining water to be used for cooling water systems and also for boiler feed water, for example PLTU Suralaya in Merak Banten, PLTU Muara Karang in Muara Karang Jakarta, and others. The main problem that always arises from the activities of this plant is thermal waste from cooling water systems, where the temperature is much higher than the surrounding water temperature.This study aims to model the thermal waste dispersion of cooling water system and its effect to the surrounding coastal water. The study is carried out in several scenarios using the models of hydrodynamic and advection-dispersion of thermal waste from the cooling water system. Some recommendations to the placement of the intake and outlet cooling water system are suggested in order to avoid the thermal recirculation and degradation of aquatic environments.

Keywords: Cooling water recirculation, Numerical models

18

Application of Two Iterative Methods for Solving System of Linear Equations In a Tidally Generated Flow Model

Purwanto Bekti Santoso1 & Nastain1 1Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman Jl. Mayjen Sungkono Km 5 Blater, Purbalingga, 53371, Indonesia

Email: purwanto@unsoed.ac.id

Abstract. Solution of a system of linear equations involved in the calculations of three-dimensional flows in estuary, lake, and coastal environments takes a considerable portion from the overall computation time. Therefore, an efficient algorithm for solving the linear equations system needs to be applied so that the overall computation time is reduced. In this study, the linear equations system solvers to be applied were the conjugate gradient method and the successive over-relaxation method. The effectiveness of the schemes was tested in a semi-implicit numerical solution of three-dimensional shallow water hydrodynamics model. The test results show that the conjugate gradient method is very efficient in terms of the number of iterations required to achieve convergence of the calculation. However, this method requires additional loops of calculation so that its efficiency in the overall computation time is greatly reduced. With appropriate selection of the relaxation coefficient, the method of successive over-relaxation is preferable to the conjugate gradient.

Keywords: shallow water flow model; numerical method; linear equation; convergence.

19

Oil Spill Modeling Study of Montara WHP Blowout using Software MoTuM

Muslim Muin

Ocean Engineering Research Group Institut Teknologi Bandung

Email: m_muin@ocean.itb.ac.id

Abstract. The Blowout at the Montara Well Head Platform (WHP) had released significant amount oil to Timor Gap and adjacent area. The release of oil started on the 21st August 2009 and stopped at November 2nd 2009. The spatial extent of oil spill, fates, and exposure occurrence were simulated using software MoTuM. The paper present the methodology and application of integrated three dimensional non-orthogonal boundary fitted ocean hydrodynamics and oil spill models in Geographic Information System (GIS). The ocean hydrodynamics model was calibrated and validated using available observation data. The spatial extents of the oil were compared with satellites image and flight observation. The agreement between results of simulation and observation are excellent. Keywords: Oil Spill, Oil Spill Model, MoTuM, Montara, Timor Gap

20

Application of Large Scale 3D Non-Orthogonal Boundary Fitted Sediment Transport Model and Small Scale Approach for

Offshore Structure in Cimanuk Delta North Java Sea

1Muslim Muin, 1Krisnaldi Idris, 1Nita Yuanita 1Ocean Engineering Research Group

Institut Teknologi Bandung Email: m_muin@ocean.itb.ac.id

Abstract. The morphology in Cimanuk Delta of North Java Sea change rapidly in the last two decades. The annual sediment deposition is about two million cubic meter (Yuanita and Tingsanchali, 2008). The location of Offshore Structure is approximately 30 km from Cimanuk Delta. Large scale ocean hydrodynamics and sediment transport model MuSed3D (Muin, 1997) was applied in North Java Sea to simulate suspended sediment at Platform GG in North Java Sea. The result of the large scale model was calibrated using observation data and Landsat satellite image interpretation. The agreement between the modeling results and observations are excellent. It was found that the critical shear stresses for erosion and deposition are 0.1 Pa and 0.05 Pa respectively. Simple empirical formula was further utilized to assess the sedimentation at offshore structure in small scale domain and extreme condition. Keywords: MuSed3D, Non-Orthogonal, Boundary-Fitted, Sediment

21

Design Optimization and Performance Evaluation of a Floating Breakwater

Faisal Mahmuddin

Department of Naval Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University Makassar, Indonesia

f.mahmuddin@gmail.com

Abstract. In order to design an optimal floating breakwater with a high performance in a wide range of frequencies, its characteristics and performance in 2D and 3D cases are analyzed. For obtaining an optimal 2D model shape, an optimization method called Genetic Algorithm (GA) combined with Boundary Element Method (BEM) is employed. The accuracy of BEM analysis is confirmed using numerical relations such as Haskind-Newman and energy conservation relations. Moreover, since the investigated model will be an asymmetric shape, an experiment is also conducted to confirm that the present analysis could treat asymmetric body case correctly. However, because the performance of the obtained 2D model is expected to be different for some extent from real application, the performance of the corresponding model in 3D case is also analyzed using Higher Order Boundary Element Method (HOBEM). 3D Wave effect and its effect to the floating breakwater performance are analyzed and discussed. It is shown from this study that the combination of GA and BEM is effective in obtaining an optimal performance model. Moreover, it is also shown that the 3D wave effect is small on motion amplitudes while the wave elevations are found to be in 3D pattern even for a longer body length.

Keywords: 3D wave effect; boundary element method; floating breakwater; genetic algorithm; shape optimization.

22

Development of The BPPT-lock Breakwater Armour Unit

Jauzi Zuhdan1, Subarkah Aris1, Sujoko Sungsang Urip1, Hendriyono Wahyu1 1Coastal Dynamics Research Center (BPDP)

Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) zuhdan.jauzi@bppt.go.id

Abstract. The first generation of concrete breakwater armour units were classified as dual layer-random placement, starting from the development of the tetrapod (France-1950). Some drawbacks of this generation are noted, namely: stability factor due to its own weight (lack of interlocking), and relatively small stability coefficient (Kd). The development of the second generation, known as the single layer-random placement, initiated by the accropode (France 1981), all the way through the development of BPPT-lock (Indonesia-2011).On the hydraulic benchmarking test, BPPT-lock was compared to tetrapod, dolos and the Xbloc. The results indicate that the BPPT-lock has a better performance than tetrapod, Xbloc and the dolos. The test results for the value of Kd is also good, where the recommended value for the design of a breakwater is 17 for the trunk, and 13 for the head.The structural of the BPPT-lock was carried out by means of numerical methods (FEM). On the conditions of BPPT-lock being dropped from a height of 2 m, assuming as deep as 10 cm destruction at the point of impact, it was found that the structure of BPPT-lock is still quite safe since the maximum stress that occurred was less than 10% of the maximum permitted value.

Keywords: Armour units, BPPT-lock, breakwater, Kd (Stability Coefficient), random, single layer.

23

Physical Modelling of Tanjung Adikarta Fishery Port Breakwaters

Jauzi Zuhdan1, Sujoko Sungsang Urip1, Subarkah Aris1, Sumanto Bambang1 1Coastal Dynamics Research Center (BPDP)

Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) zuhdan.jauzi@bppt.go.id

Abstract. Physical modelling was conducted to find the causes of the failure of Tanjung Adikarta fishery port breakwaters. Stability of breakwater is considered good if the maximum level of armour unit damage is less than or equal to 5 percent of placed armour unit when the breakwater is attacked by design waves. Laboratory Test was carried out on LLWL, MSL, and HHWL conditions.The test results are: if Tanjung Adikarta breakwater had been constructed according to it’s design, it would has a good hydraulic stability, where the armour unit damage is very little about 0.71 % of total placed tetrapod armour units. The failure of breakwater related to the research has been conducted is caused by less density of tetrapods placement on breakwater, and Tetrapods placement are mostly one layer only (it should be two layers). Improvements can be done by adding tetrapod placement density according to the theoretical calculation or at least equal to density of tetrapod placement on testing in the laboratory.

Keywords: Armour units, breakwater, damage, Physical Modelling, tetrapod.

24

Assessment of Navigation Channel Reliability of Tanjung Adikarta Port using Hydraulics Modeling

Aloysius Bagyo Widagdo1, Suranto1, Muhammad Irfani1 & Jainindra Setiawan1,

1Coastal Dynamics Research Center, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA

Email: bagyowidagdo@yahoo.com

Abstract. Port of Tanjung Adikarta located on the south coast of Yogyakarta is currently under construction. The navigation channel of the port is facing to the Indian Ocean that has a high waves. The high wave can penetrate into the port basin and may disturb the calmness of the water in the basin. Furthermore, the port basin is located on the banks of the Serang river estuary that carrying sediment from upstream. It is great potential for sedimentation in the basin as well as along the navigation channel which is the one with the mouth of the river. Sedimentation potential can also be caused by longshore sediment transport that comes into the estuary. One method for understanding the phenomenon of wave penetration and the potential for sedimentation in the port is by conducting hydraulic modeling. In this modeling, scaling model is applied based on the principle of similarity. The wave basin facility with a size 55 m x 30 m x 0.9 m equipped with wave generator is used for the simulation. Alternatives of navigation channel and alignment of breakwaters should be proposed in order to obtain an optimal design.

Keywords: hydraulics modeling, navigation channel reliability, potency of sedimentation, wave penetration

25

Pipe Coating and Concrete Mattress for Weighting Offshore Gas Pipes Using Nickel Slag as Concrete Aggregate

Saptahari Sugiri1), Ivindra Pane1), Ediansjah Zulkifli1)

1Structure Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

Institute of Technology Bandung saptahari@si.itb.ac.id

Abstract. Indonesia is one of the producers of nickel in significant amounts, where one of the nickel industry can be found in Soroako and Pomala, Sulawesi. The waste from the nickel industry is called nickel slag. Nickel slag has a very heavy weight thus making it suitable for use as aggregate material in concrete for weighted pipes, such a concrete layers for steel pipes or in the form of concrete mattresses. The rapid expansion of offshore gas explorations has given rise to the need for weighted concrete for gas pipes in the form of concrete layers or mattresses, and therefore nickel slag is very potential for use as aggregate in concrete for weighted pipes due to its heavy weight and abundance as by-product. Research studies on concrete for weighted pipes using nickel slag aggregate using ACI method results in a compression strength of 50,77 MPa. Furthermore the mixture complies with the requirement for concrete absorption to be lower then 5 % which is 0,69 %, and the specific gravity is 3267 kg/m3.

Keywords : Nickel Slag, aggregate, concrete for weighted pipes, concrete mattress.

26

Reliability Assessment of Offshore Pipeline Subjected Corrosion

Ivindra Pane1 & Andreas Nugroho Jati1 1Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia

Email: ivpane@si.itb.ac.id

Abstract. As corrosion condition is an essential design consideration, reliability analysis is performed for offshore pipeline subjected to corrosion. Two design requirements namely B31G and Shell 92 are applied together with some corrosion loss models. Prior to performing the reliability analysis some corrosion models are reviewed and some selection process has been done to narrow down some models that are to be used further. A notable model is the one by Qin & Cui which can predict time varying rate of corrosion realistically. FORM reliability analysis is performed for pipeline having random design paramaters. The result provides interesting insight on how pipeline reliability index varies with time for different corrosion loss models. FORM reliability analysis allows to design pipeline subjected to corrosion for a given service period with known reliability level.

Keywords: corrosion, design, FORM, offshore, pipeline, pressure, reliability.

27

Retrofit of Corroded Offshore Platform by Grouting

M.Suarjana1, M.Kurnia2& D.Pratomo3 1 Associate Professor Civil Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung

(ITB), Ganesha No 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia 2 Master Program Student of Civil Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi

Bandung (ITB), Ganesha No 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia 3 Former Student of Civil Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung

(ITB), Ganesha No 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia Email: msuarjana@si.itb.ac.id, mahdiankurnia@gmail.com,

derip123civil@gmail.com

Abstract. Structures of the jacket type offshore platforms are usually made of tubular steel. Steel structures for offshore platforms are very prone to corrosion problems. Corrosion will reduce the strength and stiffness of the member and joint to the extent that the corroded members and joints may be not strong enough to withstand the load imposed on the platform. An effective method to retrofit the corroded members and joints is to conduct grouting of the member and joint. The grouting method is cost effective and do not require shutting down platform operations during the process. In this study, a finite element analysis complemented with manual calculations was performed to review the effectiveness of grouting systems for retrofitting a corroded offshore platform. The full finite element model of the platform was developed to analyze the internal forces of the members and joints. Stiffness of the grouted members was modified to include the composite action of steel tubular members and the grout. The internal forces were used to check by manual calculation the strength of members and joints based on API RP 2A WSD and NORSOK codes and other published empirical equations. Keywords: corrosion, grouted joint, grouted member, offshore platform, retrofit

28

Chloride Induced Corrosion of Concrete Cracked in Flexure

Sri Murti Adiyastuti

Ocean Engineering Program Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ITB

Email: adiyastuti@ocean.itb.ac.id

Abstract. The penetration of chloride ions plays a crucial role in reinforcement corrosion and affects the durability and service life of marine structures. The problem is even more acute once cracking occurs in a concrete member. The presence of cracks is shown to have a significant impact on chloride penetration into concrete. The experimental study investigated the influence of multiple flexural cracks on the chloride diffusivity of reinforced concrete beams; to obtain data that could be considered reliable, reinforced concrete beams, 200 x 250 x 2200 mm in dimensions with 20 mm concrete cover, were used for the experimentation. The beams were pre-cracked using a compression test machine and the crack widths induced varied between 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. The chloride profile was determined after 1 month and 2 years of immersion in 3.0% NaCl solution. The measured chloride profiles of the beams with multiple cracks are compared to those obtained from the uncracked (control) beam. An observation was also made on the effect of cracks on the corrosion development of steel bar after two years of immersion in salt solution.

Keywords: chloride diffusivity, chloride profile, corrosion of steel, cracked concrete, durability, flexural cracks

29

The Study on Hydrodynamic Performances of IHL Mini-Submarine

Erwandi1, Taufiq Arief Setyanto1 & Cahyadi Sugeng J.M. 1, Endang Widjiati1 1Indonesian Hydrodynamic Laboratory (IHL) - Surabaya

Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) Jl. Hidrodinamika BPPT, Kompleks Kampus ITS Sukolilo Surabaya 60112

Email: erwandi@bppt.go.id; erwandi@gmail.com

Abstract. This paper describes the study on hydrodynamic performances of 133-ton mini submarine (midget) conducted by Indonesian hydrodynamic Laboratory (IHL) BPPT. To understand the hydrodynamic performances of mini-submarine, two studies are carried out, i.e. Computation Fluid Dynamic (CFD) and hydrodynamic model tests. (CFD) analysis is employed to evaluate the hull form design, the velocity distribution around the hull, the velocity distribution around propeller disk (the wake), and the pressure distribution. The hydrodynamic model tests are resistance test, open water test, propulsion test, and maneuver test. The physical model-scale is made to identify its resistance by towing it in IHL BPPT. Moreover the 7-blades propeller is designed and manufactured based on resistance test. Finally the self propulsion test and maneuver test is conducted to check the controllability of mini-submarine. Keywords: Hydrodynamic performance, Indonesian Hydrodynamic Laboratory BPPT, mini-submarine, model test,7-blades propeller.

30

Preliminary Study of the Flow Noise Measurement in the Cavitation Tunnel

Endang Widjiati1,2, Eko Budi Djatmiko1, Wisnu Wardhana1 & Wirawan1 1Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya

2Indonesia Hydrodynamic Laboratory (IHL), UPT-BPPH, BPPT, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya

Email: ewidjiati@na.its.ac.id, ewidjiati@yahoo.com.au

Abstract. The measurement procedure of flow noise is reported in this paper. A dummy of the Virginia submarine with the scale of 1:80 is placed in the cavitation tunnel and flowed with water at different velocities and different pressures. The acoustic noise caused by this condition is recorded and analyzed. The frequency spectrum of the acoustic noise produced by the dummy is compared with that of the system noise measured before the dummy is placed. The system noise of the cavitation tunnel is caused mainly by the impeller that is positioned at the bottom part of the tunnel. By defining the characteristics of the system noise, the flow noise triggered by the dummy submarine in the cavitation tunnel can be identified.

Keywords: flow noise, dummy submarine, cavitation tunnel, frequency spectrum

31

The Sustainability of Wooden Ships in Indonesia

R. Didin Kusdian1, Bakhtiar Abu Bakar2 1Civil Engineering Graduate Program, University of Sangga Buana YPKP,

Jl. PHH. Mustopha No. 68, Bandung, INDONESIA 40124 2Civil Engineering Graduate Program, University of Sangga Buana YPKP,

Jl. PHH. Mustopha No. 68, Bandung, INDONESIA 40124 Email: kusdian@yahoo.com

Abstract. Water transportation system has a long history in human civilization, including in Indonesia. In the beginning ship always made from wood, the material which more light than water so it can float. Until now there are many remote area in Indonesia, that can reach only by simple boat or ship. The modern ships which the modern operation management not service these region. This research done by use the sample location at Sunda Kalapa port, where the wooden ship still in operation until the year of 2012, when the research conduct. The methodology of survey is interview survey to port administration, wooden ship cooperation community and wooden ship traditional sailor. The focus of this research is about any aspect that connected which connect or cause the sustainability of wooden ship operating in Indonesia. Descriptive method used in the analysis of secondary and primary data. According to the result of interview survey, many of wooden ship is made more than 10 years ago, the save technology age is not more than 20 years. Since the year of 2004, is difficult to have the legacy of wooden ship building permit, and to find raw material.

Keywords: bold corrosion, building permit, raw material, technology age, sustainability

32

Application of Pile Driving Analyzer on Offshore Piles

Bigman Hutapea1 and I Wayan Sengara1, Andi Kartawiria1 1Research Group on Geotechnical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Email: bigmanhtp@gmail.com; wayansengara@gmail.com; andikartawiria@yahoo.com

Abstract. The paper presents the result of Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) tests on pile foundation of an offshore structure located in East Kalimantan. The structure is supported by 4 (four) steel piles. There are no soil shear strength parameters available. The length of pile penetration into sea bed and the axial pile capacity is predicted based on PDA tests results. Only 2 PDA tests are allowed for monitoring the installation of the four piles. Back analysis, which is conducted based on wave propagation method, of pile driving based on result of PDA-test is conducted. The result is applied to recommend final set and refusal criteria for installation of the three remaining piles. The affect of set-up time on the axial bearing capacity of the pile is also studied. The results are comparable to those obtained by other researchers.

Keywords: axial bearing capacity, driven pile, PDA, set-up time

33

Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction Potential in Mersing, Johor

Huzaifa bin Hashim1,Dr.Meldi Suhatril1&Prof Dr. Roslan Hashim1, Hendriyawan2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

InstitutTeknologi Bandung, 40132 Bandung Indonesia Email: huzaifaonearth@yahoo.com

Abstract.This paper outlines evaluation of soil liquefaction potential in Mersing, Johor. Early study of liquefaction assessment is conducted throughout this study in providing awareness and motivation for the authorities, locals and developers in liquefaction hazard. Geological and seismological data were gathered from variety of sources mainly projects conducted along the shoreline area of Mersing.The estimation acceleration at bedrock was designed for 500 years return period in this study. A total of 56 boreholes from 13 projects along the shoreline area of Mersingwere observed. Standard Liquefaction Analysis method originated by Seed and Idriss in 1971 which based on soil and seismic properties was used to evaluate liquefaction potential in this study. The method indicated that 35 out of 56 boreholes are potentially liquefied causedby the earthquake with magnitude 8.0 from Sumatra Subduction Zone. Keywords:Liquefaction Potential Hazard, Mersing Johor.

34

Field and Model Studies of the Dynamics of Mud Shoreline Changes

A. P. Mulia Tarigan1, A. K. A. Wahab2, and A. J. Mehta3 1Civil Engineering Department, University of Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

2Coastal and Offshore Engineering Institute, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

3Civil and Coastal Engineering Department, University of Florida, USA E-mail: a.perwira@usu.ac.id

Abstract. Field works have been conducted on the muddy coasts of the Malacca Straits to investigate the seasonal shoreline evolution and accretion. A mud shoreline evolution model is developed to simulate the shoreline changes. It is observed that the mud shoreline responses to different nearshore environment have distinct characteristics in several respects if compared to that of sandy beaches. Of the noteworthy characters is that the mud shoreline tends to experience longer period of either erosion with concave profiles or accretion with convex profiles, showing barely modality to reverse the trend. It is found that the model simulation exhibits a reasonably good agreement with the measured shoreline changes. Keywords: shoreline, profile, muddy coasts, erosion, accretion.

35

Coastal Oceanographic Modelling Studies of Coastal Erosion Problem Along The Coast of Indramayu-Cirebon

Fitri Suciaty, Titri Yan Rizki

PT. ASR Ltd. Kantor Taman A9, Lantai 5, Unit D

Jalan Mega Kuningan Lot 8,9/A9, Jakarta Selatan Email : fitri@asr.co.id

Abstract. Coastal areas of Indramayu and Cirebon are known for the significant erosion. Based on records in Departement of Fisheries and Marine Resources (Diskanla) Indramayu, the latest data in 2007 said, the coast had been eroded 42,6 km. Understanding the pattern of sediment distribution and transport due to wave and current conditions during each seasons are important for coastal erosion mitigation measures. This study is conducted to understand the sediment circulations patterns and to determine the coastal erosion and sedimentation pattern along the coastal areas of Indramayu and Cirebon, especially around the Eretan and Balongan coast where the Pertamina gas pipelines, port and navigational channel stands. Three types of hydro-oceanographic modelling are carried out in this study, ie. modeling of wave propagation and wave generated currents (wave driven current), the hydrodynamic modeling of ocean tides, and sediment transport modeling. Hydro-oceanographic modelling on this study are simulated by 3DD Suite Model (Black, 1996). Simulations performed for the data in Januari 2011 to represent west monsoon condition and data in August 2011 to represent east monsoon condition. WBEND of 3DD Suite Model used to simulate wave propagation in the regional scale of dominant wave directions. While the currents generated by waves in the coastal areas and the potential of sediment transport are simulated using 2DBEACH beach circulation and sediment transport of 3DD Suite Model.Hydrodynamic model simulation result shows that current circulation are influenced by seasonal conditions. Dominant currents flow westward/northwestward at ebb tide to lowest water condition, and then change direction to eastward/southeastward at flood tide to highest water conditions. West monsoon causes the velocity of current increase at low tide, while the east monsoon at high tide causes current velocity increase. This current pattern which are influenced by the monsoonal seasons causes the dynamics of erosion at Indramayu and Cirebon coastal areas. The dynamics of the erosion process further can also be seen from the results of wave propagation and sediment transport simulations.

Keywords : erosion, current, wave, sediment transpor, monsoon.

36

Application of the Finite Volume Method to Cohesive Sediment Bed Fluidisation due to Water Waves

Aloysius Bagyo Widagdo1, Bruce Cathers2 & William L. Peirson2 1Coastal Dynamics Research Center, Agency for the Assessment and Application of

Technology, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Email: bagyowidagdo@yahoo.com

Abstract. Fluidisation of cohesive sediment beds can occur due to the propagation of water waves over sediment beds. In this study, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, FLUENT which incorporates the finite volume method, was used to simulate the fluidisation process of density stratified, kaolin layers due to waves propagating over a mobile bed. The wave motion was transferred to the fluid flow by applying a moving frame of reference to the model domain that consisted of only one wave length and moved with a speed equal and opposite to the wave celerity. As a result, all the velocity components were rendered steady. A comparison of the numerical simulation results with experimental data indicates that the numerical model was appropriate to simulate the fluidisation process, Two alternative approaches usually adopted for cohesive sediment bed fluidisation, specifically the viscous fluid model and the visco-elastic fluid model, were also investigated. The CFD simulations predicted the process of fluidisation of kaolin mud due to water wave action for all densities of the samples (1194 g/L - 1331.5 g/L) quite well; predictions using the viscous fluid model were only good for low density samples (1194 g/L - 1282.7 g/L) while those using the visco-elastic fluid model is good for high density (1301.9 g/L - 1331.5 g/L).

Keywords: cohesive sediment; fluidization; FLUENT; kaolin; mobile beds; numerical modeling.

37

Application of Finite Volume Cell Center Method with Wet and Dry Treatment in Hydrodynamic Flow Modeling

Bobby Minola Ginting1, Dantje K. Natakusumah2, Dhemi Harlan2, Herli Ginting3

1Faculty of Engineering, Parahyangan Catholic University 2Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology

3Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of North Sumatera Email: bobbyminola.g@unpar.ac.id, dhemi@si.itb.ac.id

Abstract. Numerical scheme of Finite Volume Cell-Center with Artificial Viscosity as spatial discretization and Runge Kutta Fourth Order as time stepping is proposed to solve two dimensional shallow water equations in conservation forms which cover mass and momentum conservation in both directions. The unstructured curvilinear mesh is used in domain discretization, while the hybrid formula is applied to Runge Kutta Fourth Order in time stepping. With this hybrid formula, the artificial term is only computed once therefore the computational cost can be minimized. The artificial viscosity is formed by combination of Laplacian and Biharmonic operator to handle numerical instabilities. The function of Laplacian operator is to stabilize solution around shock wave phenomenon, and Biharmonic operator is to omit the wiggle solution. The Biharmonic operator is turned off when hydraulic jump phenomenon occurred, and conversely, turned on when it disappeared. Characteristic method is used in boundary condition treatment to determine the velocity both in x and y directions when water elevation is specified. Wall boundary condition is treated with normal velocity at the wall is zero condition. Wet and dry treatment is applied especially for domain with initially dry condition by set a value limiter for minimum depth. Once the water depth reaches this value, the velocities in both directions are set to be zero.This program was built and successfully applied for some hydrodynamic cases. For some initially dry-bed cases, the wet and dry treatment gives the good results. This method is simple, accurate, efficient and conservative. It can be concluded that this method shows promise to be applied in other hydrodynamic cases, especially for complex domain cases.

Keywords: artificial viscosity, finite volume method, hybrid Runge-Kutta, shallow water equations

38

Sedimentation Process Study at Entrance Channel Study Case: Pulau Baai Port

Yessi Nirwana Kurniadi & M. Cahyono

Civil Engineering Department, Institute Technology Bandung Email: yessinirwana@gmail.com

Abstract. Pulau Baai Port is an important port in Bengkulu Province. It is located at Sumatra Island, facing Indian Ocean. Entrance channel at Pulau Baai Port has a problem due to severe sedimentation. Dynamical process in tidal inlet or entrance channel is affected by littoral transport due to wave action and onshore-offshore transport due to tidal action. The equation to formulate the relationship between depth and other parameters such as tide velocity, sediment discharge due to tidal and littoral drift in tidal inlet can be expressed by simple equation. The equation in this study is defined by applying continuity equation of sediment. It can be used to predict variation of depth in time as the function of sediment discharge out of the inlet and sediment discharge into the inlet. Relation between depth and other parameter explained how to keep inlet depth as requires. Equilibrium depth can be found when littoral drift balance with sediment discharge at ebb-flood tide. Depth will be in state of equilibrium when depth channel decreased, value of bed friction increased, and ebb velocity increased. In this condition the entrance channel becomes stable. The equation in this study is a simple way to predict equilibrium depth at the entrance channel.

Keywords: sedimentation; tidal inlet; equilibrium; dredging; port

39

Oil & Gas Project Delivery Incorporating The EPCIC and PSC Procurement Approach: The Malaysian Experience

Mohammad Fadhil Mohammad, Surya Fareeza Abdul Rahim, Munirah Roslan & Siti Syariazulfa Kamaruddin

Centre of Studies for Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Malaysia

fadhilnavy@yahoo.com/ mfmohammad@salam.uitm.edu.my Abstract. The oil and gas industry has developed and adopted many project delivery approaches. Production Sharing Contract (PSC) is one that has been widely used in the oil and gas industry for decades in developing transitional economies as they are in line with government aspirations to be more proactive in managing their own oil and gas resources. PSC generally require the establishment of an organization partnership between the public which is the government and private sectors to monitor operations and participate in decisions regarding production levels and accounting practices. Engineering, Procurement, Construction, Installation and Commissioning (EPCIC) contract on the other hand is usually a down-line contract between the Operator and the various contractors and/or subcontractors undertaking the project delivery works. This paper will attempt to put forward the key ingredients and structure of the PSC and EPCIC as experienced by the National Oil Company (NOC) of Malaysia (PETRONAS) highlighting important characteristics in delivering complex oil and gas projects. The main research methodology incorporate literature reviews obtained from books, journals and related websites while the primary data were gathered from case studies of the NOC. Lessons learnt and comparative results from the data analyzed will also be presented in this paper.

Keywords: EPCIC, Production Sharing Contracts, Procurement, Project Delivery

40

Coastal Management Modeling Based on Equilibrium Shoreline Method

Mochammad Meddy Danial1 1Tanjungpura University, Pontianak Email: meddydanialstmt@gmail.com

Abstract. Coastal management is very important to overcome the coastal area that experience erosion problem. The method that is rapidly growing today is the equilibrium shoreline method. Equilibrium shoreline method is actually to propose the modeling of coastal managament using hard solution to manage and maintain the shoreline position in order to achieve equilibrium state in stable condition.This riset contains the application of computer modeling using MepBay software. MepBay software is based on the parabolic equation and is made to design the equilibrium shoreline in combination with the presence of coastal protection, which usually have the shape like a bay or so called by a crenulate bay shape, or pocket beach. Several shorelines are tested using MepBay in order to predict the behaviour of shoreline change as a result of the effect of coastal protection. The results show that for the safety application in designing the shoreline model combined with hard solution, the dominant wave direction should be perpendicular to the coastal protection such as headland breakwater, jetty, T-groin or Y-groin Keywords: coastal management modeling, equilibrium shoreline, mepbay software

41

Videography Technology Utilization for Rip Current , Sandbar and Shoreline Position Identification to Safety Management of

Coastal Tourism

Aprijanto1, Hartono2, C. Aries Rokhmana3,, Sutanto2 1 Mahasiswa Prog. Doktoral Fak. Geografi UGM, Yogyakarta dan

Perekayasa Madya di Balai Pengkajian Dinamika Pantai-BPPT Email : aprijanto@bppt.go.id and titot_bpdp@yahoo.com

2 Fakultas Geografi UGM, Yogyakarta 3 Geodesi Fak. Teknik UGM, Yogyakarta

Abstract.Coastal regions in addition to having a wide range of tourist attraction of the beauty of a view, in fact have the potential of causing harm and even death for visitors who move in the region. One cause of the harm that occurs is the presence of rip currents. Various media are spreading information that the visitor of coastal areas because of the victims died swept away by a very powerful when bathing or swimming at the beach. During this monitoring of coastal areas by utilizing remote sensing technology has been widely used in Indonesia. Utilization of remote sensing images to monitor the coastal include Landsat imagery, IKONOS, RADARSAT, IFSAR, Quickbird, Aster, and so forth. However, the use of these images, despite being shown to have the benefits of each level of spatial resolution, radiometric, but the best temporal resolution is 12 hours in the repetition of data acquisition for the same position on NOAA imagery. Whereas in coastal management for the areas are relatively small area but will need the data of the continuous dynamics of coastal tourism for safety purposes, such as information on the rip-current flow, it is indispensable technology that can monitor continuously and surface enrichment of the physical oceanographic data quickly, easy and efficient acquisition. The use of videography technology can be used as an alternative system that is efficient, fast and easy in operation for the purpose of monitoring indicators of coastal dynamics. Videography systems very rapidly developed in recent times, as one of the factors driving the rapid development nature of the instruments used are inexpensive and easy opersaionalnya. The study results obtained prove that the technology can be used on the observation videography in the coastal area, such as: monitoring of rip current, the position of the shoreline, sand bar. Keywords: Safety Management of Coastal Tourism, Videography Technology.

42

The Contribution of Oceanographic Numerical Model In Supporting Integrated Coastal Management Around Komodo

Island, Indonesia

Titri Yan Rizki1, Gegar Prasetya2, Fitri Suciaty3

PT. ASR, Ltd Kantor Taman A9 Unit D, 5th floor

Jl. Mega Kuningan Lot 8,9 / A9 Jakarta, Indonesia 1 titri@asr.co.id, 2 gegar@asr.co.id, 3 fitri@asr.co.id

Abstract. Komodo National Park (KNP), an international tourism and UNESCO's World Heritage Sites, is located between Sumbawa Island and Flores Island. The National Park’s Authority had produced 25 Year Master Plan for Management supported by The Nature Conservancy, Gajah Mada University, and Manggarai District Authority (KNP et al., 2000) for the three main islands of KNP (Komodo, Rinca, and Padar). While there is no coastal management for the surrounding areas of the KNP even though they share the same body of water, and possibly having a similar ecosystem and ecology conditions. However, there is no literature on the dynamic of the ocean and coastal waters surrounding the region had been published. Therefore, systematic studies need to be carried out to assess the role of the ocean and coastal water circulations of this region to the biodiversity and sustainable management of the marine and coastal resources towards sustainable management of the National Park. ASR Indonesia has initiated the establishment of integrated coastal zone management plans with local governments on this region which cover the whole areas between East Sumbawa Island and West Flores Island. At the beginning, oceanographic numerical modelling using 3DD Suite (Black, 2001) has been simulated in two dimensions for hydrodynamics parameters such as currents and sea level considering tidal and wind conditions. The results of these simulations indicate that there are several locations around the KNP which could potentially generate non-renewable energy by ocean currents flow with velocity reached 3.5 m/s in east monsoon and 3.7 m/s in the west monsoon. In addition, conservative particle dispersals distribution has been simulated and developed into a trajectory model of certain fish larvae distribution, according to the fisheries potential in the area, such as grouper, snapper, and pomfret (West Manggarai Regency, 2007). Zonation will be derived from these modelling results as a basis for sustainable management and conservation of the coastal and marine resources based on the ecosystem and ecology boundaries.

Keywords: currents, fisheries, integrated coastal management, Komodo National Park, ocean model

43

Sediment Classification for Geotechnics Using Sonar Technology

1)Henry M. Manik, 2) Bambang Supartono 1) Department of Marine Science and Technology Bogor Agricultural University

Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680 Indonesia E-mail : henrymanik@ipb.ac.id

2Graduate Program of Marine Technology Bogor Agricultural University Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680 Indonesia

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to calculate the value of the bottom backscattering strength (SS) using a single beam sonar. The research was conducted on 29 January to 3 February 2012 in the surrounding waters of the Seribu Islands, North Jakarta. Acoustic data acquisition was conducted using the instrument cruzpro sonar. Acoustic data obtained from 9 stations simultaneously with sampling of sediment substrate. Processing of acoustic data was conducted using Matlab software and the numerical model of Manik et al. (2006). Sample of sediment was classified based on the analysis of sediment texture. Using the grain size analysis, the seafloor sediments consist of sand and clay. Sand and clay bottom had different bottom backscattering level. Therefore, classification of the seafloor type using sonar technology for marine geotechnic was possible. Keywords : sonar, backscattering, seabed, classification, geotechnic

44

Simulation of the Single Hydrophone Source Localization Using Chirp Signal

Endang Widjiati1,2, Annisa Firasanti1 & Eko Budi Djatmiko1, Wisnu Wardhana1 & Wirawan1

1Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 2Indonesia Hydrodynamic Laboratory (IHL),

UPT-BPPH, BPPT, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya Email: ewidjiati@na.its.ac.id, ewidjiati@yahoo.com.au

Abstract. The passive localization process in this research is done by using a single hydrophone, since it is easy and cheap to set up the measurement system. The aim here is to estimate the source location of chirp source emitted waveform which represented the broadband signal. The first step of the localization process is to estimate the time delay of multipath using Time-Delay Estimation. The delay is then plunged into the delay equation which is the function of range and depth. The location range is then estimated at a given correct range and vice versa. The method using here are Least Squares method, Signal Subspace method and Noise Subspace method. After the simulation, it is found that the best method among those three is the signal subspace.For 2 km and 2.5 km range, it can be well-defined the estimate with the mean source range of 1.99 km and 2.515 km. Meanwhile, the depth estimation shows bad result with mean source depth 56.82 m and 63.55 m for 92 m true source depth. Based on the result of the research, we can conclude that by using the single hydrophone the source localization can still be nicely done. Keywords: Matched Field Processing, Maximum Likelihood, single hydrophone, time delay

45

Application of Cascade Matrix Method on Reflection Coefficient Prediction of UnderwaterAcoustic for Inclined Seabed

Irsan Soemantri Brodjonegoro1 and Danny Friyadi 2

1Ocean Engineering Program, Institut Teknologi Bandung (Email: irsansb@ocean.itb.ac.id)

2 Graduate Student of Ocean Engineering Program, Institut Teknologi Bandung (Email: dannyf1899@gmail.com)

Abstract. The reflection coefficient of underwater acoustic can be predicted by full matrix method based on the principle of continuity of pressure and particle velocity in a fluid (or sediment) boundary. However in the case of propagation through then-layer (three layers or more), a full matrix method is in efficient because it involves inverse matrix with large dimension 2n-2 x2n-2. This paper presents an alternative method i.e.cascade matrix system to predict reflection coefficient of underwater acoustic propagating through n-layer media. This method is simpler than full matrix method because it involves multiplication of transfer matrix with dimension (2x2) in total of n-2. Simulation results showed that the difference of reflection coefficient obtained by cascade matrix method and full matrix method was less than10-4% for the acoustic propagation at three, six, and ten-layer media. Application of cascade matrix method for reflection coefficient can be used to calculate transmission loss due to bottom reflection. Simulation showed that on underwater acoustic source located at station GeoB10048-1 travelling to Geob10044-1, at depth of 100 m, two layers of sediment, and the initial angle-5o to 5o, the underwater acoustic intensity level of source is 169.59dBre 1µ Pa and remaining acoustic intensity level after propagating at distance of 110 km are 70.31, 74.03, 74.46, 73.12, and72.12dBre1µPa for source angle of ray -5o,-2.5o, 0o, +2.5o , and+5o. Keywords: Underwater acoustic wave; reflection coefficient; full matrix, cascade matrix system; n-layer; propagation; sediment;

46

Diver Detection Experiment Using Single Hydrophone

Endang Widjiati1,2, Aditya Martha Wijaya1, Eko Budi Djatmiko1, Wisnu Wardhana1 & Wirawan1

1Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 2Indonesia Hydrodynamic Laboratory (IHL),

UPT-BPPH, BPPT, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya Email: ewidjiati@na.its.ac.id, ewidjiati@yahoo.com.au

Abstract. A low cost detector for divers using a single hydrophone is presented. Acoustic detection for this application is an essential research for the defense and marine security issue. It is known that divers produce a weak acoustic signal from their exhaling bubbles. Here, its characteristic is derived from experimental data and matched filter detection theory is applied. An experiment is carried out in a water tank of dimension (60×35×2.5)m belonging to the Indonesia Hydrodynamic Laboratory. Two types of diving activities are considered, i.e. scuba and free diving, with the transmission distance from the diver about 6-12m. The Neyman Pearson hypothesis, likelihood ratio test and spectrogram are applied to the experimental data. The results show that a scuba diver respiratory energy is greater than that of a free diver in the frequency range of 0-10kHz. In the analysis of probability of detection and probability of false alarm, a threshold frequency of 3935.4Hz is obtained with a scuba diver being the signal source located in the 6-12m range. The simulation shows that the matched filter technique is able to increase the value of signal-to-noise power ratio from 3.19-11.30 dB.

Keywords: acoustic signal; detection; diver; Neyman Pearson hypothesis; likelihood ratio test; spectrogram.

47

Coastal Ecosystem: Reducing or Amplifying The Tsunami Impact ~ A Lesson Learn from The Recent Events

Gegar Prasetya1,, Xiaoming Wang2 1ASR Indonesia , Kantor Taman A9, Unit D5. Lantai 5. Jakarta Selatan. Indonesia

2GNS Science . P0 Box 30368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand. Email: gegarprasetya@yahoo.com; X.Wang@gns.cri.nz

Abstract. The great variation of tsunami impact along the coast had been observed during the recent tsunami events in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. These facts arise questions on why there are great variations of tsunami height and resulting impact along the stretch of coastline. The importance of the continental shelf slope, bathymetry and coastal ecosystem in reducing or amplifying the tsunami impact is examined based on field observations and numerical modeling exercises of the two recent events: the Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 and the Samoa tsunami 2009 with remarks on recent event in Japan on March 11, 2011. The Samoa 2009 events shows how important the nearshore bathymetry, reefs and offshore island on top of coastal landscape and the continental shelf slope to the distributions of tsunami elevation, inundation and runup height along the east coast of Upolu Island, Samoa, while the Indian Ocean 2004 tsunami event shows that due to the massive size of tsunamis, complete devastation occurs in the nearfield along the coast of Banda Aceh Province, Indonesia, with few exception and localized evidence where the coastal ecosystem still provide a significant hazards protections such as in Simeulue Island.

Keywords: Tsunami; coastal ecosystem; Indian Ocean; Pacific Ocean.

48

Bukit Terbuka Hijau (Green Open Hills) as Green Solution of Urban Spatial Engineering in Tsunami-Prone Coastal City (Case

Study: Cilacap Selatan District)

Muhammad Irfani1, Aprijanto1, M. Alfan Santoso1, Reno Arief Rachman1, Kun Nasython2

1Coastal Dynamic Research Center-The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology

Jl. Grafika 2 Sekip Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Tel: +62-274-586239, Fax: +62-274-542789 2Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Kabupaten Cilacap

Jl. Swadaya No. 20 Cilacap 53213, Indonesia. Telp. / Fax: 0282-533520 email: muhammad.irfani@bppt.go.id; aprijanto@bppt.go.id; alfan.santoso@bppt.go.id;

reno.arief@bppt.go.id email: lakharbpbd@cilacapkab.go.id

Abstract. Tsunami has now become a very frightening term for the Indonesian people, who is living in tsunami-prone coastal cities. Include Cilacap, as the coastal cities in south coast of Java, is located on flat topographical terrain and also poses high population as well as several factories and public facilities. Urban spatial engineering in tsunami-prone coastal cities is an engineering effort on urban spatial planning in tsunami-prone coastal cities so as to minimize human casualties and economic losses arising from the tsunami disaster. In general, urban spatial engineering is done by making some changes to the pattern of land use, circulation & parking, open space, and pedestrian area. This study was conducted by description analysis of existing condition of the urban spatial pattern in tsunami-prone areas. The next step is analysis urban spatial engineering such as the appropriate land use aspect and circulation & parking aspect. Then analyze the capacity of open space and pedestrian area in term to create integrated and green solution for the people and for the city. Bukit Terbuka Hijau (Green Open Hills) occurs as integrated and green solution for the urban spatial planning problem and environmentally friendly solution for tsunami evacuation problem. Bukit Terbuka Hijau can serve as public open space, playground and central parks also commercial spaces so that can improve the environmental quality of the city and increase the quality of life the people physically and spiritually. On the other hand, Bukit Terbuka Hijau can perform as the evacuation space when the tsunami hazard appears. People can evacuate them self and gathering after tsunami early warning system appear. The basic needs of emergency must be provided to support the evacuation period such as food, medicines and tents. Bukit Terbuka Hijau actually is a part of Tsunami Early Warning System, as the final part of the evacuation routes. This system should be supported by socialization and periodical exercise, to ensure the preparedness of the population who is living in tsunami-prone coastal cities.

Keywords: coastal city, tsunami-prone, urban spatial engineering

49

Building a Sustainable Local Community Preparedness Towards Tsunami

Karima Nurrahmi Yulia 1, Lydia Maria Kusnadi 2

Dr. Naomi Haswanto, M.Sn, Alvanof Spalanzani, S.T, M.M , &

Dra. IfaSafiraMustikadara, M.Si 1 Kartika II no 100 G KPAD Gegerkalong

2 Kayu Agung I c/ 67 Bandung Email: knurrahmi@gmail.com

lydia_mk@yahoo.com

Abstract.Indonesia is located between three active tectonic plates which makes us prone to natural disaster occurrence such as Tsunami. According to National Institute of Sciences, Indonesia has been stroked by tsunami for thirty times. The biggest one is Tsunami Aceh on 26th December 2004 with around 70.000 casualties(http://www.bbc.co.uk, downloaded 0/27/2012 12.08 pm). Indonesia is the biggest archipelago country, has 95.181 kilometer long coastline, the second highest in the world (http://indomaritimeinstitute.org, downloaded 9/24/2012 12.40 pm). Therefore, it’s a must for us-especially the coastal community -to have a good preparedness strategy toward tsunami. Sadly, coastal community’s knowledge about tsunami mitigation is still inadequate. Due to their special characteristic, preference and behavior, certain communication strategy is needed to deliver the complex mitigation issues so as to beeasily accepted and memorable; social campaign is believed to be the best answer for this situation. This campaign utilizing interdisciplinary study, combining mass communication and informational graphic design. Emphasizing on vernacular (folksy) communication, applied verbally and visually on the rightmedias.As the result, this campaign is expected to transform the coastal community’s behavior by degrees to built a good community response towards tsunami. Keywords: coastal, informational design, mitigation, preparedness, social campaign, tsunami, vernacular.

50

Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Education for Kid’s With Animation In Gambar To’ong

Arnold / Dr. Intan Rizky Mutiaz, M. Ds /Alvanov Zpalanzani,ST.,MM / Dra. Naomi Haswanto, M.Sn.

Email: Mucuwiguik@yahoo.com

Abstract. Indonesia is an archipelago that prone to Tsunami. It was recorded 5 Tsunami disasters engulfed Indonesia in 2004-2010; Aceh (2004), Nias (2005), Pangandaran (2006), Bengkulu (2007), and Mentawai (2010). There have been many facilities and infrastructures for Tsunami early warning relief installed by the government. However mostly these facilities and infrastructures is broken by the local community. Consequently the early warning tools are not functioned well when the Tsunami hit the island. It indicates that the government has failed to educate coastal community about the importance of Tsunami preparedness. Mostly coastal communities do not have decent education and even illiterate (mainly for children). The education about Tsunami preparedness may be conducted with Gambar To’ong (To’ong Pictures). Gambar To’ongis a kind of forgotten Indonesia culture heritage from Tasikmalaya, West Java. It is known since 1940-1970s from Bogor City to Cirebon City. It can be modified into advanced multimedia which includes education animation about Tsunami preparedness. Animation used is silent animation without dialogue so it can be understood by various circle and region in Indonesia. The animation relies on visual language in delivering its message with adequate music and sound effect support. The target is children from 6-12 years who resides in Tsunami vulnerable coastal area such as in Pangandaran, Pelabuhan Ratu, Lhoksumawe, Simeleue, Nias, etc.

Keywords:Animation, Visual communication, Tsunami disaster mitigation, Gambar To’ong, Coastal community

51

Investigation of Coastal Vegetation Characteristics and Field Experiment on Strength of Casuarina in Indonesia

Aloysius Bagyo Widagdo1, Chaeroni1, Jainindra Setiawan1, Hideo Matsutomi2 & Kenji Harada3

1Coastal Dynamics Research Center, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA

2Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Akita University, JAPAN

3Center for Integrated Research and Education of Natural Hazards, Shizuoka University, JAPAN

Email: bagyowidagdo@yahoo.com

Abstract. Indonesia’s coast has been recognized as an area that has a risk of tsunami hazard. Coastal forest is considered as affective countermeasure against tsunami disaster in Indonesia. One of vegetation that was assessed for the purpose is casuarina (coastal pine tree). Physical modeling as well as numerical simulation has been used to assess the effectiveness. In this study, field investigation was preferred to compliment the previous tool. The field investigation was held not only to investigate characteristic of the trees, but also to measuring strength of the trees. Relation of the forces used to pull the tree and bending positions of the tree were recorded. Uprooting experiments were also conducted Results of the investigation showed that the diameter is increased linearly by tree age, and the tree height is increased logarithmically by tree age. For trees with age of 5-7 years old, generally the tree will be collapse for the force bigger than 10 kN. Meanwhile, for uprooting the tree, it requires force almost 3 times, i.e. up to 27- 30 kN.

Keywords: coastal vegetation characteristics; field experiment; strength of tree; tsunami runup.

52

Potential of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) in Indonesia Seas

Wahyu W. Pandoe & Alfi Rusdiansyah

Balai Teknologi Survei Kelautan, BPP Teknologi, Gd. I BPPT Lt.18, Jln MH Thamrin 8, Jakarta.

Email: wahyu.pandoe@bppt.go.id, alfi.rusdiansyah@bppt.go.id

Abstract. OTEC or Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion is one of an alternative ocean renewable enrgy using the temperature/thermal difference between wamer sea surface and cooler deep waters to run the turbine and electric generator. This technology has been implemented in some first world countries at the prototype scale to produce up to 1MWe, but considerably less efficient for the small scale prototype. Through various research cruises, BPPT has collected a lot of vertical/water column profiles of temperature all around Indonesia seas. Data analyses show that some areas meet the condition of 20⁰C temperature difference between sea surface and deep waters down to 700-800m located relatively close less than 10k to the nearest islands. Considering the available natural resources and steep marine continent geomorphology, Indonesia seas store a huge potential of natural resources, but the most recent available technologies limit to estimate viable resources to implement the OTEC technology at the pra-commercial scale. Implementation OTEC technology in Indonesia must remain depend on the mature of this technology in the world.

Keywords: OTEC, BPPT, Indonesia Seas

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