The Scope and Nature of Occupational Health and Safety

5/26/2018 The Scope and Nature of Occupational Health and Safety

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The scope and nature of occupational health and safety

The study of health and safety involves the study of many subjects includingsciences (chemistry, physics and biology) engineering, psychology, sociology and

the law.

Define health, safety, welfare, hazard. . . . . . . . . . .

Definitions are:

1.HealthThe absence of disease, for example asbestos creates a health risk because if you

inhale asbestos dust you may contract lung cancer.

2.Safety

The absence of risk of serious personal injury for example walking under a load

suspended from a crane during a lifting operation is not safe because if load fallsserious personnel injuries or death could result. Staying out of danger area resultssafety.

3.WelfareAccess to basic facilities, Such as toilet facility, hand wash station, changing

rooms, rest places and where food can be prepared and eaten in hygienic

conditions, drinking water and first aid provision.

4.AccidentAn unplanned, unwanted event which leads to injury or loss, for example a workeron the ground is struck on head and killed by a brick dropped by another worker 5

meter high from scaffold or a lorry driver misjudge and hit his lorry with road sidebarriers. In both examples the act are not carried out deliberately. Any deliberately

attempt to cause injury or loss will not call accident.

5.Near missan unplanned, unwanted event that had the potential to lead to injury(but did not in

fact do so) for example a worker drops a brick form 5 meter high scaffold and it

narrowly misses another worker standing on the ground. No injury result and bricknot even broken. The only thing that separates accident and near misses is

OUTCOME of the event. Accident causes loss and near miss does not.

6.Hazard


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Something with the potential to cause harm. For example a lorry moving around a

site road is a hazard because it might run over a worker. Hazard can be classifiedas:

1.Physicalthings which cause harm because of their physical characteristics e.g.

electricity,work at height, radiation, vibration, noise, heat, trip hazards.2.Chemicalthings which can cause harm because of their chemical characteristics

e.g lead,mercury, sulphuric acid, cement dust etc.3.Biologicalliving micro organism that cause disease and ill health e.g. hepatitis B

virus,legionella bacteria.4.Ergonomicstress and strain put on the body through posture and movement e.g.

frequentrepetitive handling of small boxes.

5.Psychologicalthings that have the potential to cause injury to the mind ratherthan thebody e.g. exposure to highly traumatic event.

7.RiskThe likelihood that hazards will cause harm in combination with the severity ofInjury, damage or lossthat might occur for example an electrical flex trailing across

a busy corridor in a hospital creates a risk.For example an electrical flex trailing

across a busy corridor in a hospital creates a risk. The degree of riskcan bedescribed as high or medium depending on how likely person might trip over that

trailing flexand how badly they might be injured.

8.Dangerous occurrence-

A specified event that has to be reported to relevant authority by statute law, evenif the event did notlead to fatality or major injury of a worker. For example the

failure of the load bearing parts of a crane isa dangerous occurrence even noperson hat be injured. This is reportable event.

9.Environmental Protection:

The prevention for damage to the air, land and water

10.Work related ill health

Diseases or medical conditions caused by a persons work. For example dermatitis is a

disease of theskin often caused by work activities especially when the handling of

solvents detergents involved.

11.Commuting accident


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An accident to a worker that occurs when they are travelling to or from:1. Their

work place 2. The place where they take a meal during working hours3. Placewhere they collect their pay.

In order to understand health and safety issue you need to familiar with followingthings,

solvethe problem.

Why might the management of an organization not consider health and safetyto bea priority?

The barriers to good standards of health and safety in work place are:

1.Complexity2. Conflicting demands3.Behavioral issues

Complexity:

workplace can be complicated. Many people involve in many differentworkactivities need coordination.

Conflicting demands:

a common conflict of interest is that between the need to supply aproduct or aservice at an appropriate speed so as to make a profit, and need to do so safely

andwithout risk of people.Behavioral issues:good health and safety practice often relies on the perfect behavior of peoples but

sometime they do not behave in ideal way. For example a worker onconstructionsite should wear hard hats to protect form falling object but people

sometime deliberately donot wear hard hats.

Moral Social and Economic Reason for Health and SafetyOutline the Reasons why an organization should manage health and safety?

There are following main 3 reasons why an organization has to manage health and

safetyMoral, Social & Economic

1.Moral

This about moral duty that one person has to another. Many people killed, injuredby other peoplework which is morally unacceptable.

2.Social (legal)


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Reason related to framework of law that governs the conduct of business and

organization. Thelegal responsibility for health and safety at work rests onprimarily on the employer. The employerhas duty to provide the following.

Work.

3.Economic

Accident and ill health cost money. When an accident occurs there will be directand indirect costsassociated the event. Some of these losses can be Insured against

many of them will be uninsured.When an accident occurs there are two types of

losses that the organization may face Direct Costs &Indirect Costs

Outline the direct & indirect costs that might arise from a workplace accident?

The business case for health and safetyThe business case of health and safety Is simply that accident and ill health costmoney. When anaccident occurs there will be direct and indirect cost associated

with event.

The measureable costs arising directly from the accident, for example first aid

treatment,worker sick pay, repairs to or replacement of damaged equipment, fines

in the criminal courts

Those costs which are indirectly as a consequences, for example loss of staff fromproductiveduties in order to investigate the incident, prepare reports, deal with

relatives attend court proceeding, loss of staff morale, loss of goodwill of

customers and damage to public andindustrial image.

Uninsured Costs:

It has been estimated that uninsured losses are between eight and 36 times greaterthan insured losses.Some examples of uninsured losses

rkers.

The roles of national governments and international bodies:The international labor organization (ILO) has set out convention C155 and

Recommendation R164which apply to workplace health and safety standards.


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the minimumstandards set out in C155 and R164.

minimum standardsset out in C155 & R164.

The international framework:In 1981 the ILO adopted the occupational safety and health convention C155. This

describes basic policyfor health and safety at national and individual undertakinglevel.The occupational safety and health recommendation 1981 R-164 supplements

C155 and provided moredetails that how to comply with policies of C155.

Outline the legal duties that an employer has to comply with?

Employers Responsibilities

1.To ensure that the workplace, machinery, equipment and processes under theircontrol are safeand without risk to health.2.To ensure that the chemical, physical and biological substances and agents under

their controlare without risk to health.

3.To provide adequate protective clothing and protective equipment to prevent riskof accident oradverse affects on health.

4.to provide appropriate instruction and training

5.to provide necessary supervision6.to ensure that the hours of work doo not adversely affect employees health

7.to remove any physical and mental fatigue

Outline the legal duties that a worker has to comply with?

Workers Responsibilities and rights

Article 19 of c155 states that all worker and their representatives have to cooperate

with theiremployers so that he can fulfill his safety obligationsR164 says that worker should:

1.Take reasonable care of their own safety and that of other people who might be

affected by thethings that they do and the things that they fail to do.2.Comply with safety instructions and procedures.

3.Use all safety equipment properly and not tamper with it.

4.Report any situation which they believe could be hazard and which they cannotthemselvescorrect

5.Report any work related accident of ill health.


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In addition to the basic right to safe workplace article 19 of c155 gives workers the

followingrights.1.The right to be provided with adequate information on actions the employer has

to taken toensure occupational safety and health.

2.The right to the necessary training in occupational safety and health3.The right to be consulted by the employer on all matters of occupational safety

and healthrelating to their work.4.The right to leave a workplace which he has reason to think presents an imminent

and seriousdanger to his life of health and not be compelled to return until it issafe.

Outline the consequences for an employer of non compliance with health andsafetyresponsibilities?

The consequences of Non Compliance:

A breach of health and safety legislation is usually a criminal offence. Failure tomeet legal standardsmight lead employer to1.Formal enforcement action

2.Prosecution of the organization in the criminal court

3.Prosecution of individuals such as director, managers and workers.Formal enforcement action:

An enforcement agency might force an employer either to make improvement

within the workplace orstop carrying out high risk activities. failure to complyconsidered to be an offence in itself.

Prosecution of the organization in the criminal courtSuccessful prosecution might result in punishment in the form of a fineProsecution of individuals such as director, managers and workers

Successful prosecution might result in punishment in the form of a fine orimprisonment

As well as the criminal law consequences there is also the matter of compensation forworkers

and other injured by a workplace accident.

1.Taking legal action against their employer through the civil legal system andhave prove thatemployer had been negligent.

2.Claiming compensation from national or regional compensation schemes witho

no requirementto prove negligence or blame through the use of the legal system.

What are the organizational requirements for effective health and safetymanagement?

Health and safety management system:ILO OSH 2001 safety and health system we can summaries the key elements of

this system


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1.Policy 2. Organizing 3. Planning and implementing 4. Evaluation5. Action for

improvement 6. Audit 7. Continual improvementPolicy:

A clear statement has to be made to establish health and safety as a prime

commitment at all level of organization particularly at the topOrganizing:

A framework of roles and responsibilities for health and safety must be createdwithin the organizationfrom top management to down to the floor.

Planning and Implementing:Detail arrangement must be made for the management of health and safety. Central

to this idea is theconcept of risk assessment and the identification and

implementation of safe systems of work andprotective measures.Evaluation:

Methods must be developing to monitor and review the effectiveness of the

arrangements put intoplace. This might be done reactively e.g. by reviewingaccident and ill health statistics reports.Action for Improvement:

Any identified by the review process must be corrected as soon as possible by

making any require actionAudit:

To ensure that all parts are working acceptably well by systematic and critical

examination of the safetymanagement systemContinual Improvement:

The intention is safety management system will develop over the time to becomeincreasinglyappropriate and useful for company.

Identify the internal and external sources of information about health andsafety?Internal & External Information Sources:Internal information sources:

1.Accident records

2.Medical records

3.Risk assessments4.Maintenance reports

5.Safety representative inspections

6.Audit reports7.Safety committee meeting minutes

External information sources:

1.National legislation (e.g. regulations)2.Material safety data sheet from manufacturers

3.National codes of practice and guidance notes4.Manufacturer operating instructions


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5.Trade associations

6.Safety journals and magazines

Element 2

The purpose and importance of a health and safety policy

The role of the health and safety policy in decision making:The health and safety policy of an organization is an important document that sets out the

organizations aims with regards to healthand safety, who is responsible for achieving theseaims and how the aims are to be achieved.

What are the aims of Health and safety policy?

1. Legal compliance 2. Meeting the requirement of management system standards3. Clearcommunication 4. Continuous improvement

What are the three key elements of health and safety policy?

A policy is presenting in three sections:1. General statement of intent 2. Organization 3. ArrangementsGeneral Statement of intent:

This states the organization philosophy in relation to management of health and safety.

Organization:This section indicates the chain of commands for health and safety management identifies roles

Arrangements:

This section outlines the arrangements that exist for effective management of health & safetyNote:

there is no one correct format or set of content for health and safety policy.Key features and content of a health and safety policy:1.

General statement of intent2.

Organization

3.

ArrangementGeneral statement of intent

The statement of intent will usually recognize that manager and workers at all levels within

theorganization have a part to play in implementing policy and also state that every personmustcomply with the policy and that negligence of policy may be treated as disciplinary

offence.The general statement of intend should signed by the person in charge of overall

organizationlike CEO, MD. The statement should also be dated. This indicates when currentstatement wasprepared.

Objectives:


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Meeting legal obligations

Provision of a safe workplace, safe equipment and safe system of work, Information,training

and supervision

Risk assessment of all relevant workplace activities

Performance monitoring

Provision of adequate resources such as expert health and safety advise

Effective communication and consultation with workers.

Targets:The statement of intent may also set target for the organization to achieve. Possible targetsmight

be related to:

Accident rates

Active monitoring

Organization:It outlines the chain of command for health and safety management and identifies the roles

andresponsibilities of staff. It is standard practice for this section to include an organization

chartshowing the lines of responsibility and accountability. This chart also show the linesofcommunication and the feedback routes that exist within the organization

This section reflects the management hierarchy of organization andallocatesresponsibilitiesCEO or Managing DirectorIs responsible and accountable for the entire organization

Management at All Level

Is responsible for ensuring all safety measure are in place and being carried out effectively.

All employees

Are responsible for acting safely at siteCompetent Persons

Who have operational duties but are also considered competent to carryout one ore more

healthand safety duties like first aiders and fire marshals etc.Specialist health and safety practitioners:

Responsible for providing advice to support management and employees to achieving safety

General health and safety management Arrangements:The section deal with general arrangements in policy that exist to manage health and

safetyGeneral health and safety management arrangements:1. Carrying out risk assessments2.Identifying and supplying health and safety information instructions and training.3. Compliance


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monitoring including auditing4. Accident and near miss reporting, recording and investigation5.

Consultation with workers on safety matters6. Developing safe system of work and permit towork system7. Emergency procedures and first aid provision.

Reviewing Policy:Circumstances which might require a review of policy:

Policy should be review regularly so it remains current and relevant. However there aresomecircumstances which could give rise to reviews:1. Changes to key personnel e.g. new

CEO or MD.2. Changes to the management structure of the organization3. A management takeover4. Changes to the type of work that the organization does.5. Recommended by safety

audit.6. Requested by a third party such as insurance company or client

Element 3

Organizing for Health and SafetyOutline the health and safety roles and responsibilities of employers, manager,supervisors,

employees and other relevant parties?Organizing health and safety roles and

responsibilities:Employer:The employersresponsibilities are to ensuring that the workplace is safe and free of health risk.

Which categories of people does an employer owe a duty to?

It is important to consider who an employer owes a duty to:

His own employees

Other workers who might be working within his workplace but are not his directemployees

His subcontractors

Visitors in his area

People who might be outside his workplace but are affected by his work like publicpassing by

Directors and Senior Managers:

They have duty to ensure that their organization meets this obligation. They are responsibleforsetting policy and allocating resources to allow that policy to work effectivelySo the

responsibilities of directors and senior managers are to ensure that:

The right health and safety policy is put in place

An adequate budget is set for the implement of policy

The right organizational structures are put in place


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Competent people are employed by the organization

Middle Managers and Supervisor:Have duty to ensure that the part of organization under their control is safe and free of

healthrisk. They execute the policy of their organization operationally

Safety specialists:He has responsibility for giving correct advice and guidance to the organization and its

workersThe typical responsibilities of the safety specialist include:

Promoting a positive health and safety culture

Advising management on accident prevention

Developing and implementing policy

Overseeing the development of adequate risk assessments

Identifying training needs

Monitoring health and safety performance

Overseeing accident reporting and investigations

WorkersHave duty to take reasonable care of their own health and safety and others who might effect

bything they do. They have also responsibilities to cooperate with their employersController of Premises:They are responsible for ensuring that the premises that they control are safe to use as

aworkplace and that access of workplace is safe.Self Employed:

They have duty to take reasonable care of their own and other who might effect by their work.

Outline the areas of responsibility placed on people in the supply chain for thearticles and

substances which the supply to workplace?Suppliers, manufacturers and designers: have dutyto ensure that:

Any plant or equipment that they provide for us at work is safe for its intended purposeandcomes with appropriate instructions

Any substance that they provide for us at work is appropriately tested packaged, labeledandcomes with appropriate information.

Contractors:


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They are responsible for their own safety and safety of others who their work might

affect.However, the client who takes on contractors is also responsible for ensuring thatthosecontractors do not endanger anyone. A client must therefore choose contractors carefully

and

must plan and monitor the contractors work to ensure safety

Client can manage contractor in three ways1. Select the contractor 2. Plant the work 3. Monitor the work.

1. Select the contractor:Before selecting contractor client should carefully check their health and safety competence.

Tohelp in this you can ask to see evidence of competence such as:

A copy of their health and safety policy

Examples of risk assessments

The qualifications and training records of staff

Membership of a professional organization or certified body

Record of maintenance and test for plant and equipment

Names of previous or current clients

Accident history records

Records of enforcement action taken by authorities against them

Proof of adequate resources such as access to specialist safety advice

2. Planning Work:

Contractor should carryout risk assessment on the work involve and develop safeworkingmethods to control the risks indentifies.

3. Monitoring the Work:

Client should ensure that contractor complies with safe working practiceJoint occupiers of premises:

When two or more employers share a workplace they must cooperate and coordinate

theiractivities to ensure good health and safety standardsExplain the importance and means of consulting with employee on health andsafety issues and

the means to achieve effective consultation?Consult with employees:


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Employers should consult with their workers on health and safety matters. It is legal duties

inmany countries even where there is not legal duty it is recognized as a good practiceConsulting:

The two way exchange of information and opinion between employer and workers

Informing :Providing information to workers in a form they can understand. This information flow is one

wayThe two methods which employers normally use to consult workers are:1. Directconsultation 2. Through worker representativesConsultation is usually achieved by establishing

a health and safety committee made up of keymanagers and workers. The workers involved inthis committee are usually representing groupsof workers.

Discussed the use of a health and safety committee as a method of consultationwith workers

and looked at the various issues that must be in order to makecommittee work effectively?Health and safety committee:

To work effectively the committee has to be set up and run according to agreed rules

andprocedure which form part of the policy arrangements of the organization. The followingissuesshould be taken into account in these arrangements1.Who is on the committee

there should be balance between managers and workers2.How often will the committee meet?

the committee should meet regularly3.

Who will act as chairperson?

all meeting need someone to take charge4. What authority will the committee have?

Committee must be able to make decision

5. What will be discussed?

committee meeting should have a published agenda6. How will the discussion be recorded?

MOM usually taken & posted on notice board

7.


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How will issues discussed be followed up?

All agreed actions must be recordedtogether with responsible person name for taking action and

deadline.Element 4

The concept and significance of safety culture

Describe the concept of health and safety culture and its significance in themanagement of health and safety in an organization?Key Information:

The safety culture of an organization is the way that all the people within the

organization think and feelabout health and safety and how this translates intobehavior. It can be defined as shared attitudes,values and behaviors relating to

health and safety.There is strong link between safety culture and health and safety

performance. Organization with astrong positive culture tends to good performancewhereas those with a weak negative culture performpoorly.Identify features of positive & negative safety culture within an

organization?Positive Culture:

In organization with a strong positive safety culture the majority of the workersthinks and feels thathealth and safety is important. There is a strong policy and

clear leadership from the top because seniormanagement has this attitude which

runs through the whole organization form the top to bottom.Negative Culture:

In an organization with a weak negative safety culture the majority of workersthinks and feels thathealth and safety is not important; they are poorly educated inhealth and safety. There is a lack of cleardirection and leadership from senior

management. Managers do not think about health and safety intheir decisionmaking and priorities other things on safety.

Identify indicators which could be used to assess the effectiveness of an

organizations health

and safety culture and recognize factors that could cause weaknesses?FactorsInfluencing safety culture:

The safety culture of an organization can be assessed by looking at indicator such

as

Accidents

Sickness Rates


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Absenteeism

Staff turnover

Compliance with Safety rules

Worker complaint About working conditionsFactors Promoting a Negative Culture:

Reorganization

Uncertainty

Blame Culture

Poor Communication

Conflicting priorities

Lack of Consultation

Poor Leadership by ManagementFactors Influencing Safety Related Behavior:

Individual worker behavior is a critical importance to health and safety

management. One worker maybehave in a ideal manner but another may not andthis unsafe behavior may endanger themselves andothers working around him.

Identify the factors which influence safety related behavior at work?There are three significant factors influence a workers behavior:


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The individual Factors

their personal characteristics

People bring to their job their own mix of knowledge and experience, attitudeshabits andpersonality. These individual characteristics influence behavior in

complex ways.

The job Factors

the task that they are carrying out

These are behavior characteristics of workers job that influence their safety related behavior-

Characteristics of the workplace environment like, temperature, humidity and

lighting.-

Characteristics of plant, machinery and equipment like noise or vibration-

Characteristics of the work itself like worker need to bend or stoop over while

working-

Mental demands of the job like worker has to handle large volumes of work in

short time.

The organization Factors

characteristics of the organization that they are working for

These are the characteristics of organization that influence workers behavior-

Policies and procedures. - Commitment and leadership from management.-

Levels of supervision. - peer group pressure - Training-

Communication - Consultation and worker involvement


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Outline the influenced of a workers attitude, aptitude and motivation of their

safety relatedbehavior and considered the importance of perception?There are three personality

characteristics of an individual that may influence their safetyrelated behavior

Attitude

Aptitude

Motivation

Attitude:

Anattitude is a persons point of view of looking at something; how they feel about it. Changingattitudes is notoriously difficult but can be done using following method such as:

Education and training

High impact interventions

Enforcement

Consultation and involvement in the decision making process

Aptitude:

Aptitude refers to an individuals innate ability to learn and acquire new skills. For examplesome people

have an aptitude for using computers other for languages.

Motivation:Motivation can be defi

ned as persons drive towards a goal. Workers often behave unsafely not because

they are willful, but because they perceive a reward and they think that the risk isworth the reward.Their unsafe behavior is incentivized.

What are the differences between mistake and violation?Key information: slipslapses mistakes


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People in a workplace are subject to human error; they get things wrong even

though they are trying todo them right. Human error can be broken down into twomain types;1.

Slips and lapses 2. MistakesSlips and lapses:

When a person is carrying out a routine operation that they have done correctlymany times before butthey get it wrong or they forget to carry out an action.

Mistakes:When a person does something deliberately thinking that it is correct thing to do,

but it is not. Forexample an airline pilot caused a plane crash when he deliberately

switched off an engine that hethought was on fire. The engine was in factfunctioning normally it was the other engine that wasmalfunctioning

Violations:

People in workplace also commit violations. They deliberately break rulesknowing it is the wrong thingto do. They are three types of violations:1. Routine 2. Situational 3. Exceptional

1.

Routine

Rule breaking as a matter of custom and practice for example workers went

intoBuilding where hard hat require but they do not wear not because theyforget(this would be laps) but deliberately not wear hard hats.2.

SituationalRule breaking in response to work pressure. For example worker in factory

aworker need to change a filter but scaffold is not available and withoutfilterfactory need to stop. Because of this work pressure he does the job with

ladder.3.

ExceptionalRule breaking in extreme circumstance for example a worker uses forklift truckto

lift a heavy piece of machinery that is actually heavier than the rated

liftingcapacity.How do an individuals peers exert influences over his behavior?

The influence of peers:

When people are put together into groups they interact. Some individuals willcome to have a lot of influence over the group others will have little influence. In

this way a hierarchy is established within thegroup. Certain ways of behaving will


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become the normal which will often be established by the moreinfluential members

of the group. A person wishing to become a member of the group will have tocomply with the group Norm. This pressure to comply with group norms is peer group

pressure.

Identify methods which could be used to improve the health and safety culture of

anorganization?Improving health and safety culture:The safety culture of an organization can only be improved if following things1.

Management commitment and leadership2.

Competent staff 3.

Effective Communication4.

Broadcasting methods (Notice Board, Posters and Videos, Toolbox talks, Memosand Emails &employee handbook)5.

Cooperation and consultation6.

The effective training.

1.

Management commitment and leadership:Management commitment starts at the very top of the organization. Seniormanagers must provide theleadership necessary to inspire and motivate managers

at all levels to pursue health and safetyobjectives strictly.Visible commitment can be demonstrated by:

Behaving safely

Involvement in the day to day management of health and safety e.g. attend safetymeetings.

Taking part in safety tours or audits


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Promoting changes to improve health and safety

Enforcing the company safety rules.

2.

Competent Staff:A competent person is a person who has sufficient training, knowledge, experience

and other abilities orskills to be able to carry out their work safely and without riskto health.

3.

Effective Communication:

The process of delivering information from a sender to a recipient there are three

principal deliverymedia for communicating information:Verbal, Written and Graphic

-

Verbal Communication:

Communication using the spoken work e.g. face to face meeting this is easiest and

mostcommonly used form of communication but there are some weaknesses likelanguagebarrier may exist, strong accent, background noise, recipient may have

poor hearing,recipient may miss information or forget, no written records as proof.-

Written Communication:Communication using the written word e.g. report memo, email, notice,

companyhandbook, policy, risk assessment and MOMs etc. but there are some

weaknesses likeindirect, takes time to write, message may not read by recipient,

immediate feedback is notavailable, question cannot be asked.-

Graphic Communication:Communication using picture, symbols or pictograms e.g. safety signs such as fire

exit signsbut have some weaknesses like, can only convey simple message,

expensive to by orproduce, may not be looked at, symbols or pictogram may beunknown to the recipient, nofeedback available and question cannot be asked

4.


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Broadcasting Methods:

1.

Notice boards 2. Posters and videos 3. Toolbox talks 4. Memos and emails 5.

Employeehandbook.5.

Cooperation and consultation:

A positive safety culture can only be created in an organization with workerscooperation andinvolvement

6.

The effective training:

Employers have responsibility to train their staff to carry out their jobs in safe

manner. Onceworker has been trained they will understand1.

The hazards and risks inherent in their work.2.

The correct rules and precaution to apply.3.

Foreseeable emergencies and the actions to take should these events occur.4.

Limitations and restrictions that apply to their work.

When should training be provided?When training is require for person:1.

New employees2.

Job change3.

Process change4.

New technology5.

New legislation

New Employees: when worker join an organization

Job change:


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when workers job changes in such a way that they are exposed to new hazards and risks

Process change

: when the way in which way the work is done changes that require training

New Technology: new technology creates new hazards and risks that worker should familiar with.

New Legislation: changes to the law governing a particular health and safety issue often create need

toTrain workers on the implications of new legislation.Outline the internal and external influences on health and safety management

standards?Internal and external influences:

The standards of health and safety management within an organization areinfluenced by both internaland external factors

Internal Influences:

These are the various internal factors which influence the safety and healthstandards1.

Management commitment

2.

Production demands3.

Communication4.

Competence5.

ConsultationExternal influences:

These are the various external factors which influence the safety and health

standards1.

Societal expectations2.

Legislation3.

Insurance companies4.

Trade unions5.

Stakeholders6.


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General economics

Element 5

RISK ASSESSMENT:

What are the five categories of health and safety? OrDefined the terms hazard?Hazard

Something with the potential to cause harm. For example a lorry moving around asite road is a hazardbecause it might run over a worker. Hazard can be classified

as:

1.

Physical

things which cause harm because of their physical characteristics e.g.

electricity,work at height, radiation, vibration, noise, heat, trip hazards.

2.

Chemical

things which can cause harm because of their chemical characteristics e.glead,mercury, sulphuric acid, cement dust etc.3.

Biological

living micro organism that cause disease and ill health e.g. hepatitis Bvirus,Legionella bacteria.

4.

Ergonomic

stress and strain put on the body through posture and movement e.g.

frequentrepetitive handling of small boxes.5.


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Psychological

things that have the potential to cause injury to the mind rather than the bodye.g.

exposure to highly traumatic event.Risk

The likelihood that hazards will cause harm in combination with the severity of

Injury, damage or lossthat might occur for example an electrical flex trailing acrossa busy corridor in a hospital creates a risk.For example an electrical flex trailing

across a busy corridor in a hospital creates a risk. The degree of riskcan be

described as high or medium depending on how likely person might trip over thattrailing flexand how badly they might be injured.

Explain the aims and objectives of risk assessment? OrIdentified the aim of risk assessment?

Objectives of Risk Assessment:The aim of risk assessment is to ensure that hazards are eliminated of risk isminimized by the correctapplication of relevant standards.

The objects of risk assessment are to prevent following thing

1.

Death and personal injury2.

Other types of loss incident3.

The occurrence of breaches of statute law which might lead to enforcement action/prosecution4.

The direct and indirect cost that follow on form accidents.

Accident can be categorized into following types depending on outcomes

.

1.

Injury accident2.

Damage only accident

3.

Near miss4.

Dangerous occurrence5.


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Ill health incident.As per bird triangles these are the numbers:

For every 1 serious injury there are 10 minor injuries and 30 damage only and 600

incidentsIdentify hazards by means of workplace inspection, analysis of tasks, legislation,

manufacturers info and incident date? OrWhat techniques are used for identifying hazards?Hazards identification

methodHazards can be identified using various methods such as:1.

Workplace inspection 2. Task analysis 3. legislation4

Manufacturers information 5. Incident rate.

Workplace inspectionA formal inspection can help to find out hazards that are present at site.Task analysis:

This method help to identifying hazards before work start. There is useful acronym

for tasks analysis:1.

Select the task 2. Records the steps or stages of the task3. Evaluate the risks

associated with each step. 4. Develop the safe working method5. Implement thesafe working method 5. Monitor to ensure it is effective.

Legislation:Knowledge of the legal standards that apply to a particular workplace is animportant.

Manufacturer information:When new substance is purchased it comes with labels and MSDS that clearly

identify hazards.

Incident Data:

Internal accident and near miss data can be useful in identifying hazardsHazards may generate risk to safety and risk to health.Safety Hazards:

Safety hazards can be categorized according to the type of accident that is

foreseen:1.

Slips, trips and falls 2. Falls from height 3. Falling objects4 Collision with objects5. Crush between objects 6. Manual handling7 Contact with machinery 8.

Electricity 9. Transport10. Contact with Chemicals 11. Fire and explosion 12.Violence


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What are the health hazards?

Health Hazards:1.

Physical

things which cause harm because of their physical characteristics e.g.

electricity,work at height, radiation, vibration, noise, heat, trip hazards.2.

Chemical

things which can cause harm because of their chemical characteristics e.g

lead,mercury, sulphuric acid, cement dust etc.3.

Biological

living micro organism that cause disease and ill health e.g. hepatitis B

virus,legionella bacteria.4.

Ergonomic

stress and strain put on the body through posture and movement e.g.

frequentrepetitive handling of small boxes.5.

Psychological

things that have the potential to cause injury to the mind rather than the bodye.g.exposure to highly traumatic event.

State the five steps involved in risk assessment? OrExplained the five steps or approach to risk

assessment?Principles and practice of risk assessment:

There are five steps to risk assessment:1.

Identify the hazards2.

Identify the people who might be harmed and how.3.


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Evaluate the risk and decide on precautions.4.

Records the significant findings and implement them5.

Review and update as necessary

Identifying Hazards:Hazards are the things with the potential to cause harm. It is important to identify

both safety andhealth hazards. The hazards identification might be done by task

analysis, manufacturers information of inspection of workplace.

Identify the people who might be harmed and how.1.

Employees 2. Maintenance staff 3. Cleaners 4. Contractors 5. Visitors 6. Public

membersDiscussed the principle of rating risk using a simple scoring system for likelihood

and severity

?Evaluating the Risk and Deciding on Precautions:Risk can be scored or rated using a simple formula Risk = Likelihood X

SeveritySemi quantitative risk rating systemLikelihood Severity1 = extremely unlikely 1 = very minor injury2 = unlikely 2 = first aid injury3 =

possible 3 = lost time injury4 = likely 4 = hospital treatment5 = very probable 5 =disabling injury

Semi quantitative risk rating system is useful for following reasons

1.

Clarity of thinking2.

Consistency of approach3.

Prioritization4.

Timescale1.


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Clarity of thinking:People are more carefully think about likelihood and severity of injury. It is giving

accurateresult.

2.

Consistency of approach:Different people can use this system and will get similar result.

3.

Prioritization:

It is possible to easily separate out the various risks presented by several hazardsand rank themin order

4.

Timescale:It is even possible to allocate particular timescales to the risk rating that are

calculated using thistype of system.

What is residual risk?Residual, acceptable and tolerable risk

This risk that remains one these existing controls have been taken into account can

be referred to asresidual riskResidual risk:

If the residual risk is low then it might be consideredAcceptable Risk:The existing control are adequate nothing more need be done.

Tolerable:Tolerable implies that it is not acceptable but can be tolerated for a short time

while interim control areput into place.

Unacceptable:

Implies that the risk level is too high for work to be allowedState the principles which underlie the order of the general control hierarchy?

General Control Hierarchy:

If the risk is unacceptable then controls must be introduced to either eliminatehazards or create safeplace or a safe person. Any residual risk must be acceptable

1.

Eliminate the hazard

Remove the source of the risk. This is most effective option since removal of thehazardseliminates the risk associated with the hazards


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2.

Create a safe place:

Use engineering control to change the hazard itself or guard or enclose the hazard

in some wayto prevent people coming into contact with it.3.

Create a safe person:

Develop safe working methods or system of work so that people are exposed tohazard incontrolled manner. This requires the provision of information, training

and supervision alongwith good enforcement of safe behavior.

Use of standards:Legal standards can often be used to indicate what level of risk is acceptable.If

there are clear legal standards about the control that should be applied to particular

hazard in aworkplace then the use of scoring system and risk prioritization andtimescales will become unneeded.What conditions might trigger a risk assessment review?

Reviewing Risk Assessment:

Assessments must be reviewed on significant change, after an incident and perhapsperiodically.There are number of situations that might trigger a review of a risk

assessment:1.

Significant change to a matter that the risk assessment relates to:Process substances

equipment personnel legal standardsWorkplace environment2.

There is reason to suspect that the assessment is not valid:1.

Accident 2. Near miss 3. ill health

Criteria for a suitable and sufficient assessment:

A risk assessment should be suitable and sufficient. In particular it should1.

Identify the significant risks arising out of work2.

Enable the employer to identify and prioritize the measures that must be taken toprotectpeople from harm.3.

The assessment should be balanced to the risks in the workplace.A Low riskworkplace like retail shopA high risk workplace like chemical works

What particular staff groups require special consideration during riskassessment?Special cases and vulnerable workers:


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Sometimes it is necessary to focus risk assessment on a vulnerable person or group

of workers such asyoung persons, expectant women and nursing mothers, disabledworkers and lone workers.

Young person:

A young person is defined by law under 18 year age. There are several reason whya youngperson might be vulnerable to risk in workplace

o

Lack of experience

o

Physical and mental immaturity

o

Poor perception of risk

o

Heavily influenced by peer group pressure

o

Eager to show a willingness to work.

It may necessary to;Prohibit a young person form carryout certain high risk activitiesRestrict theirwork patterns and hoursTrain and supervise them

Expectant women and nursing mothers:Hazards that present greater risk to pregnant women:1.

Certain hazardous chemicals2.

Certain biological agents3.

Manual handling especially later in pregnancy4.

Extremes of temperature5.

Whole body vibration6.

Ionizing radiation7.


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Night shift work8.

Stress violence

Disabled workers:During the risk assessment process it may be necessary to:

Identify certain health and fitness criteria for some jobs then screen staff againstthese criteria

Identify workers with known disabilities and consider what the implications of

their particulartype and level of disability

Lone workers:People who work entirely on their own for periods of time like service engineerswho spends four hoursalone in a plant room servicing machinery is a lone worker.

Element 6

Describe the general principles of control and basic hierarchy of risk

reductionmeasures that encompass technical, behavioral and procedural controls?General Principles of Prevention:

There are some general principles of prevention that can be applied to eliminatehazards and reduce therisk in the workplace. These principles rely on the correctselection of technical, procedural andbehavioral controls.1.

Avoid risk:2.

Evaluate risks which cannot be avoided3.

Control hazards at source:4.

Adapt work to suit the individual5.

Adapt to technical progress6.

Replace the dangerous with the non dangerous or less dangerous7.

Develop logical overall prevention policy8.


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Give priority to collective protective measures over individual protectivemeasures:9.

Give appropriate information, instruction, training and supervision to employees.Avoid Risks:

Where possibleEvaluate risks which cannot be avoided: -

Through the risk assessment processControl hazards at source: -

By going to the source of the problem directly (e.g. if there is noise hazards in the

workplace tackle thesource of the nose>Adapt work to suit the individual:

By applying good ergonomic principles to job and workplace design (by job

rotation)Replace the dangerous with the non dangerous or less dangerous:By substituting one hazard with something less hazardous e.g. replace a corrosive

chemical with onethat does the same job but is classified as less irritant and less

harmfulDevelop a coherent overall prevention policy:

By consistency using the same approach across the whole organization

Give priority to collective protective measures over individual protective measures:By creating a workplace that is safe for all rather than relying on measures that

only protect one workerat a time e.g. install a guard rail rather than rely on PPE.Why do instruction, training and supervision form a part of safe system?Give appropriate information, instruction, training and supervision to employee:

So that workers have the necessary background information to make correctchoices.

When selecting control options form these general principles of prevention youshould be aware thatpreventive measure can be categorized as:1.

Technical2.

Procedural3.

Behavioral

General Hierarchy of ControlThe following elements make up the generalhierarchy of control:


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1.

Avoid risks2.

Elimination / substitution3.

Reduce exposure or the time of exposure4.

Isolation / segregation5.

Engineering controls6.

Safe system or work7.

Training and information8.

Personal protective equipment9.

Welfare10.

Monitoring and supervision

Avoid risksRisk avoidance is simply to avoid completely the activity giving rise to the risk

Elimination / substitutionIf a hazard can be eliminated then the risk created by the hazards disappears. Forexample hazardoussubstances can sometimes be replaced with materials which do

the same job but present no risk tohealth.Reduce exposure or the time of exposure

If the degree to which a worker is exposed to hazard can be reduced then that

worker is far less likely tohave an accident with that hazard. For example an

engineer who spend all day working on machinerywith hazardous moving parts ismore likely to suffer injury than the engineer who spend only an hour of their

working day to exposed to the same hazard.

Isolation / segregationIsolation:

The aim her to isolate the hazard physically so that nobody is exposed to it e.g.

acousticenclosure of a noisy machine to reduce the noise exposure; guards aroundmoving machinery to preventcontact

Segregation:


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refer to the idea that certain hazards must not be accessible to unauthorized

workers e.g.in a workplace with radiation hazard only authorized person shouldhave access only

What do engineering controls do?

Engineering controlsEngineering control involves use of an engineering solution to prevent exposure to

the hazard.Engineering control also refer to the inclusion of safety features thatensure that the item is used incorrect way. For example interlock switches are

fitted to moveable guard on machinery to ensure thatwhen guard is open themachine will not work but guard is close it will.

Safe system of work

Safe system of work procedure helps to eliminate hazards or minimizes the riskassociated with them.

Training and information

Training is instrumental in enabling employees to become competent.Personal protective equipmentEquipment or clothing that is worn or held by a worker that protects them from one

or more risks totheir safety or health.

It is duty of employer to:

Supply suitable PPE where risk cannot be controlled by other more effectivemethods

Ensure that when tow more items of PPE have to be worn together they are

compatible

Provide suitable storage for PPE

Provide information instructions and training to workers on the PPE they will

wear.

Enforce the use of PPE

Replace or repair damaged or lost items.


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Welfare

Welfare facilities include the provision of toilets, washing facilities, clean drinkingwater, rest area andclean place for eat meals.

Monitoring and supervision

Monitoring:For maintain surveillance over something by periodic observation or measurement

and inspection toensure that they are using prescribed safe working method.Supervision:

Refers to routine inspection and surveillance or workers but concern direct linemanagement authorityto control behavior

Define a safe system of work?SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK:

A safe system of work is a formal procedure based on a systematic examination ofwork in order toidentify the hazards. It defines safe methods of working which

eliminate those hazards or minimize therisks associated with them

Responsibilities of Employer:It is the responsibilities of the employer to develop safe systems of work with theinvolvement of bothcompetent persons and employees who will be carrying out the

work. These safe system must bedocumented.

What is the difference between technical, procedural and behavioral controls?Technical, procedural and behavioral controls:

As safe system of work will involve all the elements of control that we identified

ealrlier in the generalhierarchy of control1.

Technical or engineering control2.

Procedural control3.

Behavioral control

Technical or engineering control:

Applied directly to the hazard in order to minimize the risk, this may involve

fencing or barriers of different kinds to isolate workers from hazard.Procedural control:

The way, in which work should be carried out in relation to the hazards, They

specify the exact tasksinvolved their sequence and the safety actions and checkswhich have to taken.Behavioral Control:How the individual worker acts in relation

to the hazard e.g. good housekeeping or using PPE

Development of a safe system of work:Safe system of work usually developed using the process of task analysis, which

involves breaking workdown into a series of steps so that hazards can be identifiedand risk controlled at each step usingtechnical, procedural and behavioral controls.


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Once developed, safe systems must be implemented andmonitored to ensure

continued effectiveness.Describe what factors should be considered when developing and implementinga

safe system of work?

When developing a safe system of work it is important to consider that1.

PEOPLE: Who is the SSW for what level of competence or technical ability should

they have?2.

EQUIPMENT: What equipment will be worked on? What safety equipment will be

required?3.

MATERIALS: what materials will be used or handled the work? Who will waste

dispose of?4.

ENVIRONMENT: in what type of environment will the work take place?

Useful acronym SREDIM can be used to identify the hazard associated with every step

of work1.

Select the task to b analyzed2.

Record the steps or stages of the task3.

Evaluate the risk associated with each step4.

Develop the safe working method5.

Implement the safe working method6.

Monitor to ensure it is effective.

Explain the role and function of a permit to work system? OrWhat is permit to

work?Permit to work system:

A permit to work system is formal documented safety procedure forming part of asafe system of workwhich ensures that all necessary actions are taken before

during and after particularly high risk work.A permit system formalizes the control


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of high risk work to ensure that all the risks have been identifiedall the precaution

put in place and that appropriate information has been communicated to allrelevantparties.

What are the key elements of typical permit?There are four main sections to a permit to

work:1.

Issue 2. Receipt 3. Clearance / return to service4 Cancellation 5. Extension

Explain the need of emergency procedures and the arrangements forcontractingemergency services? OrWhat is the main objective of an emergency procedure?

Emergency Procedures:

Importance of developing emergency procedures:An organization should developemergency procedures to deal with foreseeable incidents such as:Fire, bomb threat,

spillage of a hazardous chemical , release of a toxic gas, outbreak of disease,

severeweather or flooding and multiple casualty accident.Emergency procedures:These procedures should cover the internal arrangements for dealing with the

foreseeable incidentswhich will include;1.

Procedure to follow2.

Provision of suitable equipment3.

Nomination of responsible staff 4.

Provision of training and information5.

Drills and exercises6.

Contracting the emergency services

Procedure to followIn the event of a fire normal practice for worker to exit the building and go to

assembly area but inbomb thread this will be opposite person has to go inside the

building and away from the windowsProvision of suitable equipment

If there is a fire suitable fire extinguisher are available and proper PPE wear by theperson involve in firefighting

Nomination of responsible staff


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In case of fire there need for fire wardens and fire marshal who will tell to

occupant of building aboutsafety instruction in case of fire.Provision of training and information

Workers will only know what to do in case of emergency if they have training and

informationDrills andexercises

Emergency procedure should be practiced to ensure that people are familiar with

action they might beexpected in case of emergencyContracting the emergency services (first Aid)

Describe the requirements for and effective e provision of first aid in

theworkplace?First Aid Requirements:

An employer must make appropriate first aid provision for his employees. This

will include

First aid facilities

Equipment

Appropriately trained personnel.What factors might need to be considered when determining the first aid provisionfor aworkplace?First aid coverage:

To determine what first aid provision to make an employer will have to undertakean assessment whichshould consider various factors such as:

The general risk level of the workplace

The hazards present in the workplace

Accident history

The presence of vulnerable persons


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The number of workers in the workplace

Work patterns and shift systems of workers

The geographic location of the workplace

The spread of the workplace

Element 7

Monitoring, Review and AuditOutline and differentiate between active monitoringprocedures and reactive monitoringprocedure? OrDefine active and reactivemonitoring?Active Monitoring:

Is about checking to ensure that standards are meets and that the workplace is in

fact safe and free of health risk before any unpleasant event takes placeThere arefour active monitoring methods can be use to check conformance to standards

Safety inspection

Sampling

Tours

Surveys

Safety inspection:

The term safety inspection can be applied to:Routing inspection, statutoryinspection, periodic inspection and pre use inspection

Sampling:

For example in large office which have 1200 fire extinguishers must be inspectedby competent engineerthen there are several ways to check1.

to check the inspection record to ensure all FE are signed2.


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check all 1200 FE directly on by one3.

check 50 FE randomly from 1200 FEItem no 3 is sampling

Safety Tours:A safety tour is high profile inspection of a workplace carried out by a group of

managersSafety Survey:

Safety survey of one particular issue or topicWhat do you mean by systematic monitoring?Systematic inspections:

One way to actively monitor health and safety performance is to carry out

systematic inspections. Theseinspections can focus on the four Ps:1.

Plant: machinery and vehicle and examinations2.

Premises: the workplace and the working environment3.

People: working methods and behavior4.

Procedures: safe system of work, method statements and permit to work etc.

State the sources of information used in reactive monitoring?Reactive Monitoring

Reactive monitoring is about measuring safety performance by reference toaccidents, incidents and illhealth that has already occurred.

Reactive monitoring uses accidents, incidents, ill health, and other unwantedevents and situations asindicators of health and safety performanceWe can

calculate Accident Incident Rate (AIR) by this formulaAIR = , number of accidentduring a specific time period . X 1000Average numbers of workers over the same

time period

State the purpose of workplace inspections?

Arrangements for workplace inspections:Workplace inspection plays an important role in ensuring that safety standards are

acceptable in theworkplace.

Various factors must be considered when setting up an inspection system such as:1.

the type of inspection2.

the frequency of inspection3.


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the responsibilities for inspection4.

the competence of the inspector5.

the use of checklists6.

action planning for problem foundWhat should the introductory part of an inspection report contain? OrConsidered

how to write an effective inspection report?Effective report writing:Many inspection systems require the inspector to write a report summarizing their

main finding andrecommendations. If an inspection report is written then it must

be effective. This requires anappropriate

Writing style

Structure

Contend

Justify recommendationsExplain the purpose of regular reviews of health and safety performance?Review of Health and Safety Performance:

Reviewing health and safety performance should be done by managers at all levelwithin theorganization on a routine basis to ensure that management system are

working effectively

Gathering information:

Reviewing performance relies on data gathered from various sources such as:1.

Accident data2.

Inspections3.

Absence and sickness data

4.


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Safety surveys, tours and sampling5.

Audit reports6.

Other sources (e.g. complaint form workers or QA reports)Reporting on performance:

Safety specialists usually play a key role in collecting this data and reporting onperformance to seniormanagement.

What role does senior management have in workplace inspections?Role of seniormanagement:

After getting reports form safety specialists then senior management have to role in

evaluating thisinformation so that appropriate priorities and resources can beallocated.

Continues improvement:

Review enables action to be taken so that health and safety performance iscontinuously improved.Explain the meaning of term health and safety audit and describe the preparations that may

need prior, during and after audit? OrDefine health and safety auditing?Auditing:

Auditing is the systematic, objective, critical evaluation of an organizations health and safetymanagement system

Purpose of auditing:

Auditing is mechanism for verify that an organizations safety management is in place andoperating

effectively. It will check that1.

Appropriate management arrangement is in place.2.

Adequate risk control systems exist.3.

Appropriate workplace precautions are in place

The audit process:What follows in a fairly typical audit process?

Pre audit preparations

During the audit


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At the end of audit

Pre audit preparation:Before the audit starts the following should be defined:

The scope of the audit (will it cover HSE management as well)

The area of the audit (on department or whole department)

The extend of the audit (comprehensive or selective)

Who will be required (who will accompanied from contractor side)During audit:During audit three different types of evidence will be sought:1.

Documents and records2.

Interviews3.

Direct observations in the workplace.

The typical information examined during audit:1.

Health safety policy2.

Risk assessments3.

Training records4.

Safety MOMs5.

Maintenance records6.

Accident investigation reports7.

Emergency arrangements8.


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Inspection reports

At the end of the audit:Verbal feedback is usually provided at the end of audit and then written reports

will be followed after.Internal & external AuditInter audit are done by internal

manager and external audits are done by third parties

Element 8Occupational incident and accident investigation recording and reportingExplain

the process and purpose of investigating incidents? OrWhat is the prime purpose of anaccident investigation?The process and purpose of investigation of incidents:Function

of investigations:

Incidents should be investigated for several reasons perhaps the most important ofwhich is to discoverthe cause so that corrective action can be taken to prevent

similar incident from happening again.

What is the purpose of analyzing all information about accident?These are the following reason for carrying incident investigations:1.

To identify the immediate and root causes of incidents2.

To identify corrective action to prevent a reoccurrence3.

T record the facts of the incidents4.

For legal reason5.

For claim management6.

For staff morale7.

For disciplinary purpose8.

For data gathering purpose.

Type of incidents:

Incidents can be categorized in terms of their outcomes1.

Near miss, 2. Accident 3. Dangerous occurrence 4. ill health

Note: there are two important things we should take before start investigation1.

Safety of the scene: that area is safe to approach2.


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Casualty care: any injured person need first aid treatment or need go to hospitalExplain the procedure of investigating incidents? OrWhat are the four elements of the

investigation process?Basic investigation procedure:

Basic incident investigation procedure is to:1.

Gather factual information about the event2.

Analyze that information and draw conclusions about the immediate and rootcauses3.

Identify suitable control measures4.

Plan the remedial actions

Step 1: gathering information:

Secure the scene as soon as possible to prevent it being altered.

Collect witness details quickly before they start to move away

Collect factual information from the scene and record it( pics, sketches,temperature videos

Step 2: analyzing information:The purpose to draw conclusions about immediate and root causes

Step 3: identify suitable control measures:

Once the immediate and underlying causes of the accident are known appropriate

control measures canbe identified. It is important to take correct control measuresotherwise time, money and effort will bewasted on inadequate and unnecessary

measures

Step 4: plan the corrective actions:An accident investigation should lead to corrective action being taken in just the

same way as aworkplace inspection will. Corrective action can be presented in an

action plan.Describe the organizational requirement for recording and reporting incident?The

organization requirements for recording and reporting incidents:


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Arrangements should be made for the internal reporting of all work related

incidents and workersshould be encouraged to report.Reasons why workers mightnot report accidents:1.

Unclear organizational policy2.

No reporting system in place3.

Overly complicated reporting procedures4.

Excessive paperwork5.

Takes too much time6.

Blame culture7.

Apathy8.

Lack of training on policy and procedures.List the types of documentation which may need to be consulted during an

accidentinvestigation?Typical content of an accident record:

1.

Name and address of casualty2.

Date and time of accident3.

Location of accident4.

Details of injury5.

Details of treatment given6.

Description of event causing injury7.

Details of any equipment or substance involved8.

Witness names and contact details9.

Details of person completing the record10.


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Signature

Data collection analysis and communication:

Data collected from incident reports can be used for statistical analysis to identifypatterns and trends inthe workplace

Identify the categories of staff who might be considered useful members of internalaccidentinvestigation team?

Incident statistics can be used to communicate safety performance to variousgroups within theorganization such as

Safety committee

Senior management

EmployeesDefined the types of incident that have to be reported to external

agencies?Reporting of events to external agencies:

Typical reportable events includes1.

Fatalities 2. Major injury 3. Dangerous occurrences 4. Occupational diseases

The Scope and Nature of Occupational Health and Safety

Documents

Transcript of The Scope and Nature of Occupational Health and Safety